管道直饮水项目的卫生现状与评价

目的 调查深圳市管道直饮水卫生现状,为制订直饮水卫生规范提供依据。方法 对本市15个管道直饮水项目选址、功能间布局、工艺、水处理设备及卫生设施进行卫生工程学分析,抽取15份成品水样进行水质检测。结果 2个管道直饮水项目选址、5个项目功能间布局、2个项目水处理设备不符合卫生要求;2份水样细菌总数含量超标。结论 本市管道直饮水项目仍存在卫生学问题,必须加强卫生管理。     

丽江市古城区农村饮用水工程水质卫生检测结果分析

农村饮用水安全和环境卫生状况,是反映农村社会经济发展和村民生活质量的重要指标,是影响村民健康水平的重要因素.为掌握古城区十一五期间农村已建成的集中式供水工程的卫生状况,根据<云南省十一五期间农村已建成集中式供水工程水质卫生监测和饮用水安全工程卫生学评价工作实施方案>、<云南省农村饮用水卫生监测技术方案>,古城区疾病预防控制中心于2009年3～8月对已建成的20个集中式供水工程(监测点)的水质进行了采集监测,现将监测结果分析如下.     

地理信息系统在饮用水安全保障中的应用研究进展

地理信息系统(GIS)以其卓越的空间管理分析能力广泛应用于水资源调查与管理。近年来,GIS在公共卫生领域中的饮用水安全保障方面也得到初步应用。该文就其在饮用水水源环境保护、供水系统管理维护、水质监测检验、水质与健康关联分析、安全风险评估、突发水污染事件应急处置等方面的应用进行综述。同时对研究进展和应用过程中存在的问题进行阐述,最后对未来的应用前景进行展望。     

Building geographic information system capacity in local health departments: lessons from a North Carolina project

State government, university, and local health department (LHD) partners collaborated to build the geographic information system (GIS) capacity of 5 LHDs in North Carolina. Project elements included procuring hardware and software, conducting individualized and group training, developing data layers, guiding the project development process, coordinating participation in technical conferences, providing ongoing project consultation, and evaluating project milestones. The project provided health department personnel with the skills and resources required to use sophisticated information management systems, particularly those that address spatial dimensions of public health practice. This capacity-building project helped LHDs incorporate GIS technology into daily operations, resulting in improved time and cost efficiency. Keys to success included (1) methods training rooted in problems specific to the LHD, (2) required project identification by LHD staff with associated timelines for development, (3) ongoing technical support as staff returned to home offices after training, (4) subgrants to LHDs to ease hardware and software resource constraints, (5) networks of relationships among LHDs and other professional GIS users, and (6) senior LHD leadership who supported the professional development activities being undertaken by staff.     

集中式饮水除砷装置的研制

为验证本专题研制的强化除砷剂的除砷效果、除砷容量以及再生效果 ,必须有中试规模的试验装置及其运行状况 ,以便推进饮水除砷剂及其除砷技术的产业化进程 ,中试基地选在源水含砷量超标的浙江省某天然泉水饮料厂 ,该集中式饮水除砷装置的处理能力为 1m3 h ,自 1999年 4月起连续运行至今 ,处理后出水符合国家生活饮用水有关卫生标准的要求 ,除砷容量高 ;成本低 ,设备管理简单 ,进水和出水均无需调节pH ;再生剂安全、价廉、效果好 ,适宜用于水砷高的农村或含砷的自备水厂     

Implementation of a medical geographic information system: concepts and uses

This paper introduces a medical geographic information system which has been implemented to enhance public-health research by facilitating the modelling of spatial processes of disease, environment, and healthcare systems in a rural area of Bangladesh. In 1966, a surveillance system was implemented to record all vital demographic events in the study area. Selected information on reproductive and child health, socioeconomic conditions, and health and family-planning interventions is being collected for the surveillance database. This paper discusses the conceptual design of integrating the surveillance database with the medical geographic information system and its use in conducting multidisciplinary health research. The paper is intended to help those who wish to implement a health-based geographic information system to understand the links between people and their environments and to better meet the health needs of target communities.     

Surveillance of febrile patients in a district and evaluation of their spatiotemporal associations: a pilot study

Background  

Fever is an undifferentiated clinical feature that may enhance the sensitivity of syndromic surveillance systems. By studying the spatiotemporal associations of febrile patients, it may allow early detection of case clustering that indicates imminent threat of infectious disease outbreaks in the community.     

水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物去除方法实验研究

目的：探讨水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物去除方法，并通过筛选确定有效去除工艺。方法：用标准贮备液配制实验溶液，采用4种方法进行实验处理，对处理前后样品进行水质检验。结果：4种处理方法中Ⅳ法对4种异构体的去除率为100％；Ⅱ法为0％－100％不等，而I、Ⅲ法仅对邻苯二甲酸二酯有效果，去除率分别为89．7％和100％。结论：水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物去除效果Ⅳ法＞I法＞Ⅲ、I法，Ⅳ法去除效果最好。     

Surveillance and assessment of undesirable effects in drug treatment: pilot project

Zusammenfassung Seit 1986 wird vom Institut für Gesundheits-System-Forschung Kiel ein System zur intensivierten Risikobeobachtung neuer Arzneimittel durch niedergelassene Ärzte aufgebaut. Aufgabe des Vorhabens ist die Entwicklung einer praktikablen Methodik, mit der die Anwendungen erst seit kurzem auf dem Markt befindlicher Arzneimittel systematisch dokumentiert und unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) erfasst werden. Hauptziele des Verfahrens sind die Quantifizierung von UAW und die Entdeckung bisher unbekannter UAW. Die im Projekt kooperierenden Ärzte berichten auf Formblättern über die beobachteten Behandlungsverläufe und auffällige Ereignisse, die anschliessend auf den Verdacht einer UAW geprüft werden. Das Dokumentations- und Bewertungsverfahren sowie der Stand der Erhebungen werden dargestellt. Zur Abschätzung der Validität des vorliegenden Datenmaterials werden die erfassten Ereignisse mit Verdacht auf UAW mit den Ergebnissen anderer Post-marketing-Studien verglichen.

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Surveillance of indesirable effects of medical drugs: A pilot project

Summary Since 1986 the Institute for Health Systems Research Kiel has been constructing a system of intensive post marketing surveillance of new drugs by general practitioners. The purpose of the project is to develop a methodology for documenting the applications of new drugs and recording adverse drug reactions (ADR). The primary goal is to quantify adverse drug reactions and to discover previously unknown ADR. Participating physicians record their treatment of the patient and atypical events, which are then analysed for suspected ADR. This paper describes the documentation and evaluation methods and the current stage of research. The validity of the data collected on suspected ADR is evaluated by comparing the results obtained to those of other post marketing studies.

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Collecte et analyse des effets indésirables des médicaments: un projet pilote

Résumé Depuis 1986, l'«Institut für Gesundheits-System-Forschung» de Kiel a mis sur pied un système de surveillance des effets indésirables des médicaments par les médecins praticiens. L'objet de l'étude était le développement d'une méthodologie applicable, permettant d'identifier rapidement les effets secondaires des médicaments mis sur le marché. Il s'agit en particulier de quantifier la survenue d'effets secondaires connus ou d'identifier les effets secondaires inconnus. Les médecins participant au projet relèvent sur une formule des observations concernant le traitement et les éventuelles observations concernant les événements qui peuvent mettre sur la piste d'un effet secondaire médicamenteux. La procédure de vérification et d'analyse de ces effets, ainsi que l'état du relevé sont présentés. La validité des données rassemblées est examinée en comparant les observations faites dans le cadre de ce projet avec les résultats d'autres études de surveillance du marché des médicaments.

     

某小型农村饮用水安全工程卫生学评价

目的对某小型农村饮用水安全工程进行卫生学评价。方法通过搜集工程资料,组织现场调查,采集工程的水源水、出厂水和末梢水进行水质常规指标的检测,组织专家专题论证会等方式对该工程进行卫生学评价。结果该农村饮用水安全工程的水源水质量综合类别为Ⅱ类,Ⅱ类指标为总硬度,水处理工艺规范,运行管理制度较为健全,出厂水和末梢水水质均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的要求。结论该农村饮用水安全工程总体符合卫生学要求,但存在一定的卫生学风险。应设置水源保护区,加强对农村饮用水安全工程管理人员的培训,按要求使用饮水消毒设施。     

Nitrate water pollution of drinking water in the Bydgoszcz district]

The study was undertaken to evaluate the degree of drinking water pollution in the towns and countryside of the Bydgoszcz District, supplied by various installations, on the basis of the results of investigations of sanitary-epidemiological stations. Evaluation was done according to the state in 1985 as compared with that of 1981 to establish the eventual dynamics of the changes. The data presented in the tables indicate that the water supplied by the big water lines (public and institutional) does not contain nitrate quantities exceeding the norm (above 10 mg N/dm3). Their presence at a 20 mg N level/dm3 was found only in four (1.5%) lines supplying large state farms. Small installations were much more frequently polluted with nitrates, especially public wells and those of local institutions, a total of 8.8% in towns and as many as 17% in the country, where a tendency to deterioration of this state is also visible in contrast to the towns. Among the plants and institutions supplied by these water sources the situation is most unfavourable in agriculture, schools, educational and food producing and distributing establishments. The nitrate concentration in the analysed water varied in general within the limits of 10-30 mg N/dm3, maximal amounts within 60-200 mg N/dm3, showing an about 50% decrease in the compared time periods. Nitrates occur most frequently and in highest concentrations in water of wells belonging to individual households which supply about 50% of the rural population and about 11% of town dwellers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

2012-2013年驻马店市农村集中供水工程水质微生物检测结果分析

目的为掌握农村饮水安全工程水质卫生现状及其变化趋势,评估防病改水效果,为政府提供科学依据。方法按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB5750/T-2006)[1],两年共采集了农村饮水安全集中供水工程水质共检测297个供水点,1 188件,2 376份水样。结果 2012-2013年共检测水样2 376份,合格1 563份,合格率65.78%,2013年合格率高于2012年,丰水期合格率高于枯水期。结论驻马店市农村饮水安全集中式供水水质质量2013年较2012年有大幅度提高,但总合格率仍较低,应保障消毒措施,确保水质合格安全。     

Surveillance around hazardous waste sites: geographic information systems and reproductive outcomes.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential for integrating surveillance techniques in reproductive epidemiology with geographic information system technology in order to identify populations at risk around hazardous waste sites. Environmental epidemiologic studies have had problems with estimating or measuring exposures to individuals, and of detecting effects when the exposure is low, but continuous. In addition, exposures around hazardous waste sites are complex and frequently involve chemical mixtures. The birth weight of human babies has been reported to be sensitive to many environmental influences. Birth weight can be analyzed as a continuous variable or as a dichotomous one using the standard cutpoint of 2500 g or less to indicate low birth weight. It has the potential to be a powerful surveillance tool since exposures to the fetus reflect maternal and paternal exposures. The advent of recent environmental regulations pertaining to hazardous waste sites has greatly increased the availability of environmental data for many sites. The major problem with incorporating these data into epidemiologic studies has been with the logistics of data management and analysis. Computer-assisted geographic information systems hold promise in providing capabilities needed to address the data management and analysis requirements for effective epidemiologic studies around to hazardous waste sites.     

Surveillance for quality assessment: IV. Surveillance using a hospital information system

Hospital surveillance for infection control purposes is a well-accepted method of following nosocomial infections in U.S. hospitals. However, hospital surveillance is being increasingly performed for nosocomial events in noninfectious areas, such as quality assurance and other areas of outcomes research. For the continued development of hospital surveillance in all these areas, dramatic growth in the amount of information collected will occur. To accommodate this growth and to validate new approaches in these areas, large amounts of data collection will be necessary. Collection of these data will be quite difficult without the creation of clinical hospital data bases in which large amounts of information are collected as a routine part of patient care, not as an elaborate addition to patient care. Automated hospital information systems, such as the HELP system, can facilitate the conduct of ongoing hospital surveillance not only in infection control but also in a broad range of areas, such as quality improvement outcomes research and cost-containment areas.     

2012年北京市怀柔区农村饮水安全工程集中式供水水质检测结果

目的为近一步了解北京市怀柔区农村饮水水质卫生状况,保证农村饮水安全,提高农村居民的生活质量。方法分层随机抽取60个监测点,每个监测点在丰水期和枯水期各检测1次,每次采集出厂水和末梢水各1件,全年共检测水样240件。结果 2012年农村饮水安全工程集中供水240件,水样合格率为83.8%;枯、丰水期水质的差异有统计学意义（χ2=8.85,P〈0.01）;微生物学指标中总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群不同采样时间合格率差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.47,P〈0.01;χ2=7.92,P〈0.01）;感官性状和一般化学指标以及毒理学指标全部合格。结论 2012年怀柔区农村饮水集中式供水水质总体状况较好,超标项目依旧主要集中在微生物学指标,今后应加大对微生物指标的监测力度以及消毒设备的投资力度,进一步改善农村水质卫生状况,保障农村居民身体健康。     

浦东新区居住小区分质供水现状及其水质控制措施研究

目的掌握我区居住小区分质供水的管理现状及其水质状况，调查可能对水质造成影响的各种因素，研究控制措施，为有关部门制订相应的标准进行有效监管提供科学依据。方法于2005--2006年间夏季、秋季和冬季分三次对全区12个分质供水居住小区进行调查和采样。结果调查的12个居住小区的分质供水项目，其功能布局、卫生设施、水处理流程以及卫生管理方面都或多或少存在着问题。统计表明：分质供水水质受到了二次污染，而分质供水实际使用率和回水返流位置是影响分质供水水质的重要因素。结论文章对分质供水场地要求、管理规范进行了探讨，并提出应尽快制订和出台管道分质供水的卫生规范和嘈理要求，规范和约束对分质供水的建设和管理行为，使卫生行政部门对其的监管能有据可依。同时文章还提出在水处理工艺流程设计上管网回水须返流入中间水箱，同时在铺设供水管道时在立管和入户管间增设阀门开关，对未开通使用分质供水的住户和空置房关闭阀门，减少管网盲端“死水”；并建议设置备用成品水箱，且成品水箱的蓄水量不宜过大，要充分考虑小区入住率及入住用户分质供水使用率，减少水在储水设备中停留的时间等。     

江夏区农村居民生活饮用水供水情况及水质检测分析

为全面了解农村居民生活饮用水的供水及水质状况、为武汉市政府实施全市农村居民生活饮用水安全工程规划提供科学依据,2007年9月根据市政府的安排部署,江夏区CDC调查了全区农村居民生活饮用水的供水情况,并抽取了345份农村居民生活饮用水水样进行了检测.