T-bet质粒基因转染对哮喘小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液白细胞介素13和内皮素1的影响

目的 观察气道内T-bet质粒基因转染对哮喘小鼠气道肺泡灌洗液白细胞介素13(IL13)、内皮素1(ET-1)的影响.方法 C57BL/6J小鼠32只,完全随机分为4组(n=8),即哮喘模型组(A组)、正常对照组(B组)、空质粒干预组(C组)和模型T-bet质粒干预组(D组).用卵白蛋白(OVA)抗原溶液小鼠腹腔注射致敏,滴鼻造模.B组用生理盐水代替卵白蛋白,C组和D组卵白蛋白激发48 h前,分别经鼻滴入50μg空质粒或重组T-bet质粒.免疫印迹检测和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组小鼠的支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-13、ET-1的水平.结果 哮喘模型组小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中Th2因子IL-13和ET-1水平比正常对照组升高[(2.32±0.40)ng/L比(0.38±0.16)ng/L,(40.07±6.52)ng/L比(14.16±0.51)ng/L,均P＜0.05];模型T-bet质粒干预组BALF中Th2因子IL-13和ET-1水平[(1.16±0.19)和(23.08±2.59)ng/L]比哮喘模型组降低(均P＜0.05).结论 气道内转染T-bet质粒能有效下调小鼠BALF中Th2因子IL-13及ET-1水平.     

IL-27对哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响

目的研究IL-27对卵白蛋白(OVA)激发哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响。方法 24只雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为生理盐水组、哮喘组及IL-27组,每组8只。应用OVA建立哮喘模型,IL-27组小鼠应用1μgIL-27(溶于50μlPBS中)滴鼻给药,观察3组小鼠肺组织病理改变,计数支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中嗜酸性粒细胞;ELISA法测定小鼠BALF中IL-4和IFN-γ浓度,RT-PCR测定肺组织T-bet mRNA的表达量。结果 IL-27组小鼠肺组织炎症反应明显轻于哮喘组小鼠;IL-27组小鼠BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞计数为(2.21±0.33)×107/L明显低于哮喘组的(12.82±2.17)×107/L(P0.01);IL-27组小鼠BALF中IL-4浓度为(20.4±3.2)μg/L,明显低于哮喘组的(61.3±13.1)μg/L(P0.05);IL-27组小鼠BALF中IFN-γ浓度为(50.3±6.3)μg/L,明显高于哮喘组的(11.1±3.3)μg/L(P0.05);IL-27组小鼠肺组织T-bet mRNA表达量(吸光度积分比值)为(0.268±0.048),明显高于哮喘组的(0.130±0.012)(P0.05)。结论 IL-27可能通过增强T-bet mRNA的表达增强Th1反应,减少BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞数量,进而减轻了哮喘小鼠肺组织炎症反应。     

胸腺基质淋巴生成素受体及其抗体在哮喘小鼠气道炎症反应中的作用

目的 探讨胸腺基质淋巴生成素受体(TSLPR)及其抗体在实验性哮喘小鼠气道炎症反应中的作用以及对气道树突状细胞(DCs)成熟和活化的影响.方法 BALB/c小鼠随机分成A、B、C三组.B和C组小鼠腹腔注射卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏,A组腹腔注射PBS作为正常对照.B和C组小鼠在OVA激发哮喘发作前分别吸入非特异性IgG和TSLPR IgG.采集各组小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行细胞分类计数,采用ELISA定量检测BALF中IL-4、IL-5、IFN-γ和IL-10浓度.采集各组小鼠肺组织标本进行病理学检查,采用流式细胞术分别检测各组小鼠淋巴结和肺组织中DCs数量和表型.结果 与A组小鼠比较,8和C组小鼠BALF中各种细胞因子水平均明显升高(P<0.01).C组小鼠BALF中IL-4和IL-5水平低于8组(P<0.05,P<0.01),IFN-γ和IL-10水平高于8组(P<0.05,P<0.01).C组小鼠BALF中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞和淋巴细胞数也明显低于B组(P<0.01).B组小鼠支气管周围有大量炎性细胞浸润以及杯状细胞增生,黏液分泌增强,C组小鼠仅见微弱的炎性细胞浸润和杯状细胞增生.B组小鼠膈淋巴结中DCs数量以及肺组织中DCs的I-Ad、CD40、CD80和CD86表达水平均高于C组小鼠(P<0.05).结论 TSLP/TSLPR具有促哮喘效应并与其调节气道DCs活性的作用密切相关,TSLPR抗体干预可明显减弱TSLP/TSLPR上述作用,故有作为抗哮喘药物的前景.     

气道应用T-bet重组腺病毒抑制哮喘小鼠过敏性气道炎症

目的探讨气道应用T-bet重组腺病毒(AdT-bet)对哮喘小鼠气道炎症反应的影响及机制。方法C57BL/6小鼠随机分为4组,实验组(A组)、对照病毒组(B组)、PBS对照组(C组)和正常对照组(D组),A、B、C组采用卵蛋白(OVA)、明矾建立哮喘模型,分别于第19天激发前气道内单次应用50μLAdT-bet(108pfu)、AdLacZ、PBS。26d取肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定细胞成分、IL-4、IL-5、IFNγ浓度,取血测定血浆IgE水平,观察肺组织病理学变化及GATA-3表达。结果1)A组BALF中的嗜酸粒细胞(EOS)为(0.5±0.2)%明显低于B组(21.2±6.9)%和C组(20.9±6.8)%(P<0.01);2)A组BALF中的IL-4(6.7±3.8)pg/mL和IL-5(12.4±4.9)pg/mL的水平明显低于B组[IL-4(91.4±22.5)pg/mL和IL-5(55.6±10.6)pg/mL]和C组[IL-4(89.8±23.6)pg/mL和IL-5(56.7±11.5)pg/mL](P<0.01),而IFNγ的水平(710±45)pg/mL则明显高于B组(13.1±3.5...     

系统性红斑狼疮患者血清IL-10的水平及临床意义

目的 观察系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)患者血清IL-10的表达与疾病活动的关系.方法 选取22例SLE患者及24名健康人作为对照,根据狼疮疾病活动指数(SLE disease activity index,SLEDAI)将SLE患者分为活动期组和非活动期组,检测血清抗dsDNA抗体,血清总补体溶血活性(CH50)及C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP),酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清IL-10表达.结果 与对照组[(18.11±6.97)ng/L]相比,IL-10在SLE活动期组[(78.54±5.62)ng/L,P＜0.01]及非活动期组[(30.36±10.98)ng/L,P＜0.05]均有所增高,活动期组增高更为明显(与非活动期组相比,P＜0.05).IL-10水平与SLEDAI呈正相关(SLE活动期,r=0.77,P＜0.01;SLE非活动期,r=0.84,P＜0.01),IL-10的水平与抗dsDNA抗体(r=0.71,P＜0.01)、CRP(r=0.63,P＜0.01)和CH50(r=-0.56,P＜0.05)均相关.结论 IL-10在SLE患者血清中表达升高,在疾病活动时更为明显,IL-10能反应疾病活动的程度,可以做为临床观察SLE疾病活动的指标之一.     

不同剂量脂多糖预处理对哮喘小鼠肺部炎症的影响的研究

目的:研究不同剂量脂多糖(LPS)通过诱导肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)Toll样受体4(TLR4)的高表达, 探讨其对哮喘小鼠肺部炎症的影响.方法:BALB/c小鼠随机分为哮喘模型组(OVA)A, 低剂量LPS处理组(0.1 mg/L LPS OVA)B, 高剂量LPS处理组(100 mg/L LPS OVA)C, 对照组(生理盐水)D.用卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏与激发建立小鼠哮喘模型;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)上清中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和IFN-γ的含量, 实时荧光定量PCR法测定AM的TLR4的表达, 光镜观察肺组织病理变化.结果:与A组相比较, B组BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的水平显著增高(P＜0.05), 而IFN-γ差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05), C组BALF上清中IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的水平显著降低, IFN-γ显著增高(P＜0.05);与A组相比, B组与C组AM的TLR4mRNA表达均明显增高(P＜0.05), 两组间差异无统计学意义;光镜下, A组支气管黏膜下水肿, 黏液腺增生, 可见大量以嗜酸性粒细胞为主的炎症细胞浸润.B组与C组上述情况未见减轻, 并出现肺泡腔及间质充血, 中性粒细胞等大量的炎症细胞浸润, D组管腔内无黏液栓, 气道周围无炎症细胞浸润, 肺泡壁结构完整.结论:低剂量LPS(0.1 mg/L)诱导哮喘小鼠AM的TLR4高表达, 使肺部炎症加重, 而高剂量LPS(100 mg/L)可能会减轻变态反应症状.     

Th17及Tc17细胞在博来霉素致系统性硬化病小鼠模型外周血、皮肤和肺组织中的表达

目的 研究T辅助细胞17(Th17)及T细胞毒细胞17(Tc17)在博来霉素致系统性硬化病(SSc)小鼠模型外周血、皮肤和肺组织的表达及意义.方法 30只雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为3组:对照组(A组),博莱霉素注射4周无或轻度肺纤维化(PF)组(B组),明显PF组(C组).观察小鼠皮肤、肺部炎症和纤维化(Ashcroft评分)病变,流式细胞计数检测外周血、皮肤和肺部CD4+、CD8+、CD4+IL-17+Th17、CD8+IL-17+Tc17细胞的比例,荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测小鼠皮肤和肺部维甲酸相关孤独受体(RORγt)、白细胞介素(IL) -17A mRNA的表达,ELISA检测外周血IL-17的含量,并分析这些指标的相关性.结果 皮肤羟脯氨酸含量和PF评分C组[(3.07±1.26) μg,/mg和4.0±1.41]、B组[(2.43±0.61) μg/mg和1.50±0.76]较A组[(1.45±0.40) μg/mg和0.60±0.70]明显增加,C组肺羟脯氨酸的含量较A组和B组明显增多(P均＜0.05).与A组比较,B组和C组外周血、皮肤和肺组织CD4+细胞数明显增多,CD8+细胞数明显减少,Th17细胞比例明显增加,C组外周血、肺组织、B和C组皮肤Tc17细胞明显增加(P均＜0.05);B组和C组外周血、肺组织和皮肤Th17/CD4+CD8+[ (1.41±0.36)％、(1.79±0.77)％],[(2.58±1.07)％、(5.23±2.34)％]和[(3.50±1.20)％、(4.02±1.32)％]较A组(0.71±0.25)％、(1.15±0.59)％、(0.99±0.46)％明显增加,Tc17/CD4+CD8+肺组织C组(1.62±0.53)％较A组(1.00±0.47)％,皮肤B组(1.70±0.70)％和C组(1.63±0.63)％较A组(1.11±0.34)％明显增高(P均＜0.05).与A组比较,B组和C组皮肤、C组肺组织IL-17A、RORγt mRNA的表达量、外周血IL-17含量明显增高(P均＜0.05).外周血Th17细胞、[L-17含量与肺部炎症、PF评分、肺和皮肤羟脯氨酸含量、皮肤炎症密切正相关(P＜0.01);皮肤和肺部Th17和Tc17细胞分别与皮肤和肺部炎症和纤维化评分、皮肤和肺部羟脯氨酸的含量密切正相关(P均＜0.01).结论Th17和Tc17细胞在SSc小鼠模型外周血、皮肤、肺组织的比例增高,且以Th17细胞为主,其表达与皮肤、肺部炎症和纤维化病变密切相关,并可通过分泌IL-17参与SSc的发病.     

香烟烟雾暴露对肺气肿小鼠CD4+IL-17+辅助性T细胞的影响

目的 探讨香烟烟雾暴露对肺气肿小鼠肺实质、外周血中CD4+IL-17+辅助性T细胞(Th17)的影响。方法 将40只雄性BALB/c小鼠按随机数字表法分为4组：对照12周组(C12)、对照24周组(C24)、烟雾暴露12周组(S12)、烟雾暴露24周组(S24),每组10只。香烟烟雾暴露法建立小鼠肺气肿模型。HE染色观察小鼠肺气肿的改变,计算平均内衬间隔(Lm)和肺泡破坏指数(DI);酶联免疫吸附法检测小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-17、干扰素(IFN)-γ和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α水平及肺实质中IFN-γ和TNF-α水平;流式细胞术检测小鼠肺实质、外周血中CD4+ IL-17+T(Th17)细胞占CD4+T细胞的百分比;免疫荧光PCR法检测小鼠肺实质、外周血中RORγt和IL-17的mRNA表达,并分析这些指标的相互关系。结果 (1)S12组和S24组Lm为(39.19±3.51) μm和(46.87±7.16) μm,DI为39.13±1.57和45.16±3.13,均明显高于C12组和C24组(32.60±3.21) μm和(32.38±3.73) μm及28.23±1.62和28.86±2.07,以S24组增高更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。(2) S12组和S24组BALF中IL-17、IFN-γ及TNF-α水平[(119.72±10.72) ng/L和(296.40±14.00) ng/L、(129.7±22.2) ng/L和(251.1±62.4) ng/L,(17.35±1.60) ng/L和(36.35±1.43) ng/L]较C12组和C24组[(52.06±4.70) ng/L和(51.89±6.82) ng/L、(85.8±26.8) ng/L和(88.9±11.5) ng/L,(6.41±0.90) ng/L和(5.85±0.92) ng/L]明显增高;在肺实质中,S12组和S24组IFN-γ及TNF-α水平[(1124.3±174.4) ng/L和(1342.7±206.1) ng/L,(77.2±13.7) ng/L和(101.7±19.0) ng/L]亦较C12组和C24组[(946.2±81.9) ng/L和(1027.2±188.3) ng/L,(62.1±16.1) ng/L 和(64.4±15.1) ng/L]明显增高;且以S24组增高更为明显,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。(3)S12组和S24组肺实质中Th17细胞比例[(3.27±1.12)％和(7.19±2.24)％]明显高于C12组和C24组[(1.80±0.75)％和(1.99±0.59)％];S12组和S24组外周血中Th17细胞比例[(1.96±0.61)％和(3.82±1.26)％]亦明显高于C12组和C24组[(0.90±0.37)％和(0.97±0.32)％];且以S24组增高更为明显,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。(4) S12组和S24组肺实质中RORγt和IL-17 mRNA表达量（1.73±0.35和4.52±1.15,4.00±0.87和83.43±21.01）较C12组和C24组（0.83±0.21和0.90±0.36,0.80±0.22和0.64±0.31）明显增高,以S24组增高更为明显,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);外周血中,S12组和S24组RORγt和IL-17 mRNA表达量(1.48±0.32和2.75±0.79,201.25±5.49和416.22±99.64)亦较C12组和C24组(0.59±0.25和0.75±0.36,24.90±5.49和22.28±4.24)明显增高,以S24组增高更为明显,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。(5)烟雾暴露组中,外周血和肺实质的Th17细胞比例均与Lm、DI值显著正相关(r值分别为0.767、0.772;0.722、0.706,均P＜0.05)。结论 Th17细胞在香烟暴露肺部炎症、肺气肿小鼠外周血及肺内表达增高,并伴活性的增强,且随烟雾暴露时间延长而增强,提示香烟暴露肺气肿小鼠Th17细胞上调可能是导致小鼠肺内及全身炎症反应放大的原因之一。     

地塞米松对呼吸道合胞病毒感染哮喘加重小鼠气道TSLP分泌及炎症的影响

目的:探讨地塞米松(DEX)对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染哮喘加重小鼠胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)分泌及气道炎症的影响。方法:雌性BALB/c小鼠32只,随机分成4组,分别为磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)对照组、鸡卵白蛋白(OVA)组、OVA/RSV组、OVA/RSV/DEX组;应用OVA腹腔注射致敏、OVA气道雾化结合RSV滴鼻激发哮喘,地塞米松1mg/kg肌肉注射;无创肺功能检测各组小鼠气道反应性;ELISA法检测小鼠血清IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFNγ-和气管灌洗液(BALF)TSLP含量;小鼠肺组织病理观察炎症反应,免疫组化观察小鼠气道上皮细胞TSLP表达水平。结果:无创肺功能检测显示地塞米松抑制RSV感染哮喘加重小鼠气道反应性的增高,OVA/RSV/DEX组小鼠Penh值明显低于OVA/RSV组(P<0.01);OVA/RSV/DEX组小鼠血清IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IFNγ-浓度[分别为(86.78±27.04)、(227.66±40.87)、(194.65±73.27)和(17.33±3.06)pg/ml]和BALF中TSLP浓度[(1 873±10)pg/ml],均明显低于OVA/RSV组[分别为(274.2±103.7)、(293.3±46.1)、(330±93.5)、(30.1±5.7)、(2 127±46)pg/ml](P<0.01);病理观察显示地塞米松显著减轻RSV感染哮喘小鼠气道炎症细胞浸润;免疫组化染色证实地塞米松抑制RSV感染哮喘小鼠气道上皮细胞TSLP表达。结论:地塞米松可以抑制RSV感染哮喘加重小鼠气道上皮细胞表达TSLP,减轻RSV感染哮喘加重小鼠气道炎症反应。     

活菌卡介苗对哮喘小鼠IL-17的调节作用

目的初步探讨活菌卡介苗（BCG）对哮喘小鼠IL-17的调节作用。方法 4周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠30只随机分为A组（对照组）、B组（哮喘组）和C组（BCG干预组）,每组各10只。B、C两组予OVA腹腔注射致敏、OVA雾化诱发哮喘,C组在致敏前14d接种BCG。HE染色观察小鼠肺部病理改变,计数支气管肺泡灌洗液（bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF）中细胞总数并分类,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血清及BALF中白介素-17（IL-17）含量。结果肺组织病理观察显示A组气管周围基本无炎症细胞浸润,B组支气管周围大量炎症细胞浸润,杯状细胞增生,C组炎症较B组减轻。B、C组BALF中细胞总数和嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞百分率均显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,而C组嗜酸性粒细胞比例则明显低于B组（P〈0.01）。B、C组小鼠血清、BALF中IL-17含量高于A组（P〈0.01）,而C组则明显低于B组（P〈0.01）。各组小鼠血清及BALF中IL-17水平与BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞呈正相关（P〈0.01）。结论 BCG接种可抑制IL-17的产生,减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症反应。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Pitfalls in TRAP assay in routine detection of malignancy in effusions

Telomerase has been found to be reactivated in a majority of cancers but is inactive in most somatic cells. Our principal goal was to determine the potential use of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay as marker for malignancy in cytological effusions. The simple selection criterion was the cytological diagnosis, and routine samples were classified into malignant (58 samples) and nonmalignant (233 samples). Of the malignant samples, 44/58 (76%) were positive by TRAP assay. Of the 14 telomerase-negative cytology-positive samples, RNA integrity was poor in 9, indicating suboptimal sample conservation for molecular analysis. In 3 of the remaining 5 samples with a negative TRAP assay, a high number of malignant cells was observed, and these cells might have been telomerase-negative. Thus, the sensitivity of TRAP assay for the presence of malignant cells was about 76%. In the cytologically nonmalignant effusions, the presence of telomerase activity was observed in 24% (55/233). Of these, 6% were highly suspicious for malignancy, 9% were doubtful, and 9% were cytologically nonmalignant effusions confirmed by a follow-up of 12 mo or more. According to these data, the specificity of the TRAP assay to detect tumor cells in effusions ranged only between 82-91%. Our results indicate that, although the TRAP assay is positive in 6-15% of putative malignant effusions, the relatively high number of TRAP false-negative and false-positive cases renders this test unsuitable for routine diagnostic purposes.