罗格列酮上调高脂饮食老年大鼠骨骼肌GLUT4和PKB的表达

目的 观察高脂饮食对老年大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)和蛋白激酶B(PKB)的表达变化及罗格列酮的干预效果.方法 老年大鼠随机分为对照组、高脂组(HF)、高脂+罗格列酮干预组(RSG),每组20只.应用清醒状态下正常葡萄糖高胰岛素钳夹技术的葡萄糖输注率评价胰岛素抵抗,用荧光定量PCR法和Western印迹技术检测骨骼肌GLUT4和PKB的表达.结果 高脂组骨骼肌长链脂酰辅酶A(LCACoA)升高而葡萄糖输注率明显下降(P＜0.01),骨骼肌GLUT4和PKB的表达明显降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),罗格列酮干预组显著缓解高脂组上述变化(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 罗格列酮上调高脂饮食老年大鼠骨骼肌GLUT4和PKB的表达,是改善老年胰岛素抵抗的机制之一.     

高脂喂养及罗格列酮干预对老年大鼠骨骼肌脂肪酸转位酶表达的影响

目的观察高脂饮食对老年大鼠胰岛素抵抗（IR）和骨骼肌脂肪酸转位酶（FAT/CD36）表达的影响及罗格列酮的干预效果。方法21～23月龄Wistar大鼠60只随机分为对照组、高脂组（HF）、高脂＋罗格列酮干预组,并设4～5月龄Wistar大鼠20只作为青年对照组。清醒状态下,应用正常葡萄糖高胰岛素钳夹技术的葡萄糖输注率评价胰岛素抵抗,实时荧光定量PCR和Western印迹技术检测骨骼肌组织FAT/CD36mRNA和蛋白表达变化。结果（1）喂养4周后,老年对照组与青年组比较及老年高脂组与老年对照组比较,空腹血糖、胰岛素、游离脂肪酸及血清、骨骼肌三酰甘油均明显升高,葡萄糖输注率下降,出现了胰岛素抵抗;（2）继续喂养4周后,高脂＋罗格列酮干预组空腹血糖、胰岛素、游离脂肪酸及血清、骨骼肌三酰甘油明显下降,葡萄糖输注率升高,胰岛素抵抗状态改善;（3）与青年组比较,老年对照组骨骼肌组织中的FAT/CD36表达升高（P〈0.01）,经高脂饮食喂养后FAT/CD36表达明显升高,罗格列酮干预治疗明显降低FAT/CD36表达（P〈0.01）。结论老龄和高脂饮食均可诱导大鼠IR并伴有骨骼肌组织FAT/CD36的表达增加,罗格列酮降低FAT/CD36的表达,可能是改善胰岛素抵抗的机制之一。     

运动对胰岛素刺激的老年雌性鼠骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运因子4转位的影响

我们应用老年小鼠模型制备完整的骨骼肌束，研究运动对胰岛素刺激的骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运因子4（Glucose transporter 4，GLUT4）转位的影响，探讨运动改善骨骼肌细胞对胰岛素敏感性和减少骨骼肌细胞胰岛素抵抗（IR）的机制。     

利拉鲁肽对小鼠骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运子4转位的作用

目的 探讨胰高血糖素样肽1 （GLP-1）类似物利拉鲁肽对小鼠骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运子4（GLUT4）转位的作用及可能机制.方法 在过表达带有HA表位GLUT4的小鼠骨骼肌细胞株C2C12（C2C12-GLUT4H）,分为正常对照组、胰岛素组（100 nmol/L）、利拉鲁肽1组（100 nmol/L）、利拉鲁肽2组（1 000 nmol/L）、5-氨基咪唑-4-甲酰1-β-D呋喃糖苷（AICAR）（腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶激动剂）组（2 mmol/L）.通过ELISA法测定细胞膜上C2C12-GLUT4HA,检测各组对C2C12-GLUT4HA细胞GLUT4转位的作用.应用Western blotting检测介导GLUT4转位的信号分子蛋白激酶B（AKT）、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）磷酸化水平以及GLUT4蛋白表达水平.采用Student＇s t检验或单因素方差分析进行统计分析.结果 利拉鲁肽组的GLUT4转位较对照组相比明显上升[分别是对照组的（1.53±0.28）倍、（1.41±0.41）倍,F=13.4798,P＜0.05];利拉鲁肽刺激组与对照组相比能够使pAMPK水平升高[分别是对照组的（1.79±0.31）倍、（1.54±0.18）倍,F=20.0999,P＜0.05],而对pAKT无明显影响（P＞0.05）.结论 利拉鲁肽可通过激活AMPK从而促进小鼠骨骼肌细胞GLUT4转位的增加.     

罗格列酮治疗老年初发2型糖尿病46例疗效观察

将46例初发2型糖尿病老年患者随机分为罗格列酮组、二甲双胍组各23例,分别予罗格列酮4 mg/d、二甲双胍750 mg/d,治疗12周。结果两组治疗后空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数、内皮素-1（ET-1）均明显降低,胰岛素分泌指数明显升高（P均〈0.01）;罗格列酮组NO水平较二甲双胍组明显升高（P〈0.05）。认为罗格列酮可改善老年初诊糖尿病患者IR和胰岛β细胞功能;其机制可能为调节NO和ET-1水平,改善内皮细胞功能。     

罗格列酮对老年胰岛素抵抗大鼠肝脏脂肪酸代谢及胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的 研究罗格列酮对老年胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)大鼠肝脏脂肪酸代谢及胰岛素敏感性的影响.方法 22～24月龄雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为老年对照组(OC组)和高脂喂养组.OC组喂饲基础饲料,高脂喂养组喂饲高脂饲料.喂养至第4周末行高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹实验评价高脂喂养组IR状态.判断造模成功后将高脂喂养组随机分为高脂(HF)组和罗格列酮干预(RSG)组.两组除继续喂以高脂饲料外,RSG组予罗格列酮3 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,HF组予等体积生理盐水灌胃,继续喂养4 w.实验第8周末,再次行钳夹实验评价各组大鼠胰岛素敏感性;肝脏甘油三酯经氯仿/甲醇抽提后用全自动生化分析仪测定.结果 分组喂养4时,钳夹实验发现高脂喂养组葡萄糖输注率(glucose infusion rates,GIR)低于OC组(P＜0.05),说明高脂喂养组IR模型诱导成功.继续喂养4 w后,HF组GIR进一步下降(P＜0.01),而RSG组GIR与HF组比较明显提高(P＜0.05).与OC组相比,HF组空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素(FINS)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平升高,而RSG组这些指标较HF组下降(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).肝脏TG含量在HF组高于OC组,RSG组低于HF组;肝脏TG含量与GIR呈负相关,与空腹血糖呈正相关.结论 高脂饮食导致老年大鼠肝脏脂质积聚及IR;罗格列酮干预可改善老年IR大鼠血浆脂代谢异常,降低肝脏脂质含量,提高胰岛素敏感性.     

胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌中蛋白激酶B表达及葡萄糖转运蛋白4转位的改变

目的研究高脂饮食喂养的胰岛素抵抗(IR)大鼠骨骼肌中蛋白激酶B(PKB)表达和葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GluT4)转位的改变及饮食治疗、葛根素、罗格列酮干预的影响。方法将雄性SD大鼠50只随机分为正常饮食(A)组和高脂饮食(B)组,2个月后再将B组大鼠随机分为高脂饮食(C)组、正常饮食干预(D)组、葛根素干预(E)组和罗格列酮干预(F)组。干预1个月后检测骨骼肌中PKB的表达及转位至质膜的GluT4含量。结果C组大鼠产生了明显的IR,骨骼肌中PKB的表达较A组显著降低(P<0.01),转位到质膜上的GluT4含量显著减低(P<0.01);D、E、F组大鼠IR明显改善,骨骼肌中PKB的表达较C组大鼠显著增加(P<0.01),GluT4含量较C组大鼠显著升高(P<0.01)。结论高脂饮食喂养的SD大鼠骨骼肌产生明显的IR,骨骼肌中Ins诱导的PKB表达降低,Ins刺激的GluT4向质膜的转位减少。饮食治疗及葛根素、罗格列酮干预能增加骨骼肌中Ins刺激的PKB表达及GluT4向质膜的转位。     

增龄对大鼠骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白的影响

目的　探讨增龄对大鼠骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)的影响。　方法　SD实验大鼠分为2组青年组（3月龄）和老年组（24月龄）各式各样0只。制务GLUT4羧基端正2肽的多克隆抗体,利用Western印迹法检测2组大鼠骨骼肌细胞GLUT4蛋白含量,并检测大鼠尾静脉血糖。　结果　老年组大鼠的血糖（5.6±0.5mmol/L)略高于青年组大鼠（4.5±0.5mmol/L),但差异无显著性;青年组大鼠骨骼肌细胞内GLUT4相对含量为109.62±12.25,而老年组为86.46±8.25,差异有显著性（P<0.05)。　结论　增龄可引起大鼠骨骼肌细胞GLUT4蛋白含量明显减少,使骨骼肌细胞对葡萄糖的转运发生障碍,这可能是老年人易产生胰岛素抵抗的机制之一。     

胰岛素抵抗小鼠骨骼肌中磷脂酰肌醇3激酶表达及肌糖原含量的改变

目的：研究高脂饮食喂养诱导的胰岛素抵抗（IR）小鼠骨骼肌中磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（PI3K）表达及肌糖原含量的改变。方法将20只雄性 KM小鼠随机分为对照组（NC 组,10只）和 IR 组（10只）,NC 组予常规饲料,IR 组予高脂饲料。16周时 IR 造模成功,记录小鼠体质量、空腹血糖（FBG）和空腹胰岛素（FINS）,并计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）;Western blot 法检测骨骼肌 PI3K 的表达,过碘酸雪夫（PAS）染色观察骨骼肌糖原含量的变化。结果与 NC 组比较,IR 组小鼠体质量、FBG、FINS 及 HOMA-IR 增高（P 均＜0．05）,IR 组骨骼肌中 PI3K 的表达显著降低（P ＜0．05）;PAS 染色显示 NC 组骨骼肌细胞内紫红色着色广泛,着色颗粒较多,IR 组着色浅,着色颗粒较少。结论骨骼肌 PI3K 表达降低可能是导致肌肉 IR 产生的原因之一。     

罗格列酮对糖耐量减低合并高胰岛素血症患者的疗效观察

目的探讨罗格列酮对于合并高胰岛素血症的糖耐量减低（IGT）患者PG、Ins、胰岛索抵抗的影响。方法56例IGT患者随机分为对照组28例，仅予改善生活方式；罗格列酮组28例，予改善生活方式和罗格列酮4mg／日。治疗12周。测BMI、空腹及负荷后PG、Ins、胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）等。结果12周后对照组空腹及负荷后PG及Ins与治疗前相比无统计学差异（P均＞O．05）；罗格列酮组治疗后空腹及负荷后PG及Ins与治疗前及对照组治疗后相比明显下降（P均＜0.05）；治疗后对照组体重及BMI较治疗前下降（P＜0.05）；罗格列酮组体重及BMI与治疗前相比无明显变化（P＞0．05）；治疗后对照组ISI较治疗前无明显变化；罗格列酮组ISI较治疗前明显升高（P〈o．05）。结论对于合并代偿性高胰岛素血症的IGT患者，罗格列酮可以明显减轻高胰岛素血症，部分改善第1时相胰岛素分泌。     

Impairment of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in the Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetic mouse: a new genetic animal model of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: In skeletal muscle and adipocytes, insulin-stimulated glucose transport has been known to occur through the translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 from the intracellular pool to the plasma membrane. The Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetic (TSOD) mouse, a new genetic animal model of type 2 diabetes, develops moderate degrees of obesity and diabetes that are especially apparent in animals more than 11 weeks old. A defect in insulin stimulation of GLUT4 translocation also contributes to the characteristics of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To characterize this mouse further, we examined the alteration in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. METHODS: For glucose and insulin tolerance tests, the mice were given glucose or insulin and blood samples were collected. After isolation of low-density microsomal membrane and plasma membrane from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 in these TSOD mice was examined by Western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: TSOD mice showed a significant increase in blood glucose after the glucose load, and exhibited a significantly attenuated decrease in blood glucose concentrations after administration of insulin, compared with that in control Tsumura Suzuki non-obese (TSNO) mice. The insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 from low-density microsomal membranes to plasma membrane was significantly reduced in both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of TSOD mice. These results indicate that the reduced insulin sensitivity in diabetic TSOD mice is presumably due, at least in part, to the impaired GLUT4 translocation by insulin in both skeletal muscle and adipocytes.     

罗格列酮和二甲双胍治疗对胰岛素抵抗KKAy糖尿病小鼠肝及横纹肌组织PTEN蛋白表达的影响

目的观察罗格列酮和二甲双胍治疗后胰岛素抵抗KKAy糖尿病小鼠肝及横纹肌组织PTEN蛋白表达的变化。方法 KKAy小鼠制备糖尿病模型后随机分为未治疗组、罗格列酮治疗组及二甲双胍治疗组。C57BL小鼠普通饲料喂养,为对照组。4周后处死小鼠,Western blot检测肝及横纹肌PTEN蛋白、胰岛素刺激后磷酸化473Akt的表达并进行定量分析。结果罗格列酮及二甲双胍处理后KKAy糖尿病小鼠肝及横纹肌组织磷酸Akt升高倍数与KKAy糖尿病小鼠相比均无明显变化(P0.05),罗格列酮和二甲双胍处理后肝及骨骼肌PTEN蛋白表达与糖尿病未治疗组相比差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论罗格列酮和二甲双胍不会影响PI3k-Akt通路活性及PTEN蛋白的表达,两者改善血糖和胰岛素抵抗可能与胰岛素敏感组织PTEN蛋白的表达无关。     

The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity

Kv1.3 is a voltage-gated potassium (K) channel expressed in a number of tissues, including fat and skeletal muscle. Channel inhibition improves experimental autoimmune encephalitis, in part by reducing IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor production by peripheral T lymphocytes. Gene inactivation causes mice (Kv1.3-/-) exposed to a high-fat diet to gain less weight and be less obese than littermate control. Interestingly, although Kv1.3-/- mice on the high-calorie diet gain weight, they remain euglycemic, with low blood insulin levels. This observation prompted us to examine the effect of Kv1.3 gene inactivation and inhibition on peripheral glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Here we show that Kv1.3 gene deletion and channel inhibition increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in vivo. Baseline and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake are increased in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of Kv1.3-/- mice. Inhibition of Kv1.3 activity facilitates the translocation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. It also suppresses c-JUN terminal kinase activity in fat and skeletal muscle and decreases IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion by adipose tissue. We conclude that Kv1.3 inhibition improves insulin sensitivity by increasing the amount of GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. These results pinpoint a pathway through which K channels regulate peripheral glucose homeostasis, and identify Kv1.3 as a pharmacologic target for the treatment of diabetes.     

姜黄素促进骨骼肌GLUT4转位改善糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗

目的:研究姜黄素对STZ诱导糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗的影响及其机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠腹腔注射STZ诱导糖尿病大鼠模型。成模大鼠分为糖尿病组(DM),糖尿病＋姜黄素组(DM＋Cur),糖尿病＋缓冲液对照组(DM＋NC)。以正常SD大鼠为正常对照组(NC)。DM＋Cur组予姜黄素灌胃治疗,DM＋NC组给予等体积缓冲液灌...     

Decreased Akt kinase activity and insulin resistance in C57BL/KsJ-Leprdb/db mice

Recent studies suggest that the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) is involved in the pathway for insulin-stimulated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and glucose uptake. In this study we examined the components of the Akt signaling pathway in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in vivo from C57BL/KsJ-Lepr(db/db) mice (db/db), a model of obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. There were no changes in the protein levels of GLUT4, p85alpha, or Akt in tissues from db/db mice compared with non-diabetic littermate controls (+/+). In response to acute insulin administration, GLUT4 recruitment to the plasma membrane increased twofold in muscle and adipose tissue from +/+ mice, but was significantly reduced by 42-43% (P<0.05) in both tissues from db/db mice. Insulin increased Akt-Ser(473) phosphorylation by two- to fivefold in muscle and adipose tissue from all mice. However, in db/db mice, maximal Akt-Ser(473) phosphorylation was decreased by 32% (P<0.05) and 69% (P<0.05) in muscle and adipose tissue respectively. This decreased phosphorylation in db/db mice corresponded with a significant decrease in maximal Akt kinase activity using a glycogen synthase kinase-3 fusion protein as a substrate (P<0.05). The level of insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of p85alpha from phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3)-kinase, which is upstream of Akt, was also reduced in muscle and adipose tissue from db/db mice (P<0.05); however, there was no change in extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 or -2 phosphorylation. These data implicate decreased insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity as an important component underlying impaired GLUT4 translocation and insulin resistance in tissues from db/db mice. However, impaired insulin signal transduction appears to be specific for the PI 3-kinase pathway of insulin signaling, while the MAP kinase pathway remained intact.     

高脂饲料诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌已糖胺通路流量的变化

目的 探讨已糖胺通路(HBP)在高脂饲料诱导胰岛素抵抗形成中的作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:对照组、高脂组和罗格列酮组.13周后,检测大鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、骨骼肌中TG和FFA的含量,胰岛素敏感性采用胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)和高胰岛素正糖钳夹试验稳态时的葡萄糖输注率(GIR)来评估,骨骼肌HBP的流量用谷氨酰胺:6-磷酸果糖转氨酶(GFAT)mRNA的表达水平、二磷酸尿嘧啶-N-乙酰葡萄糖胺(UDP-GlcNAc)的含量及蛋白O-GIcNAc糖基化水平来衡量.结果 高脂组大鼠与对照组相比,血清TG、TC、FFA以及骨骼肌TG、FFA均升高(均P<0.01);ISI、GIR均降低(均P<0.01),骨骼肌GFAT mRNA的表达(0.51±0.05对0.18±0.02)、UDP-GlcNAc 含量[(6.18±0.86对2.42±0.36)nmol/g]以及蛋白O-GlcNAc糖基化水平均明显升高(均P<0.01).罗格列酮组大鼠与高脂组相比,血清和骨骼肌TG、FFA明显降低(均P<0.01),胰岛素敏感性提高(P<0.05),GFAT mRNA的表达(0.27±0.03)、UDP-GlcNAc含量[(2.62±0.32)nmol/g]以及蛋白O-GIeNAc糖基化水平均明显降低(均P<0.05).结论 高脂饲料诱导大鼠胰岛素抵抗与其增加骨骼肌HBP的流量相关,可被罗格列酮降低.     

Fish glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 differs from rat GLUT4 in its traffic characteristics but can translocate to the cell surface in response to insulin in skeletal muscle cells

In mammals, glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 plays an important role in glucose homeostasis mediating insulin action to increase glucose uptake in insulin-responsive tissues. In the basal state, GLUT4 is located in intracellular compartments and upon insulin stimulation is recruited to the plasma membrane, allowing glucose entry into the cell. Compared with mammals, fish are less efficient restoring plasma glucose after dietary or exogenous glucose administration. Recently our group cloned a GLUT4-homolog in skeletal muscle from brown trout (btGLUT4) that differs in protein motifs believed to be important for endocytosis and sorting of mammalian GLUT4. To study the traffic of btGLUT4, we generated a stable L6 muscle cell line overexpressing myc-tagged btGLUT4 (btGLUT4myc). Insulin stimulated btGLUT4myc recruitment to the cell surface, although to a lesser extent than rat-GLUT4myc, and enhanced glucose uptake. Interestingly, btGLUT4myc showed a higher steady-state level at the cell surface under basal conditions than rat-GLUT4myc due to a higher rate of recycling of btGLUT4myc and not to a slower endocytic rate, compared with rat-GLUT4myc. Furthermore, unlike rat-GLUT4myc, btGLUT4myc had a diffuse distribution throughout the cytoplasm of L6 myoblasts. In primary brown trout skeletal muscle cells, insulin also promoted the translocation of endogenous btGLUT4 to the plasma membrane and enhanced glucose transport. Moreover, btGLUT4 exhibited a diffuse intracellular localization in unstimulated trout myocytes. Our data suggest that btGLUT4 is subjected to a different intracellular traffic from rat-GLUT4 and may explain the relative glucose intolerance observed in fish.     

Normal muscle glucose uptake in mice deficient in muscle GLUT4

Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a major characteristic underpinning type 2 diabetes. Impairments in the insulin responsiveness of the glucose transporter, Glut4 (Slc2a4), have been suggested to be a contributing factor to this disturbance. We have produced muscle-specific Glut4 knockout (KO) mice using Cre/LoxP technology on a C57BL6/J background and shown undetectable levels of GLUT4 in both skeletal muscle and heart. Our aim was to determine whether complete deletion of muscle GLUT4 does in fact lead to perturbations in glucose homoeostasis. Glucose tolerance, glucose turnover and 2-deoxyglucose uptake into muscle and fat under basal and insulin-stimulated conditions were assessed in 12-week-old KO and control mice using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinaemic/euglycaemic clamp respectively. KO mice weighed ～17% less and had significantly heavier hearts compared with control mice. Basally, plasma glucose and plasma insulin were significantly lower in the KO compared with control mice, which conferred normal glucose tolerance. Despite the lack of GLUT4 in the KO mouse muscle, glucose uptake was not impaired in skeletal muscle but was reduced in heart under insulin-stimulated conditions. Neither GLUT1 nor GLUT12 protein levels were altered in the skeletal muscle or heart tissue of our KO mice. High-fat feeding did not alter glucose tolerance in the KO mice but led to elevated plasma insulin levels during the glucose tolerance test. Our study demonstrates that deletion of muscle GLUT4 does not adversely affect glucose disposal and glucose tolerance and that compensation from other transporters may contribute to this unaltered homoeostasis of glucose.