血必净注射液治疗急性百草枯中毒的实验

目的探讨血必净注射液对急性百草枯大鼠中毒脏器损害的治疗保护机制。方法成年Wistar大鼠随机分为百草枯250 mg/kg剂量染毒对照组、百草枯250 mg/kg剂量染毒 血必静注射液高剂量治疗组(1.72 g生药/kg)、百草枯250 mg/kg剂量染毒 血必静注射液低剂量治疗组(0.86 g生药/kg)3组。取原液加蒸馏水稀释至1 ml灌胃染毒。治疗组于染毒后1 h经鼠尾静脉给予相应剂量的血必静注射液缓慢注射,观察染毒组和治疗组动物表现。染毒8 h后处死动物,留取动静脉血及大鼠肺组织,行动脉血气分析、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6I、L-10I、L-1β、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)测定,同时行常规病理观察。结果血必净注射液治疗组大鼠动脉血气指标PaO2、PaCO2、pH值明显好于非治疗染毒组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。治疗组肝肾损害减轻,表现为ALT升高幅度较小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血肌酐变化治疗组明显小于非治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。细胞因子TNF-αI、L-6血必净治疗组与染毒组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而IL-10I、L-1β、PDGF和IGF-1高剂量血必净治疗组均明显小于染毒组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),PDGF低剂量治疗组也明显小于染毒组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。病理检查示百草枯染毒8 h后肺泡毛细血管的扩张充血,内皮细胞肿胀,出现大量以中性白细胞为主的炎性细胞浸润,肺泡腔内充血,有蛋白水肿液的渗出。血必净治疗组上述改变明显较轻。结论血必净注射液可抑制部分炎性因子的活力。对百草枯中毒脏器损害有治疗保护作用。     

血必净对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎性因子影响的实验研究

目的 观察血必净对百草枯急性中毒大鼠炎性因子的抑制作用.方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、中毒组和血必净组,分别在给药后6h、2h、72h三个时间点,每个时间点每组8只大鼠,中毒组和血必净组一次性以120mg/kg百草枯灌胃,2h后血必净组腹腔注射血必净10ml/kg,对照组和中毒组腹腔注射等体积0.9%氯化钠注射液,1次/d.于给药后6h、24h、72h取大鼠眼眶血,用酶联免疫(ELISA)检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-2.结果 给药后6h中毒组血清TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-2较其他组明显升高(P<0.05),而血必净组较中毒组明显降低(P<0.05);给药后24h中毒组血清TNF-α、和IL-1β较其他组明显升高(P<0.05),而血必净组TNF-α、IL-1β较中毒组明显降低(P<0.05);给药后72h中毒组血清TNF-α仍较其他组明显升高(P<0.05),血必净组TNF-α较中毒组明显降低(P<0.05),而且IL-1β和IL-2已降至对照组水平(P0.05).结论 血必净可以明显抑制急性百草枯中毒大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-2的释放,对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎性反应具有一定的抑制作用.     

红景天苷对百草枯中毒大鼠肺组织TGF-β1表达的影响

【】 目的 研究红景天苷(SDS)对百草枯(PQ)中毒大鼠肺组织TGF-β1表达的影响。方法 将130只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、PQ模型组、SDS治疗组,后两组又分为1天、3天、7天、14天、21、28天6个亚组,每亚组10只。PQ模型组和SDS治疗组采用一次性灌胃百草枯溶液(20mg/Kg)的方法,制备急性PQ中毒肺损伤模型,染毒1小时后分别给予相同体积的生理盐水、SDS(10mg/Kg)腹腔注射。各组在相应时间点取材,采用免疫组化、RT-PCR测定肺组织中转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)及其mRNA的表达情况。结果 免疫组化结果显示,与正常对照组比较,PQ模型组、SDS治疗组肺组织TGF-β1表达显著增加(P<0.05),在第14天达到最大值。与PQ模型组各时间点比较,SDS干预组中TGF-β1的表达量低,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RT-PCR结果显示模型组与SDS干预组染毒后第1天大鼠肺组织TGF-β1mRNA水平开始增加,在第14天达到最高值,第28天基因表达恢复正常。SDS治疗组TGF-β1mRNA表达量比模型组低,二者比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 TGF-β1参与了PQ中毒大鼠肺纤维化病理生理过程,SDS能抑制TGF-β1的表达,减轻PQ中毒大鼠肺损伤。     

依达拉奉对百草枯中毒大鼠急性肺损伤治疗作用

目的研究依达拉奉对百草枯中毒急性肺组织损伤的治疗作用及可能机制。方法将96只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(Con组)、模型组(Mod组)、依达拉奉治疗组(ED组)和地塞米松治疗组(Dex组),每组再根据染毒时间分为6h、24h、48h和72h等4个亚组,每组6只。采用腹腔注射20%百草枯溶液(25mg/kg)制备百草枯中毒急性肺损伤模型,Con组腹腔注射等容积生理盐水。染毒后1h开始,ED组和Dex组分别给予腹腔注射依达拉奉(3mg/kg)和地塞米松(3mg/kg),2次/日,Con组和Mod组给予等容积生理盐水。分别在染毒后6h、24h、48h和72h,观察大鼠一般状况变化,然后处死大鼠,经心脏采集血液标本检测血清SOD活性和MDA含量,并行HE染色观察肺组织病理变化。结果与Con组比较,Mod组、ED组及Dex组各时间点血清SOD活性明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清MDA水平均明显增加(P<0.01),肺组织病理示急性肺损伤改变,炎症细胞浸润,肺泡萎缩塌陷,甚至结构消失,且随时间进展加重;与Mod组相比,ED组和Dex组血清SOD活性明显上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清MDA含量明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),肺组织病理改变明显减轻;而ED组和Dex组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论依达拉奉和地塞米松对百草枯中毒引起的急性肺损伤均有治疗作用,其治疗作用和减轻自由基损伤有关。     

PPAR-γ受体激活对百草枯中毒致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的研究PPAR-γ受体激活对百草枯中毒致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法 48只SD雄性大鼠随机平均分成3组,A组(百草枯中毒组):按照20 mg/kg剂量腹腔注射;B组(低剂量PPAR-γ受体激动剂罗格列酮预处理组):在给予百草枯腹腔注射前1 h腹腔注射3 mg/kg罗格列酮;C组(高剂量PPAR-γ受体激动剂罗格列酮预处理组):在给予百草枯腹腔注射前1 h腹腔注射10 mg/kg罗格列酮;D组(对照组):1 m L生理盐水腹腔注射。在注射百草枯后24 h和72 h时,每组取出6只,收集血清和肺组织标本。采用Elisa方法检测血清中IL-1β和TNF-α含量测定,行组织切片HE染色进行肺损伤评分,利用Western blot方法检测肺组织中caspase-3和AP-1蛋白表达水平,采用免疫组化方法检测caspase-3蛋白在肺组织中的表达。结果大鼠百草枯中毒后血清炎性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α含量明显增加。肺湿重/干重比以及肺损伤评分明显增加。罗格列酮预处理组可以减轻肺组织损伤程度,降低血清中IL-1β和TNF-α含量,减少肺组织中caspase-3和AP-1蛋白的表达。结论应用PPAR-γ激动剂罗格列酮可以抑制百草枯中毒大鼠肺组织中caspase-3和AP-1蛋白表达,抑制炎症反应和凋亡,对百草枯中毒导致急性肺损伤产生保护作用。     

肝X受体在百草枯致急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织中的表达及作用

目的研究肝X受体(Liver X receptors,LXRs)在百草枯(Paraquat,PQ)致急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织中的表达情况及保护作用。方法 48只雄性c57小鼠随机分为6组,对照组:0.1 m L生理盐水腹腔注射;A组(TO901317低剂量对照组):5 mg/kg TO901317腹腔注射;B组(TO901317高剂量对照组):20 mg/kg TO901317腹腔注射;C组(百草枯染毒组):百草枯28 mg/kg腹腔注射;D组(TO901317低剂量预处理组):百草枯染毒前0.5 h给予TO901317 5 mg/kg腹腔注射;E组(TO901317高剂量预处理组):百草枯染毒前0.5 h给予TO90131720 mg/kg腹腔注射。在百草枯染毒后72 h处死小鼠,收集肺组织及肺泡灌洗液标本。肺组织取出后测定肺湿重/干重比,肺组织切片后HE染色进行肺损伤评分,采用ELISA方法检测肺泡灌洗液中IL-1β和TNF-α含量,Western blot方法检测肺组织中LXRs(LXRα和LXRβ)及Toll样受体4(TLR-4)的表达。结果对照组小鼠肺组织中可检测到较高水平的LXRα和LXRβ表达,与对照组相比,百草枯中毒组小鼠LXRα和LXRβ表达明显减少,肺湿重/干重比及肺损伤评分显著增加,肺泡灌洗液中IL-1β和TNF-α含量明显增高,TLR-4表达明显增加。上述改变在TO901317预处理组明显减轻,减轻程度与TO901317剂量有关。结论肝X受体可以在正常小鼠肺组织的中表达,百草枯中毒可显著抑制肝X受体在小鼠肺组织中表达,应用LXRs激动剂TO901317能明显减轻百草枯导致的小鼠急性肺损伤程度,这一作用可能与LXRs抑制TLR-4在肺组织中的表达有关。     

CXCR4高表达骨髓间充质干细胞对百草枯中毒肺损伤大鼠的治疗作用

目的 观察CXC趋化因子受体4(CXC chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)高表达的骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell,BMSC)对百草枯中毒致急性肺损伤大鼠的治疗作用.方法 建立BMSC-CXCR4细胞株.制备并鉴定百草枯中毒致急性肺损伤大鼠模型.将成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:生理盐水组、BMSC治疗组(BMSC组)、BMSC-CXCR4治疗组(BMSC-CXCR4组)和5％O2低氧培养的BMSC-CXCR4治疗组(BMSC-CXCR4+ 5％O2组),于4组大鼠尾静脉给予不同处理后,比较各组血清中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-oα)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化,并观察肺组织病理变化.结果 成功构建稳定转染BMSC-CXCR4细胞株.急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织可见肺泡大片融合,肺泡结构明显破坏;与对照组比较,实验组随着时间延长动脉血氧分压持续下降,肺湿干比持续升高,血清IL-1β、TNF-α水平持续升高,SOD活性持续下降(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).百草枯中毒致急性肺损伤12h时,BMSC治疗组、BMSC-CXCR4组和BMSC-CXCR4 +5％O2组大鼠血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平均低于生理盐水组,SOD活性高于生理盐水组,且BMSC-CXCR4 +5％O2组优于BMSC组和BMSC-CXCR4组(P＜0.01).急性肺损伤12 h时,与生理盐水组比较,各治疗组大鼠肺泡形态大致完整,肺泡壁比较光滑;其中BMSC-CXCR4+ 5％O2组最接近于正常肺组织.结论 低氧培养的BMSC-CXCR4对百草枯中毒致急性肺损伤具有良好的治疗作用.     

急性百草枯中毒大鼠肺组织线粒体中VDAC表达

目的：探讨急性百草枯中毒大鼠肺组织线粒体中线粒体电压依赖性阴离子通路（voltage-dependent anion chan-nel,VDAC）的表达变化。方法选取成年健康Wister大鼠200只,雌雄各半,随机分为对照组及染毒组。其中对照组100只,用1ml生理盐水一次性灌胃;染毒组100只,将百草枯（paraquat,PQ）按50mg/kg用生理盐水稀释到1ml,一次性灌胃染毒。分别于灌生理盐水及灌药后1、24、72、120、168h各取20只大鼠,麻醉下解剖大鼠留取肺组织标本,分离提取线粒体并测定其VDAC的含量。结果染毒后的大鼠VDAC的表达明显高于对照组,并且差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论百草枯中毒可上调大鼠肺组织线粒体VDAC的表达,VDAC可能通过不同途径参与了急性肺损伤的过程。     

百草枯中毒急性肺损伤的作用机制及丙酮酸乙酯干预研究

目的 探讨高迁移组蛋白B1(HMGB1)/Toll样受体4(TLR-4)在百草枯(PQ)中毒导致急性肺损伤作用机制及丙酮酸乙酯(EP)干预研究.方法 将90只SD大鼠均分为对照组、百草枯中毒组、丙酮酸乙酯治疗组,建立大鼠急性百草枯中毒动物模型后,分别于实验后的6、12、24、48 h、3 d每组随机处死6只大鼠,检测三组大鼠肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、HMGB1、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和TLR-4mRNA变化;并测定三组大鼠血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化.结果 与对照组相比,PQ中毒组和EP治疗组染毒后6、12、24、48 h、3 d各时间点,肺组织TNF-α mRNA、HMGB1 mRNA、IL-1 mRNA、TLR-4 mRNA的表达量和丙二醛含量明显升高(均P<0.05),SOD 活力降低(均P<0.05);与PQ中毒组相比,EP治疗组在染毒后12、48 h时间点大鼠肺组织HMGB1 mRNA、TLR-4 mRNA、IL-1 mRNA、TNF-α mRNA表达量及血清MDA含量均降低(均P<0.05),血清SOD 活力均升高(均P<0.05).结论 百草枯中毒急性肺损伤的机制主要与氧化应激、细胞膜脂质过氧化及免疫系统炎症级联放大效应有关,丙酮酸乙酯可通过抑制该过程从而减轻急性肺损伤程度.     

螺内酯阻抑百草枯中毒大鼠肺纤维化的机制探讨

目的观察螺内酯能否阻抑百草枯（PQ）中毒大鼠肺纤维化及探讨其可能的作用机制。方法54只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、PQ染毒组（一次性PQ80mg／kg灌胃）和螺内酯干预组（一次性PQ80mg／kg灌胃并予每天1次螺内酯100mg／kg灌胃）。各组大鼠于染毒后第7、14、28天分批处死,取肺组织行HE染色、Masson染色并做肺泡炎、肺纤维化评分,计算肺系数,测血浆及肺组织醛固酮（ALD）含量及肺羟脯氨酸含量,应用免疫组化法测肺组织转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）及α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α—SMA）蛋白的表达。结果染毒组和干预组血浆、肺组织ALD含量均较对照组升高,第14天始差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;干预组各时间点大鼠肺泡炎和肺纤维化程度积分、肺系数、肺羟脯氨酸含量均低于染毒组（P〈0．01）;干预组第14天始肺组织TGF—β1、α-SMA蛋白的表达均低于染毒组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论ALD、TGFβ1、α—SMA可能均参与PQ中毒致肺纤维化的发病进程。螺内酯对PQ中毒大鼠肺纤维化有一定程度的阻抑作用,可能与其抑制ALD受体,并减少肺部TGF-β1和aSMA的表达有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.