颈椎脱位复位后继发脊髓损伤

本文报告颈椎脱位复位后继发或加重脊髓损伤１４例。其中发生在颅骨牵引后９例，手法复位后４例，手术复位后１例，复位前神经功能正常５例，有轻微损伤９例，复位后发生全瘫７例，有感觉无运动７例，本文讨论了继发损伤的原因及其预防。     

颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化

目的　观察颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化。方法　 16例颈椎小关节突脱位患者 ,7例单侧小关节突脱位 ,9例双侧小关节突脱位 ,在X线透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位 ,并于复位前后进行神经功能和颈椎MRI检查 ,比较椎间盘脱出和脊髓实质损伤的变化。结果　 16例均闭合复位成功 ,复位前 5例有明显椎间盘脱出 ,4例有椎间盘撕裂 ,7例无明显椎间盘损伤。复位成功后 ,4例椎间盘脱出仍存在 ,大小无变化 ;1例原脱出椎间盘明显缩小 ,无新椎间盘脱出发生。14例复位前后脊髓信号无变化 ,2例复位后出现MRIT2 加权高信号增强。 16例复位后无一例出现神经功能恶化。结论　颅骨牵引闭合复位不会诱发或加重椎间盘脱出 ,进而造成继发性脊髓功能损伤     

骨盆骨折合并尿道损伤的处理

目的 探讨骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的治疗方法和疗效.方法 自2004年1月～2009年6月收治骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤36例,尿道撕裂伤23例,断裂伤13例.骨盆骨折采用下肢牵引治疗9例,单纯骨盆前环外固定架固定13例,重建钢板内固定9例,骨盆前环内、外固定架+骨盆后环内固定5例.结果 36例均获得随访,随访时间10个月～4.5年.骨折愈合率为100%,继发骨盆畸形7例,25例拔除尿管后不能自行排尿,需行尿道扩张术.2例男性患者出现性功能不全,无一例发生尿失禁.结论 骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤恢复并维持有效的血液动力学指标后,应尽早修复损伤尿道,能提高救治成功率;通过骨盆环复位固定,减小尿道吻合处及周围组织张力,提高尿道损伤修复术后通畅率.     

颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化

目的：观察颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化。方法：16例颈椎小关节突脱位患者，7例单侧小关节突脱位，9例双侧小关节突脱位，在X线透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位，并于复位前后进行神经功能和颈椎MRI检查，比较椎间盘脱出和脊髓实质损伤的变化。结果：16例均闭合复位成功，复位前5例有明显椎间盘脱出，4例有椎间盘撕裂，7例无明显椎间盘损伤。复位成功后，4例椎间盘脱出仍存在，大小无变化；1例原脱出椎间盘明显缩小，无新椎间盘脱出发生。14例复位前后脊髓信号无变化，2例复位后出现MRI T2加权高信号增强。16例复位后无一例出现神经功能恶化。结论：颅骨牵引闭合复位不会诱发或加重椎间盘脱出，进而造成继发性脊髓功能损伤。     

移位髋臼骨折合并不稳定型骨盆后环损伤的临床特征及复位顺序

目的 探讨移位髋臼骨折(displaced acetabular fracture,DAF)合并不稳定型骨盆后环损伤(posterior pelvic injury,PPI)的临床特征及复位顺序.方法 1997年3月至2007年3月,资料完整的DAF合并PPI患者39例,合并同侧PPI 25例、对侧9例、双侧5例.根据AO/OTA分型方法,髋臼A型骨折9例,B型25例,C型5例;骨盆后环B型损伤31例,C型8例.DAF与PPI同期切开复位内固定33例,分期手术3例,另3例PPI行非手术治疗.术中首先复位DAF 10例,首先复位PPI 18例,DAF与PPI同时复位11例.结果 术后随访12～120个月,平均33.7个月.根据Matta的评价标准,DAF解剖复位27例、复位满意4例、不满意8例.根据Meats的评价标准,PPI解剖复位24例、复位满意8例、不满意7例.其中因PPI移位而影响DAF满意复位者7例.DAF术后Matta功能评分为4～18分,平均14.7分.PPI术后Majeed疗效评分为51～100分,平均87.8分.以两个损伤部位的最低评分作为总体治疗结果,优25例、良3例、可2例、差9例.结论 在处理累及髋臼双柱的DAF合并PPI时,PPI的准确复位是DAF获得满意复位的解剖基础,DAF的损伤类型及其复位质量是决定远期疗效的主要因素.     

Garden Ⅲ型股骨颈骨折闭合手法复位空心钉内固定术中的医源性继发移位损伤

目的探讨股骨颈GardenⅢ型骨折手法复位术中的医源性继发移位损伤及其相关因素。方法回顾性分析自2008-03—2010-03行闭合手法复位空心钉内固定治疗Ⅲ型股骨颈骨折221例的临床资料,分为观察组(继发移位)60例和对照组(无继发移位)161例。对复位质量、骨折不愈合、股骨头坏死、疗效、复位手法应用、术前处理方式等比较分析。结果所有患者获得随访24~68个月,平均41个月。2组复位质量(χ~2=0.247,P=0.619)和骨折不愈合(χ~2=1.836,P=0.175)差异无统计学意义。2组股骨头坏死(χ~2=5.274,P=0.022)和疗效(μ=3.153,P=0.002)差异有统计学意义。2组2类复位手法的应用(χ~2=71.133,P0.001)和应用2类不同复位手法达到满意复位患者的术前处理方式(χ~2=44.146,P0.001)差异有统计学意义。结论GardenⅢ型股骨颈骨折内固定术后股骨头坏死与复位术中的医源性继发移位损伤有关,继发移位损伤的发生与复位手法相关,术前处理方式影响复位手法的选择。     

胸椎多节段骨折早期后路手术临床分析(17例报告)

[目的]探讨中上胸椎多节段骨折早期后路手术治疗的时机和外科治疗的方法，以便尽早恢复胸椎正常排列、彻底减压、重建胸椎即刻稳定性，解除对脊髓和神经的机械压迫，使患者能尽早进行康复训练及防止继发损伤，为脊髓神经损伤的康复提供有利条件。[方法]17例中上胸椎多节段骨折患者，均在全麻下早期行后路减压、复位、植骨及内固定术。本组男11例，女6例。年龄18～53岁，平均33．8岁。致伤原因：交通事故7例，高处坠落10例。受伤到就诊时间：1～72h，平均15.4h。损伤节段：T5-10节段，其中T5 2例，T6 4例，T7 5例，T8 5例，T9 4例，T10 2例。脊髓功能评价：完全性损伤10例，不完全性损伤7例。[结果]全部患者获得随访，时间6～27个月，平均13．5个月。复位良好，植骨于术后12周均骨性融合，10例不完全性损伤脊髓功能获不同程度改善，其中5例恢复工作或劳动，7例脊髓完全性损伤者临床症状如疼痛、麻木等得到缓解，所有病例未见手术相关并发症发生。[结论]中上胸椎多节段骨折可行早期后路手术，患者能获得满意的复位和即刻稳定性，脊髓功能获不同程度改善。患者能尽早康复训练及防止继发脊髓损伤，为脊髓恢复创造有利条件，部分恢复神经根功能。也便于临床护理，减少并发症的发生。     

儿童创伤性髋关节脱位的临床特点与治疗

目的 探讨儿童创伤性髋关节脱位的临床特点及治疗结果.方法 1990年1月至2006年12月收治的资料完整、随访超过2年的儿童创伤性髋关节脱位患者27例,男19例,女8例;年龄2.5～14.4岁,平均10.2岁.16例为高能量损伤,患者年龄(11.58±2.10)岁;11例为日常活动中受伤,患者年龄(8.30±2.93)岁.25例为后脱位,2例伤后自行复位者脱位方向不明.1例合并双侧股骨干骨折者初诊时漏诊.24例于伤后1～9h复位,其余3例复位时间超过24 h.21例闭合复位,6例切开复位.切开术中发现关节内骨软骨块3例,盂羼损伤嵌顿2例,关节囊嵌顿1例.复位后均采用单髋"人"字石膏制动4～6周.结果 27例中10岁以下者占48%.男女比例为2.4:1,左右侧别无差异.高能世损伤与低能量损伤患者年龄差异有统计学意义(t=3.392,P=0.002).全部病例随访2.4～8.3年,平均3.6年.按照Thompson和Epstein评价标准:优24例,良2例,可1例.末次随访时4例发生股骨头坏死,3例残留股骨头膨大和扁平髋.发生股骨头坏死者均为高能量损伤.延时≥24h复位组与<24h复位组股骨头坏死率的差异有统计学意义(X2=19.406,P=0.001).结论 儿童创伤性髋关节脱位所需创伤能量小,合并损伤少,10岁以前多为低能量损伤.闭合复位成功率高,并发症少.闭合复位不能达到中心复位者,可行切开复位及探查修复.24h内获得中心复位、无股骨头骺缺血坏死者疗效满意.     

零度复位法治疗成人肩关节脱位46例

目的探讨零度复位法治疗肩关节脱位的机制和效果。方法自2004年1月～2006年6月,笔者应用零度复位法对46例肩关节脱位患者进行复位,观察复位效果和分析复位原理。结果46例均一次性复位成功,复位过程中未出现继发损伤。对本组43例进行了6～24个月的随访,治愈41例,好转2例。结论零度复位法治疗成人肩关节脱位简便、易行,能有效地避免继发损伤,符合肩关节解剖及生物力学原理,值得推广应用。     

术中牵拉致挠神经麻痹9例分析

肱骨下段或肱骨髁上骨折切开复位内固定时,若伸肘牵引复位或路钩牵拉肱肌与肱桡肌过重,可发生挠神经麻痹.我科1979年10月至1987年12月行肱骨中段以下骨折切开复位内固定手术80例,术后继发桡神经麻痹9例,分析如下.     

Anterior decompression and arthrodesis of the cervical spine: long-term motor improvement. Part I--Improvement in incomplete traumatic quadriparesis.

Between 1973 and 1983, fifty-eight patients who had an incomplete spinal-cord injury secondary to a fracture or dislocation of the cervical spine were managed by anterior cervical decompression and arthrodesis with iliac bone grafts. In all patients, myelography showed that displaced fragments of bone or disc were compressing the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. Anterior decompression was performed in an attempt to improve function in the upper and lower extremities. The average interval from the injury to the decompression was thirteen months (range, one month to nine years). Two patients died of cardiopulmonary disease within two months after the operation, and one patient died eighteen months after the operation. The remaining fifty-five patients were followed for an average of six years (range, two to seventeen years). Twenty-nine patients became functional ambulators after the operation. An additional six patients who could walk before the operation had improvement in the ability to walk. Noteworthy improvement in motor-root function in the upper extremities was seen in thirty-nine patients. Only nine patients had no signs of improvement of motor function. Improvement was less in the patients in whom operative decompression had been done more than twelve months after the injury. The patients who had an extension injury to a spondylotic spine were older, and fewer of them had improvement. No patient lost neurological function as a result of the operation. Anterior decompression and arthrodesis, even when performed late after the injury, can improve neurological function in both the upper and lower extremities in many patients who have incomplete quadriplegia due to a fracture or dislocation of the cervical spine.     

Neurologic recovery in quadriplegia following operative treatment

Records and radiographs of 90 patients suffering complete or motor-complete quadriplegia and treated surgically were reviewed. There were 76 men or boys and 14 women or girls; ages ranged from 15 to 75. Eighty-one were complete quadriplegics and nine had some degree of sensory preservation. After surgery 30 were unchanged, 47 obtained root recovery, and 13 recovered cord function, including two who became ambulatory. Fifty-three of the 74 (71%) patients undergoing decompressive procedures showed neurological improvement while seven of the 16 (49%) patients with fusion and no root decompression had improvement (p less than 0.05). All 26 patients with dislocations underwent closed or open reduction as part of their operative procedures; this did not appear to improve the likelihood of nerve root recovery. Since independence and quality of life may be improved by cord and root recovery, decompression of all neural structures should be considered in cervical spinal cord injury.     

颈椎闭合复位对椎间盘和脊髓损伤的影响

目的探讨下颈椎小关节脱位闭合复位的临床疗效。方法46例颈椎小关节脱位患者,24例单侧小关节脱位,22例双侧小关节脱位,在透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位,并于复位前后进行神经功能和颈椎MRI检查,借以比较复位前后椎间盘损伤和脊髓实质性损伤的变化情况。结果46例中39例在透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位,其中34例复位成功,5例未成功,成功率87％。34例中复位前MRI显示存在明显椎间盘突出者7例,椎间盘撕裂4例,复位后有6例椎间盘脱出仍存在,大小无明显变化;1例原脱出椎间盘明显缩小,无新椎间盘脱出发生。33例在复位前后脊髓信号无明显改变,1例复位前脊髓无明显改变者,复位后出现T2加权高信号。结论1、透视下颅骨牵引闭合复位是一种安全有效的治疗方法,通常情况下不会诱发或加重椎间盘脱出,进而造成继发性脊髓功能损伤。2、MRI对颈椎小关节脱位合并椎间盘和脊髓损伤的诊断、预后的参考价值高,但不应因行MRI检查而耽误闭合复位。     

Reduction and stabilisation of cervical dislocations. An analysis of 167 cases

We compared retrospectively consecutive series of patients with cervical dislocation treated at two Australian centres. In Perth, 82 patients were treated by closed reduction and postural nursing. In Adelaide, 85 patients had closed reduction and early surgical stabilisation by interbody fusion. There were 46 bilateral dislocations, 101 unilateral dislocations, and 20 anterior subluxations. On admission 30 patients had complete tetraplegia, 17 incomplete tetraplegia, and 120 had minimal or no neurological loss. Our results indicated that closed manipulation under general anaesthesia is a safe and effective means of reduction in the acute stage. There was a high mortality rate for acute surgery in patients with complete tetraplegia. Early surgical stabilisation by dowel fusion reduced bed and hospital stay in patients with no neurological loss, but seemed to impair neurological recovery in patients with a neurological deficit on admission. Conservative management after reduction of bilateral dislocation or anterior subluxation led to a higher incidence of instability in patients with minimal or no neurological loss; in such cases surgery to stabilise the injured segment is indicated.     

单纯前路手术治疗下颈椎脱位

目的探讨早期单纯前路手术治疗下颈椎脱位的临床疗效;方法对2005—06—2011—08收治的41例下颈椎脱位患者,采用颅骨牵引下复位或术中复位,单纯行前路减压,钛网或自体髂骨块植骨融合,前路钢板固定治疗。结果所有病例均得到良好复位,根据x线片定期检查结果,颈椎生理弧度及椎间隙高度良好,植骨融合确切,未出现内固定失用。术后随访10～28个月,Frankel分级显示,绝大部分患者术后神经功能得到不同程度的改善;结论早期行单纯前路手术治疗下颈椎脱位,可获得良好的解剖学复位,能有效地解除脊髓压迫,使脊柱获得即刻稳定。     

Unrecognized dislocation of the medial portion of the triceps: another cause of failed ulnar nerve transposition

OBJECT: Failed surgical treatment for ulnar neuropathy or neuritis due to dislocation of the ulnar nerve presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The authors of this paper will establish unrecognized dislocation (snapping) of the medial portion of the triceps as a preventable cause of failed ulnar nerve transposition. METHODS: Fifteen patients had persistent, painful snapping at the medial elbow after ulnar nerve transposition, which had been performed for documented ulnar nerve dislocation with or without ulnar neuropathy. The snapping was caused by a previously unrecognized dislocation of the medial portion of triceps over the medial epicondyle. Seven of the 15 patients also had persistent ulnar nerve symptoms. The correct diagnosis of snapping triceps was delayed for an average of 22 months after the initial ulnar nerve transposition. An additional surgical procedure was performed in nine of the 15 cases and, in part, consisted of lateral transposition or excision of the offending snapping medial portion of the triceps. Of the four patients in this group who had persistent neurological symptoms, submuscular transposition was performed in the two with more severe symptoms and treatment of the triceps alone was performed in the two with milder neurological symptoms. Excellent results were achieved in all surgically treated patients. Six patients declined additional surgery and experienced persistent snapping and/or ulnar nerve symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to recognize that dislocation of both the medial portion of the triceps and the ulnar nerve can exist concurrently may result in persistent snapping, elbow pain, and even ulnar nerve symptoms after a technically successful ulnar nerve transposition.     

Cervical sagittal spinal canal size in spine injury

This study investigated the relationship between cervical spine sagittal canal diameter and neurologic injury in cases of spinal fracture-dislocation. A group of 98 patients with such injuries was reviewed; 45 had no neurologic deficits, 39 had incomplete quadriplegia, and 14 had complete quadriplegia. Spinal canal sagittal diameter was measured in all, and large diameter and small canals were defined. Small diameter canals were correlated significantly with neurologic injury, while large diameter canals allowed protection from neurologic injury in cervical fracture dislocation.     

Occipito-atlantal instability in children. A report of five cases and review of the literature

We are reporting the cases of five patients who had occipito-atlantal instability, a rare condition that may be due to either trauma or congenital abnormalities. In three of the patients the instability was secondary to trauma. The clinical and neurological manifestations were varied and included cardiorespiratory arrest, motor weakness, quadriplegia, torticollis, pain in the neck, vertigo, and projectile vomiting. All of the patients underwent posterior arthrodesis of the occiput to the first or second cervical vertebra. In the patients who had trauma-related instability, surgery was performed when immobilization in a cast failed to stabilize the spine; in the patients who had a congenital abnormality, arthrodesis was indicated because of persistent symptoms and the potential for catastrophe with minor trauma. Based on our experience, we recommend surgical stabilization by posterior arthrodesis when this form of instability of the cervical spine is diagnosed.     

Chiari I malformation associated with atlanto-axial dislocation: focussing on the anterior cervico-medullary compression

Summary Background. Chiari I malformation with atlantoaxial dislocation may cause both posterior and anterior cervicomedullary compression. We studied the clinicoradiological features and surgical outcome in patients having Chiari I malformation with atlantoaxial dislocation. Method. Thirty-nine patients with Chiari I malformation with atlanto-axial dislocation underwent preoperative and follow-up neurological status assessment. In Chiari I malformation with reducible atlanto-axial dislocation (n = 11), a direct posterior stabilization was done. In Chiari I malformation with irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation (n = 28), a single stage transoral decompression with posterior stabilization and/or posterior decompression and duraplasty were done in 18 patients. In 10 patients, only posterior decompression and/or posterior stabilization was performed. Seven among the latter patients subsequently deteriorated and required transoral decompression. Comparison of mean neurological status scores of patients with Chiari I malformation with irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation who underwent single stage transoral decompression with posterior stabilization versus the posterior procedure alone was done using T-test and proportional significance also calculated. Findings. Patients with Chiari I malformation with atlanto-axial dislocation have a high incidence of long tract signs and sphincteric disturbances with a decrease in the mean foramen magnum diameter. The mean neurological status scores of patients with Chiari I malformation with irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation who underwent single stage transoral decompression with posterior stabilization were significantly better than those patients who underwent the posterior procedure alone. The latter patients also showed significant clinical improvement following transoral decompression. In the presence of Chiari I malformation with reducible atlanto-axial dislocation, reduction and stabilization of atlanto-axial dislocation resulted in neurological improvement. The follow up neurological status scores of these patients improved after surgical intervention even in the presence of poor preoperative grades. Conclusions. Patients with Chiari I malformation should be investigated for the presence of atlanto-axial dislocation. In case atlantoaxial dislocation coexists, priority must be given to relieving anterior cervicomedullary compression.