原位肝移植术后消化道出血的病因与治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后消化道出血的病因与治疗.方法 回顾性分析16例肝移植术后消化道出血患者的临床资料,总结其病因与治疗经验.结果 16例患者发生消化道出血的时间在肝移植术后2 d～4.5年.经检查发现患者的出血原因主要为食道静脉曲张破裂出血4例,急性胃黏膜病变出血3例,门脉高压性胃病出血3例,十二指肠球部多发性溃疡出血2例,十二指肠降段黏膜下小动脉出血、十二指肠乳头肌切开后出血、胆道出血及不明原因出血各1例.有2例经止血治疗无效而死亡,1例在肝移植围手术期死于多器官功能衰竭,1例死于急性心肌梗死,2例死于晚期肿瘤,其他患者经过积极止血治疗后好转,并长期存活.结论 肝移植术后消化道出血的病因主要为食道静脉曲张破裂出血、急性胃黏膜病变、门脉高压性胃病及消化性溃疡等.采用及时的止血治疗,必要时行剖腹探查手术止血是治疗成功的关键.     

肾移植术后早期消化道出血的危险因素分析及治疗

目的 研究肾移植患者术后早期发生消化道出血的危险因素及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析266例次肾移植术后1个月内消化道出血患者的临床资料,用单因素logistic回归分析发病的相关因素,并用多元逐步logistic回归方法分析导致肾移植术后消化道出血的高危因素.总结消化道出血的治疗方法.结果 本组术后消化道出血发生率为10.5%,多发生于肾功能延迟恢复（DGF）期间,甲泼尼松总量、肺部感染、肝素透析及直接血管穿刺是肾移植术后发生消化道出血的高危因素.出血组患者移植肾脏近期存活率显著低于未出血组患者.及时、持续的抑制胃酸分泌有利于消化道出血的治疗.结论 DGF是发生消化道出血的高危时期,导致发病的危险因素多,及时、彻底地控制出血,适当调整免疫抑制剂的用量,积极预防肺部感染,合理应用透析方法有助于患者安全.应用多元逐步logistic回归分析,有助于判断消化道出血发生风险,并进行针对性的临床干预.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸患者术后消化道出血的高危因素分析

探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸患者术后消化道出血的高危因素、发生机理及预防措施。回顾了95例恶性梗阻性黄疸手术患者，术后发生消化道出血20例，发病率为21．1％，成功止血者仅45％。作者筛选10项指标，用统计学方法，筛选出发病的高危因素，认为低蛋白血症、水中低血压和术后并发症是术后发生消化道出血的高危因素；并探讨其发生的主要机理，提出相应的预防措施。     

心脏手术后消化道并发症的原因分析

目的分析心脏手术后消化道并发症的临床特点,达到及时防治和实施护理干预为目的。方法回顾性分析本院2003年1月～2007年12月行心脏手术患者1415例的临床资料,分析手术后患者的消化道并发症特点,总结其高危因素、病变类型,并及时给予有效的预防和治疗措施。结果共有23例（1．63％）患者出现术后消化道并发症,其中以上消化道出血（12例,占52．18％）最多见。接受保守治疗19例（82．61％）,手术探查4例（17．39％）,死亡10例（43．48％）,上消化道出血和肝功能衰竭为最主要的致死原因。术后及时留置胃管和适当的胃肠减压,合理肠内营养,采取合适卧位等。结论心脏手术后消化系统功能障碍发生率低但死亡率高,消化系统病史、心功能、体外循环时间、机械通气及低心排综合征是其高危因素,合理有效的护理干预有利于病情转归。     

体外循环术后腹部并发症的防治

目的 分析体外循环心血管手术后腹部并发症的临床特点，探讨其预防和治疗。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年12月间中山大学附属第一医院心脏外科所实施的体外循环心血管手术后出现腹部并发症的23例（1．6％）患者的临床资料。结果本组23例体外循环术后腹部并发症患者经内科保守治疗19例．手术治疗4例．最终死亡10例（43．5％）。具有消化系统病史、心功能不全、体外循环时间较长、机械通气较长及低心排综合征是本组23例患者的临床特点。结论体外循环手术后腹部并发症发生率低但死亡率高．早期明确诊断和积极干预是决定病情转归的关键。     

急性下消化道出血并失血性休克的诊治

目的 探讨急性下消化道出血并失血性休克的诊治措施。方法 回顾性分析应用剖腹探查术结合术中肠镜检查对12例急性下消化道出血并失血性休克患者诊治的临床资料。结果 除1例患者死于DIC外，余患者明确了诊断、抢救成功。结论 对急性下消化道大出血的患者，支持治疗无效的情况下应积极手术，术中肠镜有助于明确诊断，急诊手术是处理出血最有效的方法。     

胰十二指肠切除术后出血12例临床分析

目的总结胰十二指肠切除术后出血的诊疗经验。方法回顾性分析行胰十二指肠切除手术且术后合并出血的12例患者的临床资料。结果 12例患者中早发性出血2例,迟发性出血10例。按出血部位分为消化道出血9例,腹腔内出血3例。死亡3例,死亡率25%。7例患者行保守治疗,成功止血5例,死亡2例;2例行手术止血,成功1例,死亡1例;3例患者行内镜下止血治疗,其中1例止血成功、1例内镜止血失败后行介入栓塞治疗止血成功、1例内镜止血成功后再发出血,行手术治疗止血成功。结论术前充分评估、术中精细操作和术后规范治疗是减少术后出血发生的关键。出血发生后,应该根据出血部位、出血量、患者生命体征是否平稳等因素,个体化地采取相应的治疗措施。     

门静脉高压症消化道出血的临床特点分析

目的研究门静脉高压症（PHT）患者消化道出血的时间、临床特点及其对断流术疗效的影响。方法1993年1月-2008年11月收治门静脉高压症患者270例,均经断流术治疗,根据术前有无消化道出血病史分为有出血组和无出血组,对两组间消化道溃疡病史、胆石症病史、食管胃底静脉曲张程度、出血到手术治疗时间以及不同时机的手术疗效等临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果经Logistic回归分析显示,性别、食管胃底静脉曲张程度、红色征及术前PLT计数等四项指标在有出血组与无出血组之间的综合效应有统计学意义（x^2=71．707,P=0．000）。住院时间：出血组（37．6±17．24）天与无出血组（31．6±13．01）天比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;有出血组术中出血量、自由门静脉压降幅、术后多项肝功能指标、术后并发症发生率、手术死亡率等与无出血组比较无明显差异。有出血组中出血1年以上者住院时间、术后自由门静脉压降幅、术后并发症的发生率及术后近期死亡率与出血1年以内者比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论1．PHT患者消化道出血的高危因素为：①食管胃底中重度静脉曲张,②男性,③红色征,④术前PLT计数〈50×10^9／L。2．消化道出血病史本身对断流术疗效的影响不大,建议具有包括①在内的高危因素时施行预防性断流术治疗。3．对于已发生消化道出血的PHT患者,手术时机选择在首次出血后1年内为宜。     

心脏手术后消化道出血44例临床分析

目的探讨心脏手术后并发消化道出血的诊断、处理和相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析1991年1月至2003年10月间8317例成人心脏手术后的44例消化道出血患者的临床资料,采用多因素logistic回归分析方法分析死亡相关危险因素。结果消化道出血发生于术后2～11d,平均(6±3)d,病死率为23%(10/44)。上消化道出血者38例,其中保守治疗26例,死亡4例,与心脏手术后引起其他重要脏器损伤或心脏本身有关;行剖腹探查手术6例,死亡4例,其中1例死于败血症、3例死于多器官功能衰竭;胃镜下电灼或夹闭出血点止血6例,均存活。下消化道出血6例,其中2例行剖腹探查术中未发现出血点,后死于多器官功能衰竭。术后呼吸机依赖、急性肾功能不全、使用主动脉内球囊反搏和剖腹手术为消化道出血死亡危险因素。结论心脏手术后消化道出血病死率较高,对高危病例有必要采取预防措施;早期进行内窥镜下诊断、微创介入止血处理可取得较好的效果。     

胸骨哆开的早期诊断和治疗

目的 提高心血管手术后胸骨哆开的早期诊断与治疗水平.方法 回顾性分析我院2003年3月至2008年12月实施心血管手术病例中发生胸骨哆开的11例患者的临床资料,分析其诊断和治疗过程.结果 11例胸骨哆开病例明确诊断后,立即积极手术治疗,术中重新加固缝合胸骨,术后胸带加压包扎,保证引流通畅,积极治疗伴发病及加强营养.10例痊愈出院,1例因术后发生多器官功能衰竭死亡.结论 胸骨哆开是心血管手术后危及患者生命的严重并发症,早期出现剧烈的胸痛、刺激咳嗽、伤口渗液、胸骨摩擦感或浮动感等表现有助于确诊.术前正确地评估胸骨哆开的高危因素,早期积极处理是提高治愈率的关键.     

Cardiac morbidity and mortality after surgery for gastrointestinal carcinomas

The number of Americans undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is increasing, as is the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Clinical risk factors have been found to be useful in predicting cardiac events after vascular procedures. Their utility for predicting cardiac events after GI carcinoma surgery is unclear. We performed a retrospective review in order to determine whether clinical risk factors are useful in predicting cardiac events in patients undergoing GI carcinoma surgery and to ascertain the incidence of postoperative cardiac events. From 1998 to 2003, 333 patients were identified, with an average age of 56 years. One hundred one (30.3%) patients had one or more clinical risk factors. The overall cardiac event rate was 3.9 per cent. Age > 70 years was the only risk factor associated with a cardiac event. There was a trend toward increased cardiac risk with increasing number of risk factors. In the absence of clinical risk factors, cardiac events after surgery for GI carcinoma are low. There is an increased cardiac risk in patients > 70 years and a trend toward increased cardiac events as the number of clinical risk factors increases.     

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??Analysis of risk factors for prognosis of postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a report of 60 cases ZHU Qi-cong??WU Peng-fei??LU Zi-peng??et al. Pancreas Center??the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University??Nanjing 210029??China
Corresponding authors??JIANG Kui-rong??E-mail??jiangkuirong@njmu.edu.cn??MIAO Yi??E-mail??miaoyi@njmu.edu.cn
Abstract Objective To analyze common risk factors and treatment strategy for prognosis of postoperative hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods The clinical data of 60 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1??2012 to December 31??2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The risk factors for prognosis of postoperative hemorrhage were analyzed. Results Among them, 8 patients died after surgery??others were alive. Early bleeding appeared in 10 patients and delayed hemorrhage occurred in 50 patients. Bleeding site included 23 gastrointestinal hemorrhage patients and 37 abdominal hemorrhage patients. Mild bleeding occurred in 37 patients and severe bleeding in 23 patients. Among them, 3 patients were grade A??40 patients grade B??17 patients grade C. Postoperative complications included postoperative pancreatic fistula in 28 patients??intra-abdominal infection in 5 patients and biliary fistula in 3 patients. Treatment strategies contained 41 patients with bleeding were treated conservatively, 9 patients received endoscopy or angioembolization while 10 patients underwent reoperation. Intra-abdominal infection and bleeding degree were important risk factors of clinical outcomes of hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. ROC curve analysis showed that the 5th day of after surgery was a clear demarcation point of clinical prognosis. Conclusion Intra-abdominal infection, bleeding degree and grade are important risk factors of hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The 5th day after surgery may be a clear demarcation point of clinical prognosis, which has certain significance for the bleeding grade.     

Risk factors for postoperative bleeding in bariatric surgery

BackgroundPostoperative bleeding remains a relatively common complication following bariatric surgery and may lead to morbidity and even mortality.ObjectiveTo develop a prediction model to identify patients at risk for postoperative bleeding.SettingRode Kruis Ziekenhuis, Beverwijk, the Netherlands. Based on Dutch nationwide obesity audit data.MethodsPatients undergoing primary bariatric surgery were selected from January 2015 to December 2020 from the Dutch Audit for Treatment of Obesity. The primary outcome was postoperative bleeding within 30 days. Assessed predictors included patient factors and operative data. A prediction model was developed using backward stepwise logistic regression. Internal validation was performed using bootstrapping techniques.ResultsA total of 59,055 patients were included; 13,399 underwent a sleeve gastrectomy, and 45,656 underwent a gastric bypass procedure. Postoperative bleeding occurred in 1.5%. The following predictors were identified: male patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–1.63), patients >45 years of age (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.29–1.76), body mass index <40 kg/m² (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.06–1.41), cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.17–1.57), and sleeve gastrectomy (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24–1.67). Area under the curve for the model was .612. Following bootstrapping for internal validation, a correction of .9817 was applied.ConclusionA clinical decision rule was designed to assess the risk of postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. If 3 or more risk factors are present, there is an increased risk for postoperative bleeding. The model can aid in clinical decision-making: implementing extra preventative measures in high-risk patients. External validation is needed to further develop the model.     

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A significant complication after surgery for relief of obstructive jaundice.

A retrospective review of 409 patients with bile duct obstruction (373 undergoing definitive surgery and 36 undergoing laparotomy only) identified 27 patients who developed significant postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding necessitating transfusion. All 27 had undergone a definitive procedure to relieve obstruction. Nineteen patients required blood replacement of six or more units. The majority of patients bled in the first four postoperative days. The sites of hemorrhage were identified in 25 patients, gastric erosions being the most common lesions detected. Thirteen of the 27 patients died, seven due to overwhelming blood loss despite massive transfusion. Eight of the 27 required an operation because of bleeding. An analysis of the relationship between preoperative factors and gastrointestinal bleeding identified three factors that were independently associated with this complication. These were: 1) an initial hematocrit of 30% or less; 2) an initial leukocyte count in excess of 10 X 10(9)/l; and 3) a malignant obstructing lesion. Patients with two or all three of these factors were identified as being at very high risk of developing postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Bleeding into the upper gastrointestinal tract has been confirmed to be a major problem in the surgical management of patients with obstructive jaundice. Further studies of the etiology and prevention of this complication are indicated.     

Does off-pump CABG reduce gastrointestinal complications?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare gastrointestinal complications and associated risk factors among patients undergoing cardiac surgery using off- and on-pump revascularization techniques. METHODS: A total of 1146 adult patients who underwent coronary artery surgery during a 6-year period were evaluated retrospectively. Group 1 consisted of 546 patients operated using off-pump techniques and group 2 consisted of 600 cases operated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients were compared and evaluated for gastrointestinal complications and possible associated risk factors using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 1.6% in group 1 and 2.2% in group 2 (p = 0.523). Mortality due to gastrointestinal complications was 38.5% and 35.7% respectively in group 1 and group 2. The mean EuroSCORE value was 5.1 +/- 2.8 in group 1 and 3.8 +/- 2.4 in group 2 (p < 0.001). The most common gastrointestinal complication in the off-pump group was gastrointestinal bleeding. The leading complication in group 2 was intestinal ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rates of gastrointestinal complications were similar in the on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass groups, the type of gastrointestinal complications, however, was different. Mortality rate due to these complications was also similar and remained high, regardless of the type of surgery. Cardiopulmonary bypass did not emerge as a risk factor for gastrointestinal complications, but prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (longer than 98 minutes) resulted in a high incidence of such complications. Old age and advanced arteriosclerosis emerged as risk factors in both groups resulting in gastrointestinal complications suggesting the ischemic nature of the injury.     

肩肘外科手术后并发上消化道出血的临床分析

目的分析肩肘外科手术后并发上消化道出血的临床特点,并分析其危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2015年12月于北京大学人民医院行肩肘外科手术治疗后并发上消化道出血患者的临床资料,总结其临床特点,分析引起上消化道出血的危险因素。 结果肩肘外科术后发生上消化道出血共33例,发生率为3.36%（33/983）;单因素分析显示高龄、性别、手术时间长、吸烟史、饮酒史、消化性溃疡或出血史、应用抗凝药物或抗血小板药物等因素与肩肘外科手术患者术后发生上消化道出血明显相关（P <0.05）;非条件多因素Logistic分析结果显示高龄、性别、手术时间长、消化性溃疡或出血史、应用抗凝药物或抗血小板药物是肩肘外科手术患者术后发生上消化道出血的独立危险因素（P <0.05）。 结论肩肘外科手术患者术后发生上消化道出血较为少见,高龄、性别、手术时间长、消化性溃疡或出血史、应用抗凝药物或抗血小板药物是肩肘外科手术患者术后发生上消化道出血的独立危险因素。     

胃间质瘤内镜下黏膜剥离术后出血的危险因素分析

目的:探讨胃间质瘤内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)后出血的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院2011年2月—2017年5月124例胃间质瘤行ESD治疗患者的临床资料,采用单因素及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素。结果:纳入的124例患者中,10例(8.06%)发生术后出血。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史与胃间质瘤ESD术后出血明显有关(均OR1,P0.05)。进一步多因素Logistic回归分析表明,与肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史是胃间质瘤ESD术后的独立危险因素(均OR1,P0.05)。结论:肝硬化、冠心病、陈旧性脑梗塞、房颤病史为胃间质瘤ESD术后出血的危险因素,对于这些危险因素的患者应优化术前评估,加强术前准备与术后管理,以降低术后出血率。     

Analysis of risk factors and prognostic factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumors with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Based on propensity score matching method

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze the relationship between risk factors and prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor associated with gastrointestinal bleeding.MethodsAccording to whether there was gastrointestinal bleeding, 246 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors were divided into 2 groups. The clinicopathological baseline characteristics of the 2 groups of patients were balanced by propensity score matching, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve and analyze the overall survival of the 2 groups of patients. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to evaluate the accuracy of Modified National Institutes of Health criteria and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology criteria in predicting the prognosis and postoperative recurrence of patients. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors affecting gastrointestinal stromal tumor with gastrointestinal bleeding before matching. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors after matching were performed using Cox regression models.ResultsBefore matching, the accuracy of Modified National Institutes of Health criteria in predicting postoperative survival status and recurrence was higher than that of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology criteria. Modified National Institutes of Health criteria and relapse were the risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumor with gastrointestinal bleeding independent risk factors (P < .05). After 1:1 matching, the general clinical data of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding group and nongastrointestinal bleeding group were balanced (P > .05). The results of matched survival analysis indicated that tumor location and gastrointestinal bleeding were independent risk factors for the prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (P < .05). The results of subgroup analysis according to anatomical site showed that there was no significant difference between the gastrointestinal bleeding group and the nongastrointestinal bleeding group (P > .05). Survival analysis showed that patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors with gastrointestinal bleeding had a worse prognosis, and the results were also applicable in different tumor anatomical locations and different Modified National Institutes of Health criteria.ConclusionModified National Institutes of Health criteria and relapse are independent risk factors for gastrointestinal stromal tumors with gastrointestinal bleeding; gastrointestinal bleeding is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors with gastrointestinal bleeding have a worse prognosis.     

Pathogenesis, risk factors, and incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding after cardiac surgery: is specific prophylaxis in routine bypass procedures needed?

OBJECTIVES: (1) To obtain a literature review concerning pathogenesis and incidence of stress ulceration (SU) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. (2) To determine which methods are useful in the prevention of SU and to analyze whether SU prophylaxis by acid reduction is effective in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Literature review from Medline and reference list of identified articles until 1999. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: SU and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in patients after cardiac surgery have been reported since 1957. All articles were retrospective reports. Definitions of SU and UGIB were variable. Ischemia, reperfusion injury, and endotoxemia were the main pathogenetic mechanisms in SU formation. Valve replacement, aortic cross-clamping and bypass time, nonpulsatile flow during bypass, reoperation, and inflammatory state were risk factors for UGIB. Randomized, controlled clinical trials concerning SU prophylaxis have not been performed. The overall incidence of UGIB was 0.45% (638 bleeds in 141,887 patients). In patients with known use of SU prophylaxis with histamine2-receptor antagonists or antacids, the incidence of UGIB was 0.35%, and in patients without these medications, the incidence of UGIB was 0.45% (p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Pathogenesis and risk factors for SU and UGIB are summarized. A review of the literature showed that the incidence of UGIB in patients after cardiac surgery was low. A randomized, controlled trial concerning pharmacologic stress ulcer prophylaxis has not been performed. The available retrospective reports concerning pharmacologic stress ulcer prophylaxis do not support the routine use of histamine2-receptor antagonists.     

Risk factors for bleeding from stress ulcer in severely injured and critically ill persons

Bleeding stress ulcus is a mucosal stress induced lesion which appears as a result of mucosal damage in severely injured and critically ill persons. Prophylaxis treatment has dramatically reduced the incidence of bleeding in Intensive care units. We conducted a prospective study for the five years period. Of 954 patients (196 with acute necrotizing pancreatitis and 758 with severe injuries), 84 (8.5%) has clinically important bleeding. About 80% of these patients had more than one independent risk for acute bleeding from gastrointestinal tract. Prophylaxis treatment reduced bleeding in 90% risk patients (according Zinner score). Despite of prophylaxis, 13 patients required surgery. Overall mortality was 29 (34%) of 84 patients, including seven of 13 who required surgery. Sepsis and respiratory failure were identified as strong risk factors for bleeding in our group. The choice of the best prophylactic agens still remains the question.