利用PET—CT对脑卒中早期康复训练的脑皮质功能区重组研究

目的：探讨脑卒中早期康复训练后脑功能区重组的规律。方法：发病1个月内的脑卒中偏瘫患者8例志愿者分为两组：康复治疗组6例,康复治疗时间1个半月,对照组2例（因个人经济原因未能接受康复治疗）;发病初和1个月末分别进行PET—CT扫描、Fugl—Meyer评价、Barthel指数及神经功能缺损的测定。结果：8例脑卒中患者第一次扫描的健侧与患侧总均值有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,主要为初级运动区（M1）、后顶叶皮质（PPC）、小脑、辅助运动区（SMA）（P〈0．01）．治疗组与对照组无明显差异（P〉0．05）;两次同侧比较,健侧总均值与治疗组第二次有明显差异（P〈0．05）;患侧总均值与治疗组第二次有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。第二次各组内两侧比较,治疗组均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;对照组有明显差异（P〈0．05）;第二次两组间比较：健侧各功能区有明显差异（P〈0．05）,而两组患侧除M1无明显差异（P〉0．05）外,其余各功能区有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：卒中早期以健侧半球代偿为主导,运动相关区在皮质功能重组中异常活跃．腩卒中康复治疗后皮质激活区有向患侧半球转移的趋势．功能训练有利于皮质功能重组。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激联合康复机器人治疗脑卒中手功能障碍的临床研究

目的：观察低频重复经颅磁刺激联合康复机器人对脑卒中患者手功能障碍的治疗效果。方法：选取在我院康复科治疗的脑卒中手功能障碍患者36例,随机分为试验组（n=18）和对照组（n=18）。两组患者均接受常规治疗。对照组采用健侧1Hz重复经颅磁刺激治疗,试验组在对照组的基础上增加手功能康复机器人治疗,共持续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗2周、治疗4周后采用皮质运动诱发电位（motor evoked potential,MEP）、中枢运动传导时间（central motor conduction time,CMCT）、患侧上肢Fugl-Meyer评分（Fugl-Meyer assessment,FMA）、运动强度指数（motricity index,MI）评分进行评定。结果：治疗4周后两组患者MEP、CMCT、FMA、MI较治疗前均有明显改善,差异均有显著性意义（P<0.001）。治疗4周后试验组MEP、CMCT、FMA、MI较对照组明显改善,差异均有显著性意义（P<0.05）。结论：健侧低频重复经颅磁刺激联合康复机器人可以明显改善脑卒中患者的手功能障碍。     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的脑卒中后运动功能障碍患者脑网络功能连接研究

摘要 目的：采用功能性近红外光谱技术（fNIRS）对比观察运动功能障碍的脑卒中患者与健康人的静息态脑功能连接差异。 方法：应用fNIRS分析20例左侧、20例右侧脑卒中后运动功能障碍患者及20例健康对照组静息状态下各脑区之间功能连接强度,并在前额叶（prefrontal cortex,PFC）、第一躯体运动区（M1）、初级躯体感觉皮层区（primary somatosensory cortex,PSC）中比较组间差异。 结果：基于氧合血红蛋白情况下,左右脑卒中组的全脑功能连接平均强度均低于健康组;同源比较中左侧脑卒中组与左侧M1区（患侧）的功能连接强度与健康组有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其余兴趣区（ROI）与健康组无明显差异。右脑卒中组的左侧PFC、左侧M1区（健侧）的功能连接强度与健康组有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其余ROI与健康组无明显差异。异源比较中左脑卒中组和右脑卒中组与健康组相比左侧M1与右侧M1区间的功能连接强度差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）,提示与健康组相比,左右脑卒中组的患者的双侧大脑半球间即健侧和患侧半球间M1区间的功能连接强度有明显减弱。另外,相较于健康组,右脑卒中组在左右半球PFC间的功能连接强度也有显著性意义（P<0.05）;而左脑卒中组则没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）。其他ROI功能区间功能连接均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。左右脑卒中组的PFC区、M1区与FMA评分以及Brunnstrom分期之间的相关性没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：在采用功能性近红外脑功能成像的静息态脑功能连接研究中,左右脑卒中组的全脑功能连接平均强度均低于健康组;其中左脑卒中组的患侧M1区功能连接低于健康组,而在左右半球间的功能连接中左右脑卒中组的两侧半球M1区间的功能连接均减少,右脑卒中组的两侧半球PFC区间的功能连接减少。     

不同频率健侧半球重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响

目的 观察高频、低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）作用健侧半球吞咽皮质代表区对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的影响。 方法 选取42例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者,采用随机数字表法将其分为高频组（14例）、低频组（13例）及对照组（15例）。3组患者均给予传统吞咽康复训练,高频组对健侧半球舌骨上肌群运动皮质代表区给予5 Hz rTMS治疗,低频组于相同部位给予1 Hz rTMS治疗,对照组则给予假rTMS刺激;3组患者刺激时间及疗程均相同。于治疗前、治疗2周后分别给予患者吞咽造影（VFSS）及表面肌电检查（sEMG）,并采用渗透-误吸量表（PAS）、功能性吞咽障碍量表（FDS）、均方根值（RMS）对各组患者进行疗效评估。 结果 治疗后3组患者PAS评分、FDS评分及sEMG检查结果均较组内治疗前显著改善（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,治疗后高频组、低频组PAS评分、FDS评分均明显改善（P<0.05）。高频组治疗前、后FDS差值［（9.92±4.45）分］明显大于低频组FDS差值［（7.15±3.13）分］,组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 高频、低频rTMS刺激健侧半球舌骨上肌群运动皮质代表区均可有效改善脑卒中患者吞咽功能,并以高频rTMS的治疗效果可能更显著。     

不同频率重复经颅磁刺激治疗缺血性脑卒中患者的疗效观察

目的 观察不同频率重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将45例缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者分为高频组、低频组及假刺激组,每组15例。3组患者均给予常规康复干预,高频组患者在此基础上针对患侧运动皮质M1区给予10 Hz高频rTMS治疗,低频组患者则针对健侧运动皮质M1区给予0.5 Hz低频rTMS治疗,假刺激组则针对患侧运动皮质M1区给予假磁刺激治疗。于治疗前、治疗3周后分别检测3组患者运动诱发电位（MEP）皮质潜伏期及中枢运动传导时间（CMCT）,同时采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）及改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）对3组患者运动功能恢复情况进行评定。 结果 治疗后3组患者MEP皮质潜伏期、CMCT及FMA、BBS、MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且高频组、低频组上述疗效指标亦显著优于假刺激组水平（P<0.05）,同时低频组MEP皮质潜伏期、CMCT均较高频组明显缩短,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗后低频组与高频组FMA、BBS及MBI评分组间差异仍无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 低频及高频rTMS治疗均有利于缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能恢复,并且低频rTMS刺激健侧M1区较高频rTMS刺激病灶侧M1区能更显著改善病灶侧皮质兴奋性。     

核心稳定性训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空参数和对称性参数的影响

摘要 目的：应用步态分析,观察核心稳定性训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空参数和对称性参数的影响。 方法：选取脑卒中偏瘫患者60例,按随机数字表法将其分为观察组及对照组,每组30例。两组均进行常规治疗,观察组在此基础上给予核心稳定性训练。分别于治疗前和治疗6周后使用三维步态分析仪器检测并获得两组患者的步态参数。 结果：治疗6周后,两组患者步频、步幅、步速、患侧摆动相和健侧摆动相均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.01）,步宽、步态周期、双支撑相、患侧支撑相、健侧支撑相、步长偏差、健侧患侧支撑相比值和患侧健侧摆动相比值均较治疗前显著减小（P<0.01）。组间比较显示,观察组患者的步频、步幅、步速、步宽、步态周期、双支撑相、健侧支撑相、健侧摆动相、步长偏差、健侧患侧支撑相比值和患侧健侧摆动相比值改善均明显优于对照组（P<0.05或0.01）。 结论：核心稳定性训练能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空参数和对称性参数,提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的步行功能和步态的对称性。     

脑卒中偏瘫早期床上体操训练对肢体功能的影响

目的：探讨脑卒中偏瘫早期康复训练的方法。方法：将100例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为两组,对照组按护理常规进行预防性康复护理,实验组根据患肢运动功能情况选择适合患者不同时期的体操训练。结果：治疗前两组患侧上下肢运动功能无差异,治疗后两组患侧上下肢运动功能均有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论：积极创造损伤修复或代偿的条件,可使遭到破坏的运动反射,在良好的条件刺激下重新建立起来。早期进行康复训练能够达到功能区的转移或重组,从而恢复受损肢体的功能。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激改善脑卒中屈肘肌痉挛及运动功能的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨低频（1Hz）重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS ）干预脑卒中患者健侧大脑半球M1区对患侧屈肘肌痉挛的治疗效果。 方法：40例脑卒中伴肘部痉挛患者随机分为rTMS组（n=20）和对照组（n=20）。两组患者均给予常规康复治疗,rTMS组额外给予健侧M1区低频rTMS治疗。治疗前后,两组患者分别测量患侧肘关节被动伸展时肱二头肌及主动伸展时肱三头肌的均方根值(RMS)、运动诱发电位（MEPs）、改良Ashworth分级（MAS）、Fugl-Meyer上肢评定（UFMA）和改良Barthel指数（MBI）。 结果：治疗4周后,rTMS组和对照组各组患者患侧肱二头肌的RMS、肱三头肌的RMS、MAS、UFMA和MBI 较本组治疗前均明显改善（P<0.05）,并且rTMS组患者的改善更为显著（P<0.05）。对照组治疗后MEPs波幅较治疗前无显著性差别（P>0.05）,rTMS组治疗后MEPs波幅较前显著提高（P<0.05）。 结论：低频rTMS有助于改善脑卒中患者患侧上肢屈肘肌痉挛,提高运动功能。     

手运动想象对脑卒中患者脑电信号的影响

摘要 目的：分析脑卒中患者健患侧手运动想象（motor imagery, MI）时大脑前运动区（premotor area, PMA）及初级运动皮质（primary motor cortex, M1）的脑电信号特征,明确手运动想象对双侧大脑激活的影响。 方法：选取2020年1月—2021年12月于山东大学齐鲁医院康复科住院治疗的脑卒中左侧肢体偏瘫患者18例,采用左右手MI训练,随机想象左右手运动,其中,想象左手运动30次,想象右手运动30次。记录随机MI时,M1区（导联25/26/27/29/30/31）及PMA（导联16/17/18/20/21/22）脑电信号,比较MI时不同脑区激活特点。 结果：无论患手或健手MI时,随着PMA脑电信号的增强,同侧M1区相应导联的脑电信号随之增强,呈现明显正相关性（均P<0.05）。患手MI时,PMA激活明显高于M1区（P<0.05）,而健手MI对PMA和M1区激活的作用相类似（均P>0.05）。患手或健手MI时,均明显激活健侧M1区（P<0.05）,余双侧大脑对应导联之间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。 结论：本研究证明MI可同时激活PMA和M1区,而且无论是健侧或患侧MI,均明显激活健侧M1区。     

悬吊训练治疗脑卒中患者平衡功能障碍的临床研究

目的: 观察悬吊训练（SET）对脑卒中患者平衡功能恢复的影响。方法: 脑卒中平衡功能障碍患者40例,随机分为对照组和观察组各20例,2组均接受常规康复训练,在此基础上,观察组加以悬吊训练。治疗前和治疗4周后采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）、Barthel指数（BI）以及采集竖脊肌表面肌电平均肌电值（AEMG）和中位频率值（MF）对2组患者进行评定。结果: 治疗4周后,2组BBS、BI评分均明显高于治疗前（均P<0.01）,且观察组以上评分均明显高于对照组（均P<0.05）。治疗前,2组患者AEMG、MF值组内比较健侧均明显高于患侧（均P<0.05）;治疗４周后,2组患者健患侧竖脊肌AEMG、MF值均较治疗前明显提高（均P<0.05）,观察组健患侧AEMG、MF值均较对照组明显提高（均P<0.05）,但观察组健患侧AEMG、MF值之间无统计学差异。结论: SET能够改善脑卒中患者的竖脊肌AEMG、MF值及BBS和BI评分,提高脑卒中患者躯干肌肉运动功能,从而提高平衡功能以及日常生活活动能力,值得在临床推广应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。