DNA疫苗非病毒载体的研究进展

DNA疫苗（DNA vaccine）又称为核酸疫苗或基因疫苗,是将编码特异性抗原的基因构建在表达性质粒中,经某种方法导入体内后,利用宿主细胞表达系统合成相应的病原体蛋白,诱导机体产生免疫应答以达到预防和治疗疾病的目的。DNA疫苗白1990年发现以来,因具有良好的安全性及可诱导广泛的体液免疫和细胞免疫,己越来越受到人们的关注,是继减毒疫苗、基因工程疫苗之后的第三代疫苗,     

Flt3L与CCL5细胞因子佐剂对HBc抗原DNA疫苗特异性免疫应答的促进作用

观察真核重组表达质粒pFlt3L及pCCL5对携带HBc抗原的DNA疫苗诱导的抗原特异性免疫应答的促进作用。将pFlt3L及pCCL5分别用脂质体的方法转染Hep G2细胞,然后采用骨髓细胞增殖及趋化小室实验检测细胞上清Flt3L及CCL5两种细胞因子的生物学活性。将pFlt3L和pCCL5两种重组质粒单独或联合使用与携带HBc抗原的DNA疫苗经肌内注射法免疫小鼠,采用MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖、流式细胞仪检测脾CD8+T淋巴细胞中IFN-γ表达、ELISA法检测脾淋巴细胞培养上清IL-4含量及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测特异性CTL杀伤活性。结果:骨髓细胞增殖及趋化实验证实了Flt3L及CCL5均有生物学活性。pFlt3L和pCCL5单独或联合使用均可促进特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应(P<0.05),提高小鼠脾脏CD8+T淋巴细胞中IFN-γ表达量(P<0.05或P<0.01),IL-4表达水平在各组无显著区别(P>0.05),Flt3L+CCL5组小鼠脾细胞特异性CTL活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。pFlt3L和pCCL5表达质粒联用可显著促进小鼠Th1型细胞因子的表达,并对带HBc抗原的DNA疫苗的免疫应答具有促进作用。     

B7-2表达质粒对HBV DNA疫苗诱导的特异性免疫应答的影响

目的：探讨B7－2分子是否能够增强乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）DNA疫苗诱导的特异性免疫应答。方法：将B7－2表达质粒与HBV DNA疫苗共接种于小鼠腓肠肌内，检测细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）活性，迟发性超敏反应（DTH）及抗－HBs滴度。结果：B7－2表达质粒与HBV DNA疫苗共接种组的DTH反应和CTL活性，明显强于单独接种HBV DNA疫苗组（P＜0．01）。两组的抗－HBs滴度差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：B7－2表达质粒与HBV DNA疫苗共接种可显著增强抗－HBV特异性细胞免疫应答（CMI）。     

促进乳头状瘤病毒L1蛋白表达和DNA疫苗免疫效应的研究

目的 探讨促进乳头状瘤病毒（PV）晚期基因L1的蛋白表达和DNA疫苗免疫效应的途径及可能的机制。方法 分别将含人源化优化密码BPVL1-GFP融合基因（HL1-GFP）和野生型BPVL1-GFP融合基因（WE1-GFP）的真核表达质粒体外单独转染或与tRNA^ser真核表达质粒共转染人角质形成细胞HaCAT，荧光显微镜及Western blot方法观察L1-GFP融合蛋白的瞬时表达情况。半定量RT-PCR分析不同PV L1基因mRNA的表达。BALB／c小鼠股四头肌内分别接种野生型、优化密码L1 DNA疫苗，同时将L1 DNA疫苗与tRNA^ser真核表达质粒混合后接种小鼠，观察诱导产生的体液免疫反应。结果 野生型WE1-GFP融合基因在HaCAT细胞中未能有效表达，优化密码HL1-GFP基因在HaCAT细胞中的蛋白表达水平明显增强；但两者在mRNA水平差异无统计学意义。WE1-GFP与tRNA^ser真核表达质粒共转染细胞中L1蛋白的表达较单独转染WE1-GFP基因时增强。动物DNA免疫结果表明，优化密码HE1 DNA疫苗接种可使小鼠特异性L1中和抗体水平明显升高；而野生型WE1 DNA疫苗接种组小鼠仅产生低滴度的L1抗体，WE1 DNA疫苗与tRNA^ser真核表达质粒混合接种使小鼠的L1抗体水平增加。结论 优化密码能显著促进乳头状瘤病毒晚期基因L1在哺乳动物细胞中的表达和DNA疫苗的免疫反应；补充外源tRNA^ser基因能够提高野生型L1基因的蛋白表达和DNA疫苗诱导的体液免疫应答。     

以减毒沙门菌为载体布鲁氏菌DNA疫苗的构建及免疫原性分析

目的 构建携带布鲁氏菌BLS-L7/L12融合基因的重组减毒沙门菌并进行免疫原性分析,为口服布鲁氏菌DNA疫苗研究奠定基础.方法将BLS-7/L12融合基因克隆到真核表达载体asd -pVAX1,依次将重组质粒转化减毒沙门菌X3730、X4550得到重组沙门菌X4550(asd -pVAX1-BLS-L7/L12).以1×109CFU/只的剂量口服免疫Balb/C小鼠,3次免疫后进行免疫效果的评价.结果构建的重组减毒沙门菌质粒转染COS-7细胞经免疫组化和Western-blot试验证明BLS-L7/L12融合蛋白在细胞中得到了瞬时表达,ELISA检测到免疫小鼠血清和肠黏液中有特异性抗体IgG和sIgA产生.通过淋巴细胞增殖实验、细胞因子和CD分子测定表明DNA疫苗以诱发Th1型免疫为主.结论 所构建的以重组沙门菌为载体口服布鲁氏菌DNA疫苗具有诱导特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫应答的能力,且以细胞免疫应答为主.可作为潜在的布鲁氏菌新型疫苗.     

HCMV pp65和gB联合核酸疫苗表达载体的构建及其体内生物学活性研究

人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)主要被膜磷蛋白pp65(phosphoprotein 65)及糖蛋白gB(glycoprotein B)在病毒感染及诱发机体免疫反应中起重要作用，近年来有不少学者对HCMV pp65和gB这两种抗原进行动物和临床试验研究，虽取得了一定效果，但仍存在免疫原性弱、免疫范围局限等缺点。本研究利用分子生物学方法将HCMV两种保护性免疫原性基因pp65和gB构建在一起，制备HCMV核酸疫苗，并研究其在小鼠体内的免疫活性。     

Enhanced immunogenicity to food-and-mouth disease virus in mice vaccination with alphaviral replicon-based DNA vaccine expressing the capsid precursor polypeptide (P1)

Recently, alphavirus replicon-based DNA vaccines, also known as suicidal DNA vaccines, have emerged as an important strategy to enhance the potency of DNA vaccines. In this study, two different types of DNA vaccines encoding the capsid precursor polypeptide (P1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were constructed and the immunogenicity were investigated and compared in mouse model. The first DNA vaccine, pcDP1, is a conventional plasmid DNA vaccine in which P1 was driven directly by a cytomegalovirus promoter. The second DNA vaccine, pSCAP1, is a Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon-based DNA vaccine encoding the same antigen. In vitro expression and characterization indicated that two vaccine vectors could correctly produce the P1 antigen. However, pSCAP1 could induce obvious apoptosis of the transfected cells. After immunization in BALB/c mice, the P1-specific ELISA antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, as well as lymphocyte proliferative responses induced by pSCAP1 were significantly higher than those obtained in mice immunized with pcDP1. Notably, mice immunized with the pSCAP1 had the determined ability of clearing virus in their sera after FMDV challenge. These results indicate that the SFV replicon-based DNA vaccine pSCAP1 are more effective than conventional DNA vaccine and it can be considered a promising approach for the development of a safety and efficacious vaccine against FMDV.     

中国株HIV-1核心蛋白Gag核酸疫苗的构建与表达

目的 构建含HIV－1中国流行株B亚型核心蛋白Gag基因的真核表达质粒，并在体外进行表达和鉴定。方法 将Gag基因插入到核酸疫苗载体质粒pVAX1中，构建真核表达质粒pVAXGAG。用脂质体法。将重组质粒转染人Hela细胞后进行表达产物的检测。结果 间接免疫荧光检测显示，转染重组质粒的细胞表面有绿色荧光。Western blot和Dot ELISA分析显示，重组质粒转染细胞的裂解物中存在表达的Gag蛋白。结论 构建的核酸苗可在体外进行表达，且表达的蛋白具有特异性。     

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Semliki forest virus replicon-based DNA vaccines encoding goatpox virus structural proteins

Goatpox, caused by goatpox virus (GTPV), is an acute feverish and contagious disease in goats often associated with high morbidity and high mortality. To resolve potential safety risks and vaccination side effects of existing live attenuated goatpox vaccine (AV41), two Semliki forest virus (SFV) replicon-based bicistronic expression DNA vaccines (pCSm-AAL and pCSm-BAA) which encode GTPV structural proteins corresponding to the Vaccinia virus proteins A27, L1, A33, and B5, respectively, were constructed. Then, theirs ability to induce humoral and cellular response in mice and goats, and protect goats against virulent virus challenge were evaluated. The results showed that, vaccination with pCSm-AAL and pCSm-BAA in combination could elicit strong humoral and cellular responses in mice and goats, provide partial protection against viral challenge in goats, and reduce disease symptoms. Additionally, priming vaccination with the above-mentioned DNA vaccines could significantly reduce the goats' side reactions from boosting vaccinations with current live vaccine (AV41), which include skin lesions at the inoculation site and fevers. Data obtained in this study could not only facilitate improvement of the current goatpox vaccination strategy, but also provide valuable guidance to suitable candidates for evaluation and development of orthopoxvirus vaccines.     

HCV核心-包膜E2抗原融合基因DNA疫苗的构建及对小鼠的免疫应答试验

目的：观察一种结构新颖的HCV融合抗原DNA疫苗在BALB/c小鼠的免疫效果，探讨其用于防治丙型肝炎的可行性。方法：用重叠延伸PCR拼接编码小鼠IgG kappa链信号肽和通用型辅助性T细胞表位PADRE的DNA片段，PCR分别扩增HCV核心抗原基因和包膜E2抗原基因，将3段基因插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1，构成重组表达质粒pST-CE2t，转染COS7细胞，免疫组化检测HCV抗原的表达。将pST-CE2t和HCV核心抗DNA疫苗pcDNA3.1core分别肌肉注射接种BALB/c小鼠，检测小鼠的血清抗体、T细胞增殖和CTL反应。结果：pST-CE2t可在COS7细胞内表达HCV核心抗原和E2抗原，接种于BALB/c小鼠能有效诱导体液和细胞免疫应答，其中抗HCV核心抗原免疫应答的强度明显超过pcDNA3.1core，且更趋向于TH1型免疫应答。结论：pST-CE2t对于丙型肝炎的防治有潜在的应用价值。     

Enhanced immunogenicity of DNA fusion vaccine encoding secreted hepatitis B surface antigen and chemokine RANTES

To increase the potency of DNA vaccines, we constructed genetic fusion vaccines encoding antigen, secretion signal, and/or chemokine RANTES. The DNA vaccines encoding secreted hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were constructed by inserting HBsAg gene into an expression vector with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeting secretory signal sequence. The plasmid encoding secretory HBsAg (pER/HBs) was fused to cDNA of RANTES, generating pER/HBs/R. For comparison, HBsAg genes were cloned into pVAX1 vector with no signal sequence (pHBs), and further linked to the N-terminus of RANTES (pHBs/R). Immunofluorescence study showed the cytoplasmic localization of HBsAg protein expressed from pHBs and pHBs/R, but not from pER/HBs and pER/HBs/R at 48 h after transfection. In mice, RANTES-fused DNA vaccines more effectively elicited the levels of HBsAg-specific IgG antibodies than pHBs. All the DNA vaccines induced higher levels of IgG(2a) rather than IgG(1) antibodies. Of RANTES-fused vaccines, pER/HBs/R encoding the secreted fusion protein revealed much higher humoral and CD8(+) T cell-stimulating responses compared to pHBs/R. These results suggest that the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines could be enhanced by genetic fusion to a secretory signal peptide sequence and RANTES.     

vUTAL3CP1重组载体疫苗与pVIRIL18P1 DNA疫苗在猪体内的免疫原性研究

目的 评价本课题组构建的共表达FMDV衣壳蛋白前体P1-2A基因以及免疫辅助基因的重组鸡痘病毒vUTAL3CP1和重组DNA疫苗pVIRIL18P1在猪体内诱导特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫的能力。方法将上述2种疫苗采用4种不同的组合方式单独或联合给猪进行肌肉注射,用ELISA方法和中和实验检测猪产生的抗体水平,T淋巴细胞增殖反应、CTL反应以及T淋巴细胞亚类。结果这2种基因工程疫苗均能诱导猪产生特异性的体液及细胞免疫应答。其中单独免疫组vUTAL3CP1/vUTAL3CP1的效果最好,其诱导的抗体水平已接近于常规灭活疫苗,而细胞免疫水平则比后者高得多。联合免疫组中vUTAL3CP1／pVIRIL18P1可以诱导比vUTAL3CP1,vUTAL3CP1更高的CTL杀伤活性,但体液免疫水平略低。结论证实了这2种基因工程疫苗在猪体内均有良好的免疫原性。同时初步筛选出vUTAL3CP1/vUTAL3CP1和pVIRIL18P1／vUTAL3CP1组等较佳的免疫策略,为下一步的攻毒保护试验奠定了基础。     

热休克蛋白70融合肿瘤抗原基因的DNA疫苗研究进展

在抗肿瘤免疫治疗中,已经发展了多种形式的热休克蛋白70(HSP70)相关治疗性疫苗,这些疫苗主要包括蛋白疫苗、肽疫苗、细胞疫苗及DNA疫苗等,其中HSP70融合DNA疫苗凭借其自身的优势引起人们的关注。它不但可诱导高效、持久的抗肿瘤免疫应答,而且可以维持免疫记忆。本文就HSP70在肿瘤治疗性DNA疫苗中的作用和应用作一综述。     

The conserved glycine residues in the transmembrane domain of the Semliki Forest virus fusion protein are not required for assembly and fusion

The alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infects cells via a low pH-triggered fusion reaction mediated by the viral E1 protein. Both the E1 fusion peptide and transmembrane (TM) domain are essential for membrane fusion, but the functional requirements for the TM domain are poorly understood. Here we explored the role of the five TM domain glycine residues, including the highly conserved glycine pair at E1 residues 415/416. SFV mutants with alanine substitutions for individual or all five glycine residues (5G/A) showed growth kinetics and fusion pH dependence similar to those of wild-type SFV. Mutants with increasing substitution of glycine residues showed an increasingly more stringent requirement for cholesterol during fusion. The 5G/A mutant showed decreased fusion kinetics and extent in fluorescent lipid mixing assays. TM domain glycine residues thus are not required for efficient SFV fusion or assembly but can cause subtle effects on the properties of membrane fusion.     

狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因重组腺病毒与同一抗原核酸疫苗的联合免疫研究

目的 研究联合运用狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因重组腺病毒与同一抗原核酸疫苗对小鼠的免疫效果。方法 构建狂犬病毒糖蛋白（GP）的真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/CVS-N2c GP作为核酸疫苗，瞬时转染COS－7细胞，间接免疫荧光试验检测pcDNA3.1/CVS-N2c GP的表达；以基因枪方法进行初次免疫接种和首次加强免疫，以表达同一抗原的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒通过鼻腔接种进行第二次加强免疫；ELISA试验检测血清狂犬病毒特异性IgG抗体，快速荧光灶抑制试验（RFFTT）检测狂犬病毒中和抗体。结果 间接免疫荧光试验表明pcDNA3.1/CVS-N2c GP能有效地表达GP于转染的细胞膜上，ELISA试验表明小鼠接受基因核核酸免疫后，仅诱导产生低水平的特异性抗体，而且重组腺病毒进行加强免疫后，特异性抗体水平显著提高。结论 联合运用狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因重组腺病毒与同种抗原核酸疫苗可克服它们单独使用时各自的缺点，能有效地诱导小鼠产生抗狂犬病毒特异免疫。     

H3、H5、H7、H9亚型流感病毒通用多表位核酸疫苗构建及表达研究

目的构建表达A型流感病毒多种表位的核酸疫苗，并研究其在幼仓鼠肾细胞（BHK细胞）内表达产物的生物学活性。方法筛选流感病毒主要抗原（HA、NA、NP、M）表位基因，以生物信息学软件优化其排列结构，合成流感通用的复合多表位基因（Epi），以H5、H7亚型流感病毒HA融合表达基因为骨架，将多表位基因Epi插入构建H7HA-Epi-H5HA阅读盒，定向克隆至pVAX1，构建抗A型流感H3579亚型的pVAX1-H7HA-Epi-H5HA。最后将该重组质粒转染BHK细胞，提取细胞总RNA，以RT-PCR方法检测目的基因；以间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）初步测其表达产物抗原性。结果RT-PCR检测到目的基因；IFA检测到特异性荧光存在。结论本试验所构建的重组质粒pVAX1-H7HA-EpiH5HA，在真核细胞内均获了有效地转录和表达；而且其表达产物均能与相应的抗体特异性结合，证明了其具有一定的生物学活性和抗原性，有望成为抗多种A型流感病毒的通用核酸疫苗。