前列腺癌患者血清及尿液唾液酸测定的意义

为观察前列腺癌患者血唾液酸（ＳＡ）与病情、疗效及血清ＰＳＡ的关系，按血ＰＳＡ高低将病人分为３组：Ａ组（治疗前，１７例）血ＰＳＡ≥５０μｇ／Ｌ，７０７％为临床Ｃ、Ｄ１、Ｄ２期，病情进展，前列腺症状或骨痛明显。Ｂ组（治疗前，６例）血ＰＳＡ８～３７μｇ／Ｌ，临床分期为Ｃ、Ｄ期，占５０％。Ｃ组（治疗后，８例）血ＰＳＡ＜４μｇ／Ｌ，除临床Ｃ期１例，余均为临床Ｂ期术后，病愈或明显好转。血ＳＡ均值，Ａ组为３０８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，大于Ｂ组２８１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ及Ｃ组２１４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ａ、Ｃ间有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０００１），尿ＳＡ结果同血ＳＡ，Ｐ＜００５。此外，血ＰＳＡ与血ＳＡ（或尿ＳＡ）密切相关，Ｐ＜００１。同为阳性（或阴性）一致率血ＳＡＰＳＡ为８１６％，尿ＳＡＰＳＡ为７２２％。本实验所用“一步法”简便快速，血ＳＡ敏感性１０００％，特异性７８１％，不需进口试剂或设备，有助于前列腺癌的检出与病情疗效追踪观察。     

血清PSA值和前列腺结节指导前列腺穿刺活检的临床意义

目的 探讨血清ＰＳＡ浓度变化与前列腺癌及其骨转移的相关性。方法 对９３例直肠指诊异常及血清ＰＳＡ〉４ｎｇ／ｍｌ的患者,行直脾性Ｂ超引志下前列腺穿刺活检;用９９ｍＴｃ－ＭＤＰ行全身骨扫描判断有无骨。结果 ９３例中前列腺活检阳性者６０例,其中２６例扫描阳性;随血清ＰＳＡ浓度升高,前列腺阳性活检率及其远处骨转移阳性率升高。 血清ＰＳＡ升高与前列腺癌及其骨转移的发生率呈正相关。     

游离与总PSA比值——一种前列腺癌检测的可靠指标

用放射免疫方法测定１１７例前列腺疾病患者血清游离ＰＳＡ（ＦＰＳＡ）、总ＰＳＡ（ＴＰＳＡ）值，并计算游离与总ＰＳＡ比值（Ｆ／Ｔ比值）。其中前列腺癌３１例，前列腺增生８６例。结果显示：Ｆ／Ｔ比值前列腺癌组明显低于前列腺增生组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。认为Ｆ／Ｔ比值可用于区别前列腺癌与前列腺增生，尤其当ＰＳＡ水平限定在４～１０μｇ／Ｌ范围内，应用Ｆ／Ｔ比值较ＰＳＡ为优     

前列腺疾病诊断中血清游离态PSA指标的应用价值

目的探讨血清游离态ＰＳＡ（ＦＰＳＡ）和总ＰＳＡ（ＴＰＳＡ）及游离态／总（Ｆ／Ｔ）ＰＳＡ比值作为前列腺疾病诊断指标的价值。方法测定５６例未经治疗的ＢＰＨ病人和３９例前列腺癌病人血清ＦＰＳＡ和ＴＰＳＡ,并计算Ｆ／Ｔ比值。结果ＴＰＳＡ及Ｆ／Ｔ可有效区分ＢＰＨ和前列腺癌（Ｐ＜０．００５）,尤其在诊断灰区（ＴＰＳＡ为４．０～１０．０μｇ／Ｌ）中效果更明显。以ＴＰＳＡ≤１０．０μｇ／Ｌ,Ｆ／Ｔ≥０．１６为界值时,前列腺癌筛选的临床概率敏感度为９４．７％。结论ＦＰＳＡ和Ｆ／Ｔ比值的引入,使血清ＰＳＡ测定更为精细,保持了实验的高敏感度,尤其是在前列腺癌的诊断灰区     

游离前列腺特异抗原百分率检测前列腺癌的临床观察

目的 评价游离前列腺特异抗原（ＰＳＡ）百分率（Ｆ／Ｔ百分率）检测前列腺癌的临床价值。方法 用免疫放射法测定１１７例血清游离ＰＳＡ（Ｆ－ＰＳＡ）、总ＰＳＡ（Ｔ－ＰＳＡ）值,并计算游离ＰＳＡ所占百分率（Ｆ／Ｔ百分率）值;其中前列腺癌３１例,前列腺肥大８６例。结果 Ｆ／Ｔ百分率值在前列腺癌组明显低于前列腺肥大组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;若总ＰＳＡ限定于４￣１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ范围内,应用Ｆ／Ｔ百分率值可区别前列腺癌与     

血清PSA密度在前列腺活检中的意义

目的 探讨血清ＰＳＡ密度（ＰＳＡＤ）在前列腺活检中的意义。方法 对１７３例血清ＰＳＡ升高，有阳性直肠指诊或异常直肠Ｂ超发现者，进行了前列腺活检。对血清ＰＳＡＤ与前列腺活检的关系进行分析。结果 １７３例活检的前列腺肿瘤阳性率为５０．３％（８７／１７３），其中前列腺癌８４例，肉瘤２例，移行细胞癌１例，当血清ＰＳＡ为４～２０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，ＰＳＡＤ〈０．１５时，其敏感性和特异性分别为１００．０％和０．０％；     

前列腺特异性抗原普查在诊断前列腺癌中的作用

目的 了解血清叫前列腺特异抗原（Ｔ－ＰＳＡ）、游离ＰＳＡ（Ｆ－ＰＳＡ）、ＰＳＡ密度（ＰＳＡＤ）在诊断前列腺癌中的作用。方法 门诊检查４０岁以上男性病人共３２４例，活检筛查出前列腺癌９例（２．８％），将病人分组进行比较。结果 前列腺癌组Ｔ－ＰＳＡ、Ｆ－ＰＳＡ和ＰＳＡＤ高于前列腺增生和其他疾病组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。血清Ｔ－ＰＳＡ〈４ｎｇ／ｍｌ、４～１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ、〉１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ者发现前列腺癌的比例分别     

PSA诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床价值

目的 探讨ＰＳＡ诊断前列腺癌骨转移的临床价值。方法 以同位素全身骨扫描为金标准,回顾性分析了放免法测定的５７例前列腺骨转移患者和１４例非骨转移患者血清ＰＳＡ水平与骨转移的关系,结果 ＰＳＡ〈２０μｇ／Ｌ者骨转移的发生率极低,ＰＳＡ≥２０μｇ／Ｌ者有骨转移可能;ＰＳＡ≥４０μｇ／Ｌ者骨转移的要能性极大,结论 对于新诊断而未治疗的前列腺癌患者,ＰＳＡ〈２０μｇ／Ｌ者密切随访ＰＳＡ;ＰＳＡ≥２０μｇ／Ｌ     

前列腺特异性抗原密度的测定在诊断前列腺癌中的价值

对１０例非转移性前列腺癌和２０例前列腺增生的前列腺特异性抗原密度（ＰＳＡＤ）进行研究。前列腺癌平均ＰＳＡＤ值为０．７１１，而前列腺增生为０．０７５；两者有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。９例ＰＳＡＤ＞０．２者，８例为前列腺癌。１６例ＰＳＡＤ＜０．１者，无１例前列腺癌。８例前列腺癌患者中有３例前列腺特异性抗原（ＰＳＡ）＜１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１例＜２．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ。１６例前列腺增生患者中７例ＰＳＡ＞２．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，３例＞１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ。表明血清ＰＳＡ轻中度增高或正常时，ＰＳＡＤ可作为前列腺癌早期筛选诊断的有效指标之一。     

PSA作为筛选前列腺癌瘤标的几点体会

为了进一步提高前列腺特异抗原（ＰＳＡ）筛选前列腺癌的准确性，分析了自１９９３年１月～１９９５年８月经病理学诊断的５６例前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）和３０例前列腺癌的病例资料。结果显示，当肿瘤阳性筛选界值为１０．０μｇ／Ｌ时检出肿瘤的灵敏性为６０％，特异性为９０％；前列腺体积和急性尿潴留可显著影响ＰＳＡ值。ＢＰＨ组中１７例（３０．４％）ＰＳＡ超过１０．０μｇ／Ｌ，前列腺癌组中４例（１３．３％）ＰＳＡ低于１０．０μｇ／Ｌ，１例（３．３％）低于２．６μｇ／Ｌ（参考正常值上界）。结合前列腺大小，以及是否合并其它病理状态等分析，可提高ＰＳＡ检出肿瘤的灵敏性；对界值以下的ＢＰＨ患者应密切随访，据年度ＰＳＡ增长率等对可疑病例作前列腺穿刺活检，直至前列腺切除术，以提高前列腺癌的早期诊断率。     

Predicting radionuclide bone scan findings in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer: prostate specific antigen is superior to all other clinical parameters.

Presently, the standard staging evaluation of prostate cancer includes digital rectal examination, measurement of serum tumor markers and a radionuclide bone scan. To evaluate the ability of local clinical stage, tumor grade, serum acid phosphatase, serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) to predict bone scan findings, a retrospective review of 521 randomly chosen patients (mean age 70 years, range 44 to 92 years) with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer was performed. Local clinical stage, tumor grade, acid phosphatase, PAP and PSA all correlated positively with bone scan findings (p less than 0.0001). Using receiver operating characteristic curves, however, PSA had the best over-all correlation with bone scan results. The median serum PSA concentration in patients with a positive bone scan was 158.0 ng./ml., whereas men with a negative bone scan had a median serum PSA level of 11.3 ng./ml. (p less than 0.0001). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, local clinical stage, tumor grade, acid phosphatase and PAP were evaluated in combination with PSA to assess whether these parameters increased the ability of PSA alone to predict bone scan findings. None of these clinical parameters, irrespective of the combination used, contributed appreciably to the predictive power of PSA alone. A probability plot with 95% confidence intervals was constructed that allows the practicing urologist to estimate on an individual basis the probability of a positive bone scan for any given serum PSA value. The most significant finding of this study, however, was the negative predictive value of a low serum PSA concentration for bone scan findings. In 306 men with a serum PSA level of 20 ng./ml. or less only 1 (PSA 18.2 ng./ml.) had a positive bone scan (negative predictive value 99.7%). This finding would suggest that a staging radionuclide bone scan in a previously untreated prostate cancer patient with a low serum PSA concentration may not be necessary.     

总前列腺特异抗原、游离前列腺特异抗原、碱性磷酸酶和Gleason评分联合检测对前列腺癌骨转移的预测价值

探讨总前列腺特异抗原（tPSA）、游离前列腺特异抗原（fPSA）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和Gleason评分与前列腺癌骨转移的关系,评价联合检测对前列腺癌骨转移的预测价值。 方法 回顾性分析2015年1月1日至2018年11月1日在本院临床诊断为良性前列腺增生或前列腺癌的患者（tPSA>10 ng/mL）以及健康体检人群的临床资料,其中前列腺癌患者又经核素骨显像分为骨转移组和非骨转移组;共收集304例完整病例进行分析,其中前列腺癌骨转移组48例(15.8%）,前列腺癌未发生骨转移组116例（38.2%）,良性前列腺增生组56例（18.4%）,健康对照组84例（27.6%）。检测分析所有患者的tPSA 、fPSA、ALP值及Gleason评分。结果 任意两组之间的tPSA、fPSA比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;前列腺癌骨转移组的ALP均高于其他三组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;前列腺癌骨转移组的Gleason评分高于非骨转移组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,对不同分化程度的前列腺癌患者骨转移率进行比较,发现低风险组的骨转移率明显低于中高风险组（P<0.05）。单指标tPSA、fPSA和ALP预测前列腺癌骨转移时,绘制ROC曲线下面积分别为0.664、0.700和0.783,其cut off值分别为57.47 ng/mL、8.44 ng/mL、85.47 U/L;三项指标联合检测时发现tPSA+fPSA+ALP的特异度和阳性预测值分别达86.20%和64.40%,高于单指标和两项指标联合检测。结论 对于怀疑有骨转移的前列腺癌患者,不宜单独用血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）浓度来判断骨转移,应联合tPSA、fPSA、ALP三者及Gleason评分对前列腺癌患者发生骨转移风险的预测。     

Radioimmunoassay of bone marrow prostatic acid phosphatase

The clinical value of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) measurements in the bone marrow aspirate of patients with prostatic adenocarinoma has been unclear. Using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure PAP, we have evaluated this potential indicator of occult metastases in 127 controls and in 300 patients with prostatic adenocarinoma. Elevations of the tumor marker were found in 9%, 10%, 19%, and 82% of patients with stages B, C, D₁, and D₂ adenocarcinoma respectively. Clinical follow-up ranging from 7 to 43 months (average 23 months) was available for 97 patients without any initial indication of metastasis by bone scan. In this group 11 patients had elevated levels of bone marrow acid phosphatase (BMAP) by RIA and four developed radiological evidence of bone metastais 21 – 25 months following initial staging. However, only three of the 86 patients with normal BMAP levels have developed bone metastasis. Our results indicate that measurement of bone marrow PAP by immunological methods has prognostic significance. Dilution of the bone marrow aspirate by peripheral blood, however, may limit the application of this technique.     

Prediction of bone metastases by combination of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer

Objective:   The clinical value of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), prostate specific antigen (PSA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PACP) for the prediction of bone metastases in prostate cancer were investigated.
Methods:   TRACP, PACP, ALP, and PSA serum levels were measured in 215 patients with prostate cancer, including 160 without and 55 with bone metastases. Correlation of serum marker levels with bone metastases was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each serum marker. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors for the presence of bone metastasis.
Results:   Mean serum TRACP, PACP, ALP, and PSA levels were significantly elevated in patients with bone metastases compared with those without ( P  < 0.05). PSA and PACP levels increased significantly with clinical stage of the disease, whereas TRACP and ALP levels only increased significantly in stage D2. Serum TRACP levels correlated significantly with extent of disease on bone scans. ROC analyses showed no significant differences in area under the curve for these markers. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that PSA, ALP, and TRACP were significant predictors of bone metastasis. Predicted and observed risks of bone metastasis were well correlated when TRACP, ALP, and PSA were combined and bone scan could have been omitted in 70% of patients by assessing these three markers.
Conclusions:   Serum TRACP can be considered a useful predictor of bone metastases in prostate cancer. A combination of TRACP, ALP, and PSA can obviate the need for a bone scan in 70% of cases.     

Contribution of bone scintigraphy, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen to the monitoring of prostatic cancer

Changes in the serial measurements of serum prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) have been compared against changes in serial bone scans in 120 patients with prostatic cancer. Of 54 patients who presented with negative bone scans 10 developed skeletal metastases, the PAP and PSA levels were rising in 5 and 9 of these patients, respectively. Local progression occurred in a further 9 patients in whom PAP was rising in 8 and PSA in all 9. In the 66 patients with previously documented skeletal metastases bone scan evidence of progression was seen in 36. At the time of the first evidence of progression PAP was rising in 20 (55%) and PSA was rising in 26 (72%). In 4 patients neither marker was raised at the time of first evidence of progression. We discuss the value of 'routine' serial bone scintigraphy in monitoring patients with prostatic cancer.     

Prostate-specific antigen, Gleason sum and clinical T stage for predicting the need for radionuclide bone scan for prostate cancer patients in Japan

AIM: In the present study, we evaluated the relationships between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and bone metastasis, between Gleason sum and bone metastasis, and between clinical T stage and bone metastasis in Japanese patients. METHODS: Between November 1998 and June 2004, we performed ultrasound-guided biopsies on 709 patients (mean age: 70.5 years, range: 39-90). Prostate cancer was detected in 339 patients (47.8%), 297 (87.6%) of whom underwent a radionuclide bone scan. In close collaboration with orthopedists, bone computed tomography scans, bone magnetic resonance imaging and/or plain rentogenograms were performed for cases that were difficult to diagnose as bone metastasis through radionuclide bone scans only. RESULTS: We detected 61 (20.6%) bone metastasis cases in 296 patients. A simple linear regression analysis between log[PSA] and bone metastasis (n = 296) produced a significant relationship (P < 0.05). When we set the cut-off PSA value for the indication for a bone scan at 15 ng/mL, the possibility of bone metastasis was 10%. However, from our experience, there was no bone metastasis in the patients whose Gleason sums were less than five, and in the patients whose Gleason sum were five or more, and the PSA levels were less than 15, there was no bone metastasis. The rate of bone metastasis increased with the increase of PSA level. In the clinical T1-T2 stage cases, there were significant higher PSA levels in the cases with bone metastasis. In the T1-T2 patients whose PSA levels were less than 16, there was no bone metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: From the analysis of PSA, Gleason sum and clinical T stage, we suggest that bone scan is unnecessary for patients whose PSA level is less than 15 ng/mL or Gleason sum is less than five.     

骨形态发生蛋白-7在前列腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的 研究骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)在前列腺癌(PCa)组织中的表达及意义.方法 经病理检查确诊PCa组织标本87例.患者平均年龄66(59～78)岁,术前或穿刺前血清总PSA(t-PSA)平均45.7(2.4～138.2)ng/ml.Gleason评分≤6分37例,7分18例,≥8分32例.临床分期:I期(T1a N0 M0)+Ⅱ期(T1b N0M0,T1cN0M0,T2N0M0)20例,Ⅲ期(T3N0M0)20例.Ⅳ期(T4N0M0,TxN1M0,TxN0M1)47例,其中TxN0M1 45例.根据核素骨扫描或正电子发射计算机体层成像CT检查结果分为:PCa无骨转移42例,PCa伴骨转移45例.以30例BPH组织标本为对照,患者平均年龄68(57～88)岁.免疫组织化学PV法检测BMP-7在PCa组织和BPH组织中的表达,统计学分析2组及PCa组内表达差异,PCa组织中BMP-7与血清t-PSA相关性采用Pearson相关性分析. 结果BPH组织中BMP-7表达吸光度A值为70.55±5.41,PCa组织中为70.47±6.18,2者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).PCa无骨转移组BMP-7表达吸光度A值为65.94±1.76,伴有骨转移组为74.80±5.76,2者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Gleason评分≤6分者吸光度A值为65.96±1.56,7分者为65.83±2.75,≥8分者为78.06±1.39.≤6分和7分者分别与≥8分相比,BMP-7表达A值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).临床分期编组中Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期BMP-7表达A值为65.86±1.72,Ⅲ期为65.87±1.85,Ⅳ期为74.49±5.83,Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期分别与Ⅳ期相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).PCa组织中BMP-7表达A值与血清t-PSA值呈正相关关系(r=0.77,P<0.05).结论 病理Gleason高评分、临床分期、已发生骨转移的PCa组织中高表达BMP-7,BMP-7表达水平与血清t-PSA具有正相关性,提示BMP-7可能是促进PCa细胞发生骨转移的重要细胞因子之一.     

Influence of local tumour stage and grade on reliability of serum prostate-specific antigen in predicting skeletal metastases in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be reliably used to predict the absence or presence of skeletal metastases on the bone scan in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate. METHODS: We studied 450 consecutive men presenting with adenocarcinoma of the prostate between 1991 and 1995. Serum PSA was measured by the Hybritech Tandem-R monoclonal immunoradiometric assay and bone scanning was performed with 99m-technetium-labelled methylene diphosphonate. In total, 46 patients were excluded for one or more of the following reasons: serum PSA not available; radionuclide bone scan inconclusive; histology of the prostate other than adenocarcinoma; hormonal or other therapy given prior to obtaining the serum PSA and/or bone scan. RESULTS: Of the 404 patients included, 43% had poorly differentiated (grade 3), 74% had locally advanced (stages T3-4) tumours and 50% had skeletal metastases. The mean and median serum PSA were 348 and 52 ng/ml, respectively, and 77% of the patients had a serum PSA >20 ng/ml. The negative predictive value (for the absence of metastases on bone scan) of a serum PSA <20 ng/ml was 87% for the whole group of patients, 92, 94 and 70% for grade 1, 2 and 3 tumours, and 95, 83 and 50% for stage T1-2, T3 and T4 tumours, respectively. The positive predictive value (for the presence of metastases on bone scan) of a serum PSA >100 ng/ml was 80% for the whole group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, serum PSA alone is not sufficiently reliable to predict the absence or presence of metastases on the radionuclide bone scan. In patients with grade 3 and clinical stage T3-4 tumours, a bone scan should be obtained for accurate staging, regardless of the serum PSA value.     

Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study to investigate the effect of finasteride (MK-906) on stage D prostate cancer.

A total of 28 untreated patients with asymptomatic, stage D prostate cancer was randomized in a double-blinded fashion to receive finasteride (10 mg. per day), a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor or placebo. Patients were evaluated at 3-week intervals by rectal examination, and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels, and at 6-week intervals by bone scan and transrectal ultrasound determinations of prostatic volume. Patients stopped the medication at week 6 at the discretion of the investigator when PSA levels increased from baseline. After 12 weeks all patients were reevaluated. Of the patients 13 received finasteride and 15 received placebo. The 2 groups did not differ statistically with respect to patient age, initial PSA and PAP level, or the extent of metastases on initial bone scan. A statistically significant decrease in the median percentage change from baseline in PSA at weeks 3 and 6 occurred in the finasteride group compared to the placebo group (-22.9% versus -2.9% and -15.1% versus +11.7%, respectively, p less than 0.05). Finasteride had no effect upon PAP, serum testosterone, prostatic volume or appearance of bone scans. A decrease in serum PSA in the finasteride treatment group suggests that finasteride exerts a minor effect in patients with prostate cancer. This effect does not approach that seen with medical or surgical castration yet because of the potency preserving feature and the lack of toxicity finasteride may warrant further study in the treatment of prostate cancer.