眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣与“风筝”皮瓣联合重睑成形术修复眼睑肿块切除后眼睑前层缺损的效果对比

目的 对比分析眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣与“风筝”皮瓣联合重睑成形术修复眼睑肿块切除后眼睑前层缺损的临床效果.方法 选择2018年3月至2019年9月到我院进行修复治疗的36例眼睑肿块切除后眼睑前层缺损患者为研究对象,根据其术式不同进行分组,A组(n=20)采用眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣联合重睑成形术进行修复治疗,B组(n=16)采用“风筝”...     

Extensive full-thickness eyelid reconstruction with rotation flaps through “subcutaneous tunnel” and palatal mucosal grafts

AIM: To reconstruct the extensive full-thickness defects of eyelids is a challenge for the plastic surgeon because of their complex anatomy and special functions. This article presents and discusses an improved surgical technique in which the orbicularis oculi myocutaneous flap is rotated through a “subcutaneous tunnel” in conjunction with a palatal mucosal graft employed for lining.METHODS: Data from 22 eyes with extensive full-thickness eyelid defects from various causes between 2009 and 2013 were analyzed in this study. After the different layers of eyelid were separated completely, a temporally based orbicularis oculi myocutaneous flap was designed following fishtail lines and was mobilized, leaving the base of the pedicle intact with a submuscular tissue attachment. The flap was then rotated through a “subcutaneous tunnel” to the defect, and the donor site was closed primarily. Posterior lamellar reconstruction was performed with a mucosal graft harvested from the hard palate.RESULTS:All the flaps were survived without any healing problems. There was no corneal irritation, flap contraction, or significant donor-site morbidity in the follow-up period. The incision scars were almost invisible. The defects were repaired completely, and the evaluations showed satisfactory function and appearance.CONCLUSION: This technique is an improved single-stage operation and can be applied to repair large, full-thickness eyelid defects from various causes. With our method, the functional and aesthetic results can be obtained in either the upper or lower eyelids.     

Reconstruction of large upper eyelid defects with a free tarsal plate graft and a myocutaneous pedicle flap plus a free skin graft

Purpose: To review and present the results of a one-step method employing a free tarsal plate graft and a myocutaneous pedicle flap plus a free skin graft for reconstruction of large upper eyelid defects after tumour surgery.Methods: This was a retrospective case-series of 8 patients who underwent reconstruction of the upper eyelid after tumour removal. The horizontal defect involved 50–75% of the lid (3 pts.), more than 75% (3 pts.), and more than 75% plus the lateral canthus (2 pts.). The posterior lamella was reconstructed with contralateral upper eyelid tarsal plate. The anterior lamella was reconstructed with a laterally based myocutaneous pedicle flap in 7 patients, leaving a raw surface under the brow which was covered with a free skin graft. In 1 patient with little skin left under the brow, the anterior lamella was reconstructed with a bi-pedicle orbicularis muscle flap together with a free skin graft.Results: All patients healed without necrosis, did not suffer from lagophthalmos, achieved reasonable cosmesis, and did not need lubricants. In one patient, a contact lens was necessary for three weeks because of corneal erosion. One patient still needs a contact lens 3 months after excision to avoid eye discomfort.Conclusion: Large upper eyelid defects can be reconstructed with a free tarsal plate graft and a laterally based myocutaneous pedicle flap in combination with a free skin graft. Two-step procedures can probably be avoided in most cases.     

硬腭黏膜移植联合眶周表浅肌肉腱膜系统皮瓣重建全层眼睑缺损

目的:探讨利用自体游离硬腭黏膜植片替代后睑组织联合眶周表浅肌肉腱膜系统(SMAS)皮瓣转移修复缺损的前层眼睑皮肤,重建因肿瘤术后或外伤所致的全层眼睑缺损的临床疗效。方法:对16例≥眼睑全长1/2中重度全层眼睑缺损患者,全部用口腔硬腭黏膜植片替代睑板和结膜,再造后层眼睑;用眶周血供丰富的表浅肌肉腱膜系统(SMAS)皮瓣转移覆盖于硬腭黏膜上,替代缺损的眼睑皮肤肌肉层再造前层眼睑,其中10例采用眼轮匝肌单蒂皮瓣,3例为颞浅动脉皮瓣,2例为上睑皮肤轮匝肌双蒂皮瓣,1例为眉上皮瓣。手术操作中首先行硬腭黏膜移植,然后根据眼睑前层缺损的部位和范围设计眶周的SMAS转移皮瓣,手术完毕行睑缘缝合3～6mo后切开。结果:全部患者随访>12mo,硬腭黏膜植片及其转移皮瓣全部成活,无移位、感染和坏死等不良反应,无收缩,眼睑外观及功能改善满意。结论:硬腭黏膜联合SMAS皮瓣转移修复重建眼睑全层缺损,可以一次性修复眼睑缺损的皮肤、睑板、结膜,疗效肯定,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

“Sandwich Block” for Eyelid Reconstruction

Purpose: To report on a one-stage technique for eyelid reconstruction with preservation of the eyelid margin.

Design: Prospective study.

Methods: Five patients with small-to-intermediate full-thickness lower eyelid defects (n?=?3) and upper eyelid defects (n?=?2) after tumor excision. Defect size ranged from 5 to 7?mm vertically and from 7 to 12?mm horizontally. For eyelid reconstruction, a full-thickness pentagonal graft from the opposite lid was sutured into the full-thickness defect after removal of the orbicularis oculi muscle from the graft. The orbicularis muscle flap from the recipient eyelid was mobilized and brought in for vascular supply between tarsus and skin of the graft. The outcome after surgery was assessed using a subjective scoring system with 4 subsequent grades.

Results: At 1 week postoperatively, adequate viability of the grafts was noted in all patients. After a mean follow-up of 13 months (range 3–33 months) the cosmetic and functional outcome was adequate in 1 case, good in 2 cases, and excellent in 2 cases.

Conclusion: Reconstruction of small to intermediate full-thickness defects of both lower and upper eyelid with the “sandwich block”-technique is associated with a good functional and cosmetic outcome.     

自体硬腭黏膜移植联合眶周皮瓣修复全层眼睑缺损

目的：评价眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后采用自体硬腭黏膜移植联合眶周皮瓣进行眼睑再造的临床效果。 方法：患者10例10眼行眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后重度眼睑缺损,采用硬腭黏膜移植替代眼睑后层,即睑板和睑结膜层,利用眶周皮瓣修复眼睑前层。 结果：术后随访6~12mo,眼睑外观及功能基本恢复正常。硬腭黏膜移植片及转移皮瓣全部成活,无感染、移位、挛缩。 结论：自体硬腭黏膜移植联合眶周皮瓣转移修复全层眼睑缺损,效果肯定。     

Total upper eyelid reconstruction with mucosalized tarsal graft and overlying bipedicle flap

Total or near-total upper eyelid reconstruction with a mucosalized tarsal graft and overlying bipedicled myocutaneous flap was performed on 12 patients. This technique offers several advantages over other reconstructive methods: (1) the opportunity for immediate visual rehabilitation through a single-staged procedure without obscuration of the visual axis, (2) preservation of eyelid blinking and closure by relocation of functional orbicularis muscle, (3) excellent eyelid contour, and (4) use of tissue physiologically similar to that removed. The technique and clinical results are presented herein.     

采用180°旋转皮瓣修复眼睑肿物切除术后眼睑皮肤缺损的临床研究

目的　探讨采用180°旋转皮瓣修复眼睑肿物切除术后眼睑皮肤缺损的安全性和有效性。方法　回顾性分析29例38眼采用180°旋转皮瓣修复眼睑肿物切除术后造成的眼睑皮肤缺损患者。术中按照标记线切除肿物后,在肿物一侧或两侧标记松弛的上睑或下睑皮肤量,按照重睑或眼袋延长线切开皮肤,在靠近皮肤缺损区的上方或下方留5 mm左右宽的蒂,分离皮瓣,并带有少量的眼轮匝肌,然后将皮瓣旋转180°,修剪皮瓣后间断缝合,再连续缝合供皮区皮肤切口。术后加压包扎48 h。对术后外观和皮瓣的存活情况进行连续性观察。结果　所有180°旋转皮瓣均在眼睑缺损区良好存活,不需要打包加压,而且皮瓣收缩量低,术后手术瘢痕相对隐蔽。2眼皮瓣在术后早期出现皮瓣尖端发黑;多数皮瓣蒂部早期存在轻度猫耳现象,术后3个月猫耳逐渐平复,除1眼术后6个月因上睑皮肤松弛和猫耳现象而行上睑成形术外,其余患者均无需二次手术。结论　180°旋转皮瓣手术操作相对简单,可避免发生眼睑外翻、变形等并发症,是眼睑前层缺损修复的备选方法。     

Reconstruction Following Subtotal Full-Thickness Upper Eyelid Resection with Preservation of the Lid Margin

Purpose: To describe a modification of a technique for upper eyelid reconstruction previously described by Patrinely et al. Methods: Radical excision of a large adenoid cystic carcinoma of the upper eyelid resulted in a subtotal full-thickness eyelid defect with preservation of 2 mm of eyelid margin. Reconstruction was performed with a free transconjunctival graft of maximum size from the contralateral upper eyelid, an overlying bipedicled skin-orbicularis oculi muscle flap and a free skin graft. Results: With this one-step technique, a good cosmetic and functional result could be obtained. Conclusion: If the eyelid margin can be spared, reconstruction of even very large upper eyelid defects with a modification of the technique reported by Patrinely et al. may yield a good result.     

用外侧眶骨膜瓣代替睑板行眼睑重建术

目的 评价用外侧眶骨膜瓣代替睑板行外侧眼睑重建术的手术效果.方法 回顾性分析13例外眦部眼睑肿瘤切除术后患者的临床资料,其中眼睑基底细胞癌7例,睑板腺癌4例,鳞状细胞癌2例,切除肿瘤同时一期用外侧眶骨膜代替睑板,用颧部或颊部的旋转皮瓣或滑行皮瓣修复缺损皮肤行眼睑重建术.结果 术后随访8～56个月,未发现肿瘤复发,所有患者眼睑形态自然,双侧睑裂基本对称,眼睑活动好,无眼睑切迹及内翻倒睫和外翻情况出现.患者对手术疗效表示满意.结论 用外侧眶骨膜瓣代替睑板行眼睑重建术对于外侧眼睑缺损在1/3-2/3范围内且肿瘤未影响到眶骨的患者,尤其对于同时影响上下睑的患者的眼睑修复是一种较好的方法 .(中华眼科杂志,2009,45:127-130)     

Lower eyelid reconstruction with an orbicularis oculi musculocutaneous transposition flap and a conchal cartilage graft

A case of reconstruction of the lower eyelid with the combination of an orbicularis oculi musculocutaneous transposition flap as the covering flap and a free conchal cartilage graft as the lining is presented. It is believed that this combination gives an excellent result for the reconstruction of the medial portion of the lower eyelid in terms of features, form, function, and ease of reconstruction.     

Total lower lid reconstruction:clinical outcomes of utilizing three-layer flap and graft in one session

METHODS: Seventeen patients with total or near total lower eyelid defect were included. The defects were reconstructed in three layers. Posterior lamella was reconstructed by using tarsoconjunctival free graft from the ipsilateral upper lid and periosteal flap from lateral orbital rim. Mobilization of residual orbicularis muscle provided a rich blood supply; and the anterior lamella was reconstructed by skin flap prepared from upper lid blepharoplasty as a one-pedicular or bipedicular bucket handle flap.RESULTS: The cause of lower eyelid defect was basal cell carcinoma in 15 patients and trauma in two of them. No intraoperative and postoperative complication occurred. Patients were followed from 10 to 15mo postoperatively. Cosmetic results were favorable in all patients and we had acceptable functional results. Thickness of the reconstructed tissue was a concern in early postoperative period.CONCLUSION:Three-layer lower lid reconstruction in one session is an effective technique for total lower lid reconstruction with minimal complications and acceptable functional and aesthetic outcomes and can be considered as a safe alternative for the preexisting techniques.     

改良额肌瓣悬吊术治疗先天性上睑下垂

目的提高儿童中重度先天性上睑下垂的治疗效果。方法对42例（53眼）中重度先天性上睑下垂的儿童施行改良额肌瓣悬吊术：沿重睑线切开皮肤,剪除部分眼轮匝肌,显露睑板,分别作额肌与皮下、额肌与骨膜间的分离,于眉下提起并横形切断额肌,于其内侧向上切开肌瓣达眉上1-1.5cm,外侧向上剪开0.5cm,形成不等边的额肌瓣,三针褥式缝线固定于睑板上缘。结果42例53眼,切口均一期愈合,随访6月～5年,上睑下垂矫正满意,睑缘外形匀称,上睑闭合良好,无复发和并发症。结论改良式额肌瓣悬吊术治疗儿童先天性中重度上睑下垂疗效确切,远期效果较好。     

睑袋成形术后眼轮匝肌功能状态的临床研究

目的探讨睑袋成形术后眼轮匝肌的功能状态及其影响因素。方法用肌皮瓣法矫正下睑袋32例（64眼）,分别在术前和术后5d、14d、1个月、3个月和6个月,以结膜囊染料消失法进行泪囊排泄功能测试。结果术后5d、14d和1个月结膜囊染料消失时间较术前明显延长（P〈0．001）,3个月和6个月检测结果与术前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论肌皮瓣法睑袋成形术,术后早期眼轮匝肌泵作用明显减弱;但术中精细操作,减少对组织的损伤,有利于术后眼轮匝肌泵功能的恢复。     

Reconstruction of the eyelid using a myocutaneous island flap

Traditionally, skin flaps have been based upon a contiguous skin pedicle. Recently the concept has re-emerged that the important blood supply frequently lies subjacent to the flap. A temporally based island flap composed of skin and orbicularis muscle, nourished only by its subjacent pedicle, has been successfully used in the reconstruction of 91 eyelid defects.     

表浅肌肉腱膜皮瓣联合硬腭黏膜移植修复全层眼睑缺损

目的探讨利用眼周表浅肌肉腱膜系统（SMAS）皮瓣联合硬腭黏膜移植修复中、重度全层眼睑缺损的临床疗效。方法对26例（26只眼）大于或等于眼睑全长1／2的全层眼睑缺损患者,采用硬腭黏膜移植替代眼睑后层,即睑板和睑结膜层;利用眼周血供丰富的SMAS皮瓣修复眼睑前层,即皮肤肌肉层。其中5例采用眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣,5例为颞浅动脉皮瓣,7例为眉上皮瓣,9例为上睑皮肤轮匝肌双蒂瓣。手术操作中首先行硬腭黏膜移植,然后根据眼睑前层缺损的部位和范围设计眼周的SMAS转位皮瓣,术毕行睑缘缝合3个月。结果全部患者随访6～36个月,平均11个月。转位皮瓣全部成活,硬腭黏膜植片成活好,无收缩,眼睑外观及功能改善较满意。结论眼周SMAS皮瓣联合硬腭黏膜移植可一次性修复缺损的眼睑全层,效果肯定。     

Levator Aponeurosis Sandwich Flap for Reconstruction of Upper Eyelid Defect

A 72-year-old woman suffered from a sebaceous gland carcinoma on her left upper eyelid. The tumour was 13 × 5 mm without metastasis. The tumour was excised with a 5-mm safety margin, resulting in a large, full-thickness defect in which almost all of the tarsal plate, approximately half of the orbicularis oculi muscle, and part of the levator aponeurosis were lost. Reconstruction of the upper eyelid was successfully performed with a levator aponeurosis sandwich flap, upon which the posterior lamella was covered by a free tarsal graft with medial and lateral periosteal flaps, and a skin graft from the contralateral upper eyelid for the anterior lamella. No lagophthalmos was demonstrated after the operation. Six months postoperatively, there was no tumour recurrence, no ocular complications, and good cosmetic results.     

颞浅动脉顺行岛状皮瓣修复重度眼睑及眶周组织缺损

目的探讨颞浅动脉顺行岛状皮瓣修复重度眼睑及眶周组织缺损的适应证、安全性和有效性。方法根据颞浅血管的解剖分布,制备以颞浅动脉为蒂形成的顺行岛状皮瓣,通过皮下隧道移转至缺损区,修复各种原因所致的重度眼睑及眶周组织缺损患者18例（18眼）。术后随访6个月,观察皮瓣存活、眼睑功能恢复情况和手术效果。结果16例皮瓣完全存活,皮瓣颜色与受区皮肤相近,质地柔软,皮瓣感觉功能良好,睑裂闭合良好,外观满意。1例术后早期出现静脉回流障碍,经积极处理,皮瓣远端有小片表皮坏死。1例皮瓣因严重静脉淤滞坏死,术后3个月行游离植皮术,植皮存活。6例患者因皮瓣肿胀,行Ⅱ期修整术。结论颞浅动脉顺行岛状皮瓣具有血供丰富、色泽质地与受区相近等优点,是修复重度眼睑及眶周组织缺损并重建眼睑功能和外观理想的皮瓣。     

Levator aponeurosis sandwich flap for reconstruction of upper eyelid defect

A 72-year-old woman suffered from a sebaceous gland carcinoma on her left upper eyelid. The tumour was 13 × 5 mm without metastasis. The tumour was excised with a 5-mm safety margin, resulting in a large, full-thickness defect in which almost all of the tarsal plate, approximately half of the orbicularis oculi muscle, and part of the levator aponeurosis were lost. Reconstruction of the upper eyelid was successfully performed with a levator aponeurosis sandwich flap, upon which the posterior lamella was covered by a free tarsal graft with medial and lateral periosteal flaps, and a skin graft from the contralateral upper eyelid for the anterior lamella. No lagophthalmos was demonstrated after the operation. Six months postoperatively, there was no tumour recurrence, no ocular complications, and good cosmetic results.     

风筝皮瓣修复眼睑黄色瘤切除后的眼睑前层缺损

目的 探讨风筝皮瓣在修复眼睑黄色瘤切除后所致的眼睑前层缺损中的应用.方法 黄色瘤切除后,于缺损颞侧皮肤松弛部位沿皮纹方向设计风筝皮瓣,按设计线切开皮肤,在眼轮匝肌下剥离形成以眼轮匝肌为皮下蒂的风筝皮瓣,推进至皮肤缺损区,用5-0尼龙线缝合切口.自2005年以来共应用16例,20只眼,年龄34～68岁,缺损面积为5mm×10mm～10mm×22mm.结果 皮瓣全部成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合,随访时间3个月至3年,眼睑外形双侧对称,切口瘢痕不明显.结论 对于眼睑较大黄色瘤切除后直接缝合会导致眼睑畸形的眼睑前层缺损,用风筝皮瓣进行修复简单易行,效果可靠.皮瓣转移后局部平整,无须去除多余皮肤组织,手术后恢复时间短,具有取材方便、便于推广等优点.