刮除植骨治疗骨巨细胞瘤的临床研究

目的：研究骨巨细胞瘤（giant-cell tumor,GCT）刮除植骨的局部复发率和并发症。方法：48例GCT选自1988－1995年我院收治的82例GCT患,采用囊内刮除植骨,进行临床和放射学随访。结果：经过28月－123月随访,功能优良率86．9％,局部复发率16．7。结论：本研究提示辞除植骨复发率低,可能与肿瘤充分刮除有关。     

高速磨钻在侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的：探讨高速磨钻在治疗侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的作用。方法：2000年4月～2001年9月收治长骨侵袭性骨肿瘤病例28例，采用高速磨钻方法治疗17例。首先，开窗刮除瘤腔内肿瘤组织，然后直视下应用高速磨钻沿各个方向仔细磨除瘤腔内壁表面骨嵴，尤其是瘤腔顶部，额外磨除瘤腔皮质骨下1～5mm的骨组织，直到显露正常骨质。必要时也磨除部分软骨下骨，部分病变区域需至关节软骨平面。即使病变部位骨皮质因侵蚀破坏后变薄或已经穿破，应用高速磨钻可能钻破骨皮质，也应继续磨除残留骨皮质，达到磨除干净为止。选择非结构性移植物，包括自体髂骨或同种异体骨、碳酸化羟基磷灰石，填充骨缺损。结果：术后平均随访时间16个月(7～24个月)。无局部复发及远处脏器转移。术后关节功能轻度受限1例；切口早期炎性反应2例；深部感染1例；病变部位远侧肿胀1例。未发生继发性病理骨折。结论：侵袭性骨肿瘤腔壁在肉眼和显微镜下均可见凸凹不平的骨嵴，常刮匙并不能刮除骨嵴间的肿瘤细胞。高速磨钻对骨组织具有较强的切割作用，能较易磨平凸出的骨嵴，虽然仍为病灶内手术，但应用高速磨钻后扩大了手术切除的范围，可以达到边缘切除的效果，保证手术的彻底性。高速磨钻的应用是减少侵袭性骨肿瘤复发的有效手段，值得普及、推广。     

刮除植骨治疗骨巨细胞瘤的临床研究

目的:通过刮除植骨对骨巨细胞瘤刮除后骨缺损重建的效果分析,了解自体骨或异体骨移植后局部复发率和并发症发生情况。方法:随访手术治疗72例骨巨细胞瘤,男31例,女41例;年龄14～66岁,平均32.4岁。主要发病部位为股骨上端5例,股骨下端21例,胫骨上端17例,肱骨上端7例及桡骨远端9例。外科治疗以X线Cam-panacci分级系统或Enneking外科分期标准为原则,采用囊内刮除植骨(病灶刮除术和肿瘤瘤段切除术),对肿瘤切除,进行临床和放射学随访。结果:72例中有53例获得随访,随访时间8～48个月,平均2年4个月。功能评价按Ennek-ing标准,本组优25例,良21例,一般5例,优良率90.19%。结论:本研究提示骨巨细胞瘤刮除后行骨移植修复骨缺损、重建关节,手术刮除彻底,复发率低,植骨愈合可靠,重建后的关节功能良好,可能与肿瘤充分刮除有关。     

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the extremities. Factors related to local recurrence after curettage with a high-speed burr

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign, locally destructive lesion of bone. The rates of local recurrence after curettage have varied widely. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study of patients who had had an aneurysmal bone cyst in order to identify the rate of local recurrence and the prognostic factors related to local recurrence after use of contemporary methods of curettage with a high-speed burr. METHODS: We reviewed the cases of forty patients who had been managed by the same surgeon for an aneurysmal bone cyst, as diagnosed on the basis of the latest pathological review, between January 1, 1976, and December 31, 1993. The patients were evaluated with regard to age, gender, the duration and type of symptoms, the presence or absence of pathological fracture, the status of the growth plate, the bone and part of the bone that were involved, the type of operative procedure, the outcome, the radiographic stage, the findings on magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography (when it became available) and on bone scintigraphy, and histological parameters. The median duration of follow-up was eighty-seven months (range, fifteen to 267 months). According to the criteria of Enneking, no patient had a stage-1 lesion (one with a surrounding rim of cortical bone), twenty-four had a stage-2 lesion (one with a clearly defined border but no cortical bone), and sixteen had a stage-3 lesion (one with no clearly defined border). RESULTS: Of the forty patients, thirty-four had curettage with use of a high-speed burr. Of these thirty-four, twenty-two had filling of the defect with a cancellous autogenous graft; four, with a cancellous allograft; and three, with polymethylmethacrylate. In five patients, no material was put into the defect. The remaining six patients had resection through the margin of the lesion. Four (12 percent) of the thirty-four patients who had curettage had a local recurrence. No patient who had an excision through the margin of the lesion had a local recurrence. All local recurrences were in skeletally immature girls who were three, four, ten, and eleven years old. Univariate analysis with use of the chi-square, Fisher exact, and Wilcoxon log-rank tests showed that local recurrence was associated only with a young age (p = 0.0036) and open growth plates (p = 0.039). All local recurrences occurred within two years postoperatively, at two, seven, nine, and twenty-four months, and all were treated successfully with a second operation. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of local control of almost 90 percent can be achieved with thorough curettage with use of a mechanical burr and without use of liquid nitrogen, phenol, or other adjuvants in patients who have an aneurysmal bone cyst of an extremity. A young age and open growth plates are associated with an increased risk of local recurrence.     

Customized treatment algorithm for giant cell tumor of bone: report of a series

Between 1991 and 2000, 30 patients with 31 resections of giant cell tumors of bone were treated (average followup, 4.9 years; range, 1-9.6 years). Intralesional resection with curettes and a high-speed burr and reconstruction with polymethylmethacrylate cementation or bone grafting was used for salvageable, nonexpendable bones. Wide resection and allograft reconstruction was done in nonexpendable bones that were too destroyed for salvage. Adjuvant treatments were used for all intralesional procedures and when wide resection with a close margin was obtained. Adjuvant treatments included hydrogen peroxide instillation in 30 patients, electrocautery in 27 patients, phenol irrigation in 26 patients, sterile water irrigation in 15 patients, and polymethylmethacrylate cementation in 15 patients. There have been only two (6.4%) local recurrences, one in bone and one in soft tissue. Both patients had intralesional resections initially and both had salvage procedures with wide resections of the recurrent tumors. The 5-year recurrence-free survivorship was 93%. A delayed ray amputation for failed bone graft of the little finger was the only amputation. In all other patients, a functional limb was preserved. Wide resection only is required when bone salvageability is impractical. Intralesional curettage and high-speed burr resection, when supplemented with the adjuvant therapies as described, is adequate for the majority of patients with giant cell tumor of bone. A proposed treatment algorithm is presented.     

Lower recurrence rate in chondroblastoma using extended curettage and cryosurgery

Purpose

Various methods for the treatment of chondroblastoma of bone have been used including simple curettage, or combined with bone grafting, in addition to the use of adjuvant therapy. However, local recurrence still represents a challenge in the management of this aggressive tumour. This study focuses on evaluating the role of intraregional extended curettage together with the use of adjuvant cryotherapy and autogenous bone grafting in the treatment of benign chondroblastoma of bone aiming to decrease the recurrence rate.

Methods

All patients with chondroblastoma included in this study underwent intralesional extended curettage, adjuvant cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen, and autogenous iliac crest bone grafting. Follow up for healing of chondroblastoma lesions and detection of any local recurrence was assessed on clinical and radiological bases. The functional outcome was assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society scoring system.

Results

The mean follow-up period was 49 months. The average time for bone healing was 7.4 months. Our rate of local recurrence is 7.1 %. Two patients (14.3 %) developed physeal growth arrest. One patient had superficial skin sloughing (7.1 %). None of the cases had pathological fracture. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Society functional score was 92.7 %.

Conclusion

Chondroblastoma is an aggressive benign bone tumour with a high rate of recurrence. The use of high-speed burr combined with adjuvant intralesional cryotherapy and iliac crest autogenous bone grafting is a reliable method of treatment with a low rate of recurrence.     

Giant-cell tumor of the appendicular skeleton

The common objective of all surgical procedures in the treatment of giant-cell tumor of bone is to minimize the incidence of local recurrence. The purpose of this study was to determine what, if any, patient factors, tumor characteristics, or surgical practices correlate with local recurrence. Seventy-five patients treated for a giant-cell tumor of the appendicular skeleton were followed up for at least 2 years. The mean duration of followup was 62 months (range, 24-224 months). The highest proportion of patients had intralesional curettage, high-speed burring, and adjuvant treatment. Ten patients (13%) had a local recurrence. Bivariate analysis revealed that, with the numbers available, none of the patient variables, tumor variables, or surgical approaches correlated with local recurrence. Post hoc power analysis revealed the power of the study to be 33% to detect a clinically significant difference between treatment groups. The data presented here potentially could contribute to a metaanalysis, which would have the statistical power to determine which tumor-related factors and surgical techniques are most important in predicting recurrence in giant-cell tumor of bone.     

Surgical reconstruction of fibrous dysplasia of bone in long-term follow-up

PURPOSE: To examine how different operative measures influence the surgical outcome in patients with fibrous dysplasia of bone. METHODS: 118 dysplastic fibrous lesions of bone were surgically treated and reviewed in 70 patients between 1983 to 1993 (eleven years) with a median follow-up of six and a half years. Surgery consisted of intralesional curettage in 93 and marginal en bloc resection in 25 lesions. Bony defects were reconstructed with autogenous iliac crest graft in 55 lesions, with autogenous fibula graft in 9, with homologous bone chips in 28, and 5 times with a homologous fibula graft from the bone bank. In 33 lesions the entire defect was filled with polymethylmethacrylate. Osteosynthesis was performed in 41 patients. RESULTS: Recurrences requiring surgical revision were observed in 26 of 74 primary lesions (= 35% overall recurrence rate) at a mean 123.6 weeks postoperatively. The most frequent primary and recurrence location was the proximal femur (85% revision rate). 69% of all recurrences occurred under the age of 20. After intralesional curettage the reoperation rate was 32% and after marginal resection 8%. After reconstruction with autogenous iliac crest graft recurrence rate was 36%, after autogenous fibula graft 55%, after homologous bone chips 18%, after polymethylmethacrylate 9% and allograft fibula reconstruction showed no recurrences. A combined stable osteosynthesis bridging the fibrous osseous defect significantly reduced the revision rate to 3% (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Intralesional curettage and reconstruction with autogenous iliac crest graft in fibrous dysplasia of bone leads to a high recurrence rate. Reconstruction with cortical grafts or bone chips from the bone bank, if necessary in combination with a durable osteosynthesis in mechanically demanding locations, or solely bone cement in mechanically less demanding areas, reduces the revision rate in patients with monoostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.     

Enchondromas of the hand: treatment with curettage and cemented internal fixation

Removal by means of curettage is the mainstay of surgical treatment of enchondromas of the hand. Reconstruction traditionally entails filling the tumor cavity with a bone graft, or it may be decided not to perform a reconstruction. In either case a period of protected activity is needed until the tumor cavity has healed. The current study describes the use of cemented internal fixation for the purpose of reconstruction of these cavities. This technique provides immediate mechanical stability and allows early mobilization. Between 1986 and 1999, we treated 13 patients who were diagnosed as having enchondroma of the hand. Surgery included tumor removal with hand curettes and high-speed burr drilling. The remaining tumor cavity was reconstructed by using bone cement and intramedullary hardware. All patients were followed-up for more than 2 years. There were no postoperative infections or fractures, and all patients returned to their presurgical functional capability within 4 weeks. At the most recent follow-up evaluation, none of the patients had local tumor recurrence. Although 7 patients had a decrease in flexion of the metacarpophalangeal or interphalangeal joints, none reported a functional limitation. Reconstruction of the tumor cavity with cemented hardware provides immediate mechanical stability, allows early mobilization, and is associated with good functional outcome.     

Functional outcome of en bloc excision and osteoarticular allograft replacement with the Sauve-Kapandji procedure for Campanacci grade 3 giant-cell tumor of the distal radius

PURPOSE: Multiple options have been reported for reconstruction of Campanacci grade 3 giant-cell tumor of the distal radius after resection. In 1990, the senior author described an allograft reconstruction combined with a Sauve-Kapandji procedure after distal radius resection and reported preliminary results in 3 patients. The purpose of this study was to assess with validated patient outcome surveys the intermediate to long-term outcomes of all patients treated with this surgery and to analyze their functional results and document tumor control. METHODS: All cases of distal radius osteoarticular allograft combined with the Sauve-Kapandji reconstruction for Campanacci grade 3 giant-cell tumors performed from 1986 to 2000 by a single surgeon were evaluated by clinical and radiologic examinations; the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire; the Short Form-36; and Mayo Wrist scores. RESULTS: Nine consecutive patients (7 women, 2 men) with an average age at follow-up evaluation of 42 years and with a Campanacci grade 3 giant-cell tumor of the distal radius formed the study population. Clinical follow-up time after reconstruction averaged 7 years. Examination showed an average of 51 degrees of extension and 19 degrees of flexion of the wrist and 63 degrees of supination and 79 degrees of pronation of the forearm. Grip strength measured in 5 patients averaged 23 kg. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire; the Short Form-36; and the Mayo Wrist scores averaged 15, 72, and 73, respectively. These scores indicate modest functional impact. No patient had tumor recurrence, metastases, nonunion, or proximal ulna instability. CONCLUSIONS: En bloc resection of a Campanacci grade 3 giant-cell tumor of the distal radius followed by reconstruction with an osteoarticular allograft and a Sauve-Kapandji procedure with autogenous bone graft results in a reasonable functional outcome at intermediate to long-term follow-up evaluation. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.     

高速磨钻在侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的：探讨高速磨钻在治疗侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的作用。方法：首先开窗刮除瘤腔内肿瘤组织，然后直视下应用高速磨钻沿各个方向仔细磨除瘤腔内壁表面骨嵴，尤其是瘤腔顶部，额外磨除瘤腔皮质骨下1～5mm的骨组织，直至显露正常骨质。必要时也磨除部分软骨下骨，部分病变区域需至关节软骨平面。选择非结构性移植物，包括自体髂骨或同种异体骨、碳酸化羟基磷灰石，填充骨缺损。结果：术后平均随访时间27个月(7～41个月)。3例局部复发，无远处脏器转移。术后关节功能轻度受限1例；切口早期炎性反应2例；深部感染1例；病变部位远侧肿胀1例。未发生继发性病理骨折。结论：高速磨钻对骨组织具有较强的切割作用，能较易磨平凸出的骨嵴，虽然仍为病灶内手术，但应用高速磨钻后扩大了手术切除的范围，可以达到边缘切除的效果，保证手术的彻底性。     

Is bone grafting necessary?

Summary Twenty cases of giant-cell tumour of bone treated over an 11-year period were analysed. The minimum follow-up was 2 years. Primary treatment consisted of a detailed curettage alone, without bone grafting. A recurrence rate of 30% (six patients) was recorded. Cases of recurrence were suitable for resection and endoprosthetic replacement. We conclude that detailed curettage alone, without a bone graft, is an effective primary treatment for patients with giant-cell tumour of bone.     

邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗的选择

目的回顾性分析邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗方法,前瞻性分析骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗方法选择的可行性。方法回顾性分析1978至1997年住院治疗且有完整随访资料的邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤121例,71例采用病损内手术（刮除,液氮冷冻,自体或异体骨植骨,病损内手术组）,50例采用大块切除异体半关节移植治疗（大块切除重建组）。根据随访患者临床、肿瘤特性及手术方式与肿瘤复发、肢体功能和并发症的相关性研究,按照CT横截面,肿瘤破坏大小,制订新的治疗方案：（1）Ⅰ型肿瘤破坏横轴线1／2以下,病损内手术,灭活,自体、异体骨支撑植骨或骨水泥填充;（2）U型肿瘤破坏横轴线1／2～3／4之间,Ⅰ型治疗基础上加内固定;（3）Ⅲ型肿瘤破坏横轴线〉3／4,大块切除后异体半关节移植或人工关节置换。前瞻性收集1998至2001年住院治疗且有完整随访资料的邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤65例,其中45例采用病损内手术（刮除,电灼加石炭酸灭活,自体植骨加骨水泥填充,病损内手术组）,20例采用大块切除后人工关节置换（大块切除重建组）,通过患者肿瘤复发、肢体功能和并发症评价该方案的可行性。结果第一时期内,两组间局部肿瘤复发无统计学意义,而病损内手术的术后并发症和肢体功能评分明显好于大块切除重建组。第二时期内,两组间局部肿瘤复发、术后并发症和肢体功能评分无统计学意义,大块切除重建病例数量明显减少。结论邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗,可以根据CT横截面,肿瘤破坏大小,分别选择病损内手术和肿瘤大块切除重建,而有效的病损内手术是邻膝关节骨巨细胞瘤外科治疗的首选。     

Cryosurgery and acrylic cementation as surgical adjuncts in the treatment of aggressive (benign) bone tumors. Analysis of 25 patients below the age of 21

This article reviews the clinical experience with cryosurgery (use of liquid nitrogen) and acrylic cementation (polymethylmethacrylate; PMMA) in the treatment of aggressive, benign bone sarcomas and the biologic basis of this technique. The results of 25 patients below the age of 21 treated by cryosurgery, with an average follow-up period of 60.8 months, are reported. Three approaches to surgical reconstruction were used: Group 1 (four patients) had cryosurgery with no reconstruction, Group 2 (13 patients) had bone graft reconstruction alone, and Group 3 (eight patients) had composite osteosynthesis with internal fixation, bone graft, and/or PMMA. The overall control rate was 96% (one recurrence). The tumor types were giant-cell tumor, chondroblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, and malignant giant-cell tumor. Nineteen lesions involved the lower extremity, and six lesions were located in the upper extremity. There were two secondary fractures (8%), one local flap necrosis, and one synovial fistula. There were no infections. Two epiphyseodeses were performed. The functional results were excellent (83%), good (13%), and fair (4%). The technique of composite osteosynthesis is recommended for all large tumors of the lower extremity. Cryosurgical results compare favorably with those obtained by en bloc resection and demonstrate the ability of cryosurgery to eradicate tumors while avoiding the need for extensive resections and reconstructive procedures.     

同种异体骨复合人工关节置换治疗骨肿瘤

目的：探讨分析同种异体同关节复合人工假体移植治疗骨肿瘤的临床应用及疗效。方法：对应用同种异体骨关节复合人工假体移植治疗骨肿瘤12例进行临床回顾分析。其中髋关节周围7例，膝关节周围3例，肩关节周围（肱骨近端）2例，病变性质；骨巨细胞瘤6例，皮质旁骨肉瘤2例，软骨肉瘤2例，转移性腺癌2例，均行肿瘤切除及异体骨关节复合人工假体移植。结果：本组12例病人手术均顺利，肿瘤获彻底切除，平均随访时间2．5年（1－5年），伤口均一期愈合无1例感染，关节功能按Mankin标准评定，优良率为91．6％，结论：同种异体骨关节复合人工假体移植是修复骨肿瘤的有效手段。     

冷冻异体骨移植治疗肢体骨巨细胞瘤骨缺损77例临床报告

目的评价应用异体骨重建原发骨巨细胞瘤切除后骨缺损的肢体功能及并发症的发生情况。方法对1992年至2002年进行外科治疗、有完整随访资料的77例骨巨细胞瘤进行回顾分析。外科治疗依据Enneking外科分期原则,进行了肿瘤切除、异体骨重建。采用Mankin评分方法进行功能评定。结果平均随访时间35.3个月。76例患者存活,1例死亡。局部复发率14.1％,肺转移率5.1％,骨不愈合14.1％,关节不稳定9％,内固定折断、感染率及骨折均为6.4％。治疗满意率83.2％,最终保肢率98.7％。结论采用深低温保存异体骨进行骨巨细胞瘤切除后骨缺损的修复重建是一种有效方法;同时,异体骨移植也是一种有较高并发症发生率的重建方法,降低并发症可提高肢体功能;肿瘤复发是影响治疗满意率的主要影响因素,恰当的外科边界是治疗骨巨细胞瘤的关键。     

异体冻干小块骨修复良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变切刮术后骨缺损

目的研究异体小块骨填充修复良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变切除骚刮术后骨缺损的临床应用价值及其并发症。方法1999年12月～2005年12月,使用异体小块骨对230例良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变骨缺损填充修复,其中男156例,女74例;年龄5～56岁,平均32.8岁。病程3个月～15年。肿瘤刮除术后囊腔范围为1.0cm×0.8cm～10.0cm×2.0cm,局限性切除后骨缺损长度为1.0～3.5cm。根据骨缺损情况,植入自体髂骨和异体骨0.5～30.0g,术后引流2～3d,常规应用抗生素预防感染,观察术后早期并发症,定期摄X线片了解骨愈合情况。结果术后早期体温、引流量、肢体肿胀等一般情况与自体骨移植同类手术相比无差异。术后196例切口期愈合;切口渗出淡黄色液体34例,其中30例引流2周后切口愈合,占14.78%;切口延期愈合4例,占1.7%(渗液持续3～4周后,经扩创换药期愈合3例,取出植入材料切口愈合1例)。获随访时间6～60个月,平均38个月,所有患者在6～18个月达到骨性愈合,平均6.5个月。骨移植术后肿瘤复发6例,复发率3.0%。按Mankin、Komender和王志强标准评定,满意196例,占85.22%;不满意34例,占14.78%。结论异体小块骨具有良好的组织相容性及成骨作用,是骨移植术中良好的植骨材料。植骨区的稳定性、局部血运情况及骨肿瘤刮除后瘤腔处理方法是影响骨愈合的重要因素。     

Functional outcome following excision of a tumour and reconstruction of the distal radius

We retrospectively studied the functional and oncological results of 15 patients after reconstruction of the distal radius with osteoarticular allograft or non-vascularised fibular graft following wide excision of an aggressive benign or malignant tumour. Eight patients underwent osteoarticular allograft and seven patients had a non-vascularised autogenous fibular graft reconstruction. The average time for incorporation of the graft was 6 and 5 months in each reconstruction respectively. There was no tumour recurrence after follow up over 41.5-95.5 (average 60.5) months. All patients had good and excellent functional results. Three patients in the group reconstructed with osteoarticular allograft had plate loosening and graft fractures which were successfully treated subsequently.     

Cryosurgery and Impaction Subchondral Bone Graft for the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor Around the Knee

Giant cell tumors are neoplasms of mesenchymal stromal cells with varied manifestations. There is no uniform accepted treatment protocol for these tumors. Curettage, although an accepted method of treatment, carries a high local recurrence rate. Adjuvant therapies including high-speed burr debridement, cryotherapy, and phenol treatment have been advocated to reduce local recurrence. We have used these adjuvants to determine if improved cure rate with improved outcomes could be attained with regard to local tumor control and functional outcome. Twenty-eight cases of proven giant cell tumors of the distal femur and proximal tibia were included in this prospective case series. The lesions were at the upper tibia in 14 cases and the lower femur in 14 patients. The patients were evaluated clinically, radiologically, and by histological examination. Companacci grading and Enneking staging were determined. The treatment was done in the following steps: Curettage and further debridement with a high-speed burr, cryotherapy, impaction of the cavity with subchondral iliac crest bone graft, and, finally, cementation with or without internal fixation. Functional evaluation was done by Enneking’s system. The follow-up time was between 24–40 months with a mean of 34 months. The functional results of the procedure were rated as good to excellent with a mean of 93.9%. This technique has the advantages of joint preservation, excellent functional outcome, and low recurrence rate when compared with other treatment modalities. For these reasons, it is recommended as an adjuvant to curettage for most giant cell tumors of bone.