护士长非专业角色与工作负荷研究

目的了解护士长非护理专业角色和工作负荷情况。方法采用自行设计的问卷对65名护士长进行问卷调查。结果科护士长非护理专业兼职平均为8项，病区护士长为6项；科护士长每月非护理兼职时间为（70．0±56．3）h、痛区护士长为（44．4±31．1）h；主要兼职是物价员、药物不良反应监测员、负责科室奖金分配和计量员等；77．8％科护士长、32．1％病区护士长超负荷工作；护士长兼职数、兼职时间越多，工作负荷越重（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论医院应将护士长的工作内容重新分配，减少护士长承担的非护理专业兼职工作，使护士长有更多时间专注于护理质量管理，促进护理服务质量提高。     

设立病区质控组长防范护理管理疏漏

目的 探讨护理专业骨干人员参与护理管理,防范病区护理管理疏漏的方法 .方法 在各病区选拔优秀护理人员担任质控组长,经过统一培训后按制定的岗位职责及工作流程在病区协助护士长开展质量控制.结果 设立质控组长前后病区一般护理缺陷、严重护理缺陷、意外事件及患者满意率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 设立质控组长是护士长病房管理的有力补充,是防范病区护理管理疏漏,提高护理质量的有效方法 .     

住院患者满意度测评及其与护士长领导行为的相关性研究

目的 了解住院患者对护理工作的满意度及其与护士长领导行为的关系.方法 采用医院领导行为调查表(PM量表)测评护士长领导行为,自制问卷调查住院患者满意度.结果 患者对护理工作的总体满意度为82.59%,对护理态度、病房环境、知识技能的满意度分别为90.74%、79.81%、74.44%;护士长工作绩效职能和团队关系职能平均得分为36.39±3.05和34.98±5.81;患者对护理态度、知识技能、病房环境的满意度与护士长团队关系职能均呈正相关,后两项满意度与工作绩效职能呈正相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 住院患者对护理工作的满意度与护士长领导行为有关,提高护士长的工作绩效职能和团队关系职能能提高患者满意度.     

Comparison of job satisfaction in nurses working in only-nurse-attended wards versus in normal ward

目的 比较无陪护病区与普通病区护理人员工作满意度的差异.方法 采用自行设计的临床护士工作满意度量表,对无陪护病区290名护士及普通病区293名护士进行调查.结果 无陪护病区与普通病区护理人员工作满意度评分3.3±0.5和3.3±0.4,两者比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组人员对同事关系评分最高(4.1±0.5,4.0±0.5),对工作回报的评分最低(2.6±0.9,2.7 ±0.6).无陪护病区的护理人员对工作负荷评分低于普通病区护理人员(P＜0.01),对工作被认可评分高于普通病区护理人员(P＜0.01).结论 无陪护病区与普通病区护理人员工作满意度均处于中等水平,前者工作负荷过重,但工作被认可度高.护理管理者应针对性干预与保护,以提高无陪护病区护理人员工作满意度.     

优质护理服务示范病区护士长五查房对护理质量持续改进的影响研究

目的:研究优质护理服务示范病区护士长每日五次护理查房对护理质量持续改进影响.方法:护士长每日五次重点高危时间段护理查房.通过满意度调查方法,对优质护理服务示范病区护士长开展五查房前后病人满意度情况及护理质量持续改进情况进行比较.结果:优质护理服务示范病区护士长开展五查房后病人满意度高于开展前,护理质量持续改进较开展前明显提高.(均P＜0.05).结论:优质护理服务示范病区通过护士长开展五查房,可以提高护理人员综合素质、护士长管理能力及患者满意度,减少护理并发症及不良事件发生.     

护理质量管理简报在护理质量持续改进中的作用

目的探讨护理质量持续改进的做法。方法将每个月护理质量检查、护士技能考核内容及成绩、护理工作量统计、护理质量检查评分及排名等11项内容,以护理质量管理简报的形式下发至全院各科室。自制问卷调查护士长对简报的评价,并比较简报实施前后全院护理质量检查评分。结果 92%护士长对简报满意,96%护士长认为对科室的护理质量有促进作用;实施简报前后护理安全、病区管理等9项护理质量指标评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论护理质量管理简报理清了护士长的管理思路,挖掘了护士长的管理潜能,实现了护理质量持续改进。     

实习护生反馈评价体系在护理管理中的应用

目的应用实习护生反馈评价体系评价病区实习护生带教与护理管理状况,找出相关工作的薄弱环节,明确努力方向。方法自行设计病区临床护理工作及临床带教管理状态调查表,对23名实习护生进行调查。结果临床带教问卷总分(52.65±3.77)分,出科操作考核与参与分管床位调查项得满分,护士长是否热心教学调查项得分最低;临床护理工作现状问卷总分(64.22±1.48)分;满分项目包括晨晚间护理、危重患者护理到位、患者安全措施落实、护士的工作行为及态度不受护士长在班与否的影响、护士长每日"四查"、正常开展业务学习、护理查房与危重患者讨论、病区管理状态等;最低得分项目是护工介入护士工作。结论采用实习护生反馈评价体系能客观反映病区实习护生带教与护理管理状况,对改进和提高病区护理、教学质量具有参考价值。     

新护士长病区护理质量管理能力的培训

目的探索提高新护士长病区护理质量管理能力的培训方法与效果。方法成立新护士长病区护理质量管理教育小组,制定培训方案,实行一对一全程指导,通过培训前预习,每次培训时现场听、现场看、现场做、现场问答以及培训后强化复习等方式对7名新护士长进行质量管理知识、质量管理意识、质量管理方法的系统培训。结果7名新护士长均认为该培训模式对转变角色、提升质量管理能力帮助很大;新护士长所在病区护理质量较培训前大幅提升(均P0.01)。结论新护士长因角色转变,在日常的病区护理质量管理工作中存在诸多困惑,开展系统化病区护理质量管理能力培训,可以帮助新护士长尽快适应角色转变,达到提升护理质量管理能力的目的。     

创建规范化病区 提高护理质量

目的 探讨创建规范化病区对提高病区护理质量的作用.方法 护理部在全院所有科室中选择3个病区建立规范化病区,包括规范护士职业礼仪、病房管理、健康教育、出院随访、人性化服务各个环节.结果 规范化病区创建前后护理人员三基考核成绩、病区护理质量比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).89.84%～100%规范化病区医护人员认可规范化病区建设的效果.结论 创建与实施规范化病区,有助于提高护士专业水平,全面提升护理质量,树立护理服务品牌.     

设立病区质控组长防范护理管理疏漏

目的探讨护理专业骨干人员参与护理管理,防范病区护理管理疏漏的方法。方法在各病区选拔优秀护理人员担任质控组长,经过统一培训后按制定的岗位职责及工作流程在病区协助护士长开展质量控制。结果设立质控组长前后病区一般护理缺陷、严重护理缺陷、意外事件及患者满意率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论设立质控组长是护士长病房管理的有力补充．是防范病区护理管理疏漏,提高护理质量的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.