306例吸毒者吸毒行为及HIV/AIDS的KAB调查

目的 :了解吸毒者的吸毒行为及有关HIV AIDS的知识、态度和行为情况。方法 :采用自制问卷匿名填表方法于 1998年 6月对昆明市两戒毒机构的戒毒人员进行横断面调查。调查结果用SPSS10 .0版本进行统计分析。结果 :77.1%的吸毒者以静脉注射的方式吸毒 ,其中 ,6 8.3%的人共用过注射器 ,仅 6 .2 %人采用正确方法消毒注射器。吸毒者中 79.6 %的人有两个以上的性伴侣 ,经常或每次使用安全套的人仅占 16 .9%。大多数吸毒者能正确回答艾滋病的传播途径但缺乏预防艾滋病的知识。结论 :吸毒人群感染HIV AIDS的危险行为非常普遍 ,且知晓知识到行为改变仍有很大距离 ,建议开展减少伤害的干预项目。     

广州市某监所HIV哨点监测结果报告

目的通过对收押人员的监测,掌握广州市收押人员HIV感染状况,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法对在押犯人和新收犯人进行抽血检查并现场调查HIV阳性犯人的基本情况。结果2005年6月～2005年9月检测860例犯罪嫌疑人,HIV阳性50例,检出率5.81%。其中静脉吸毒人员占80%,共用注射器比例占82.50%。静脉吸毒者性生活中,约84%的人有临时性伴,有多个性伴者占78%,安全套的使用率仅35%。结论HIV在吸毒人群中易扩散传播。共用注射器和多性伴为吸毒者的双重高危行为。必须采取有效措施对该类人群进行相关知识的宣传和高危行为的干预。     

北京市吸毒人群安全性行为知信行调查

目的：了解北京市吸毒人员有关安全性行为的知识、态度及行为情况，为预防控制艾滋病、性病在该人群的流行提供科学依据。方法：对北京市某自愿戒毒所277名吸毒者进行安全性行为的知识、态度及行为问卷调查，并对结果进行统计和分析。结果：吸毒人员关于性交时正确使用安全套能预防艾滋病的知晓率最高（93.9％），认为与临时性伴性交安全套应使用率显著高于与熟人的应使用率，与固定性伴性交安全套每次使用率最低。结论：吸毒人群中存在多性伴、不安全性行为等高危因素，在吸毒人群中开展安全性行为的宣传教育并深入推广安全套的使用，对控制艾滋病、性病的传播具有重要意义。     

遂宁市船山区吸毒人群艾滋病相关行为特征及血清学分析

目的：了解遂宁市船山区吸毒人群HIV感染率和艾滋病相关行为特征,为制定遂宁市船山区艾滋病防治措施提供科学依据。方法：2006～2008年在船山区吸毒人群进行行为监测和HIV血清学监测。结果：HIV抗体阳性率0．5％,均有注射吸毒史,吸毒人员存在与别人共用注射器,吸毒者安全套使用率不高,吸毒人员接受过针具交换、美沙酮治疗、艾滋病咨询等相关干预服务的比例较低。结论：吸毒人群存在HIV感染流行加快的潜在因素,应加强健康教育和实施行为干预。     

北京地区吸毒者艾滋病的认知和态度及流行病学调查

目的:调查北京地区的吸毒者对艾滋病的态度、知识.方法:采用北京大学中国药物依赖性研究所提供的<艾滋病态度知识调查问卷>对北京市安康医院戒毒中心在2002年10月-2003年3月收治的235例戒毒人员进行调查.结果:(1)被调查对象235例,平均年龄28.2a±s5.8a,其中101例(42.98%)使用注射器,在注射吸毒者中有41例(占注射吸毒的17.45%)与他人共用注射器.(2)被调查者中有205例(87.23%)与他人发生过性行为,同配偶或恋爱对象以外的人发生性关系的51例(占24.88%),发生性关系中有吸毒的35例(17.07%;35/205).(3)艾滋病知识方面:担心被传染艾滋病的153人(65.11%;153/235);有157人(66.81%)认为艾滋病是可以治愈的;有127人(54.04%)认为感染AIDS后会立刻出现症状;认为AIDS侵犯呼吸系统、大脑、心脏的分别为45人(19.15%)、41人(17.45%)和21人(8.94%);有136人(57.87%)认为蚊虫叮咬可传染艾滋病,有117人(49.79%)认为AIDS可通过接吻方式传播,有103人(43.83%)认为共同吸毒可传染艾滋病,有91人(38.72%)认为与艾滋病患者共用浴室可传染艾滋病,有85人(36.17%)认为与艾滋病患者共用餐具可传染艾滋病,有64人(27.23%)认为与艾滋病患者共用马桶可传染艾滋病.(4)在"听说艾滋病的渠道的?"一项中:来源于电视、广播、报纸等媒体的142人(占60.43%),来源于家人朋友的80人(占34.04%),来源于学校或单位的74例(占31.49%),从吸毒者、性伙伴处听说的41人(占17.45%).结论:吸毒人群是艾滋病的高发人群;该人群中艾滋病知识缺乏;对该人群关于AIDS宣传力度不够.     

2012年昆区吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒及丙肝感染状况及影响因素分析

目的了解昆区吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒及丙肝感染状况及影响因素,为本区制定艾滋病防治策略和干预措施及效果评价提供依据。方法对403名哨点监测吸毒人员进行面对面问卷调查,同时采血进行HIV、梅毒及丙肝检测。结果调查的403名人中,艾滋病知识知晓率62．68％,HIV感染率为0．50％,梅毒感染率为1．99％;丙肝感染率为26．05％。人群中注射吸毒占57．82％,共用注射器吸毒者占22．75％,有多性伴行为占15．63％,安全套使用率为34．58％。结论本区被调查的吸毒人群中,艾滋病、梅毒感染率较低,丙肝感染率较高。吸毒人群中艾滋病有广泛流行的潜在危险。这要求必须加强吸毒人员艾滋病预防知识的宣传教育和实施行为进行干预,做好艾滋病哨点监测工作。     

重庆市美沙酮门诊服药人员艾滋病知识与高危行为调查分析

目的:研究美沙酮服药人员对艾滋病相关知识知晓程度以及艾滋病危险行为特征,为制定吸毒人群的艾滋病防控策略提供科学依据。方法:2008年10月-2009年3月,采用统一问卷对美沙酮门诊的300名服药者进行现场问卷调查。结果:门诊服药人群艾滋病知识的总知晓率为84.0%(19.32/23);21.4%(52/243)与他人共用过注射器;8.7%(18/206)曾有过商业性行为;53.9%(111/206)的人从未使用过安全套。结论:美沙酮维持治疗人员艾滋病知识知晓率低,不安全性行为普遍,有必要进一步加强吸毒人群中艾滋病知识的健康教育和行为干预,预防艾滋病在吸毒人群中的传播和流行。     

针具交换结合同伴宣传对吸毒者艾滋病知识及高危性行为的干预效果分析

目的:通过同伴宣传和针具交换项目提高干预对象关于艾滋病知识的知晓率,减少吸毒者传播和感染艾滋病病毒的高危行为,降低吸毒人群中艾滋病病毒的传播流行。方法:通过卫生工作人员和同伴宣传员向吸毒者提供并回收清洁针具、发放宣传折页、张贴宣传画以及对吸毒者进行面对面的宣传等措施在广西壮族自治区百色地区的注射吸毒者中开展了为期1 a的针具交换和同伴宣传项目。在干预前后分别进行基线和终期横断面调查,通过对比两次调查中吸毒者的艾滋病知识和自我报告的高危性行为等变化情况对干预效果进行评估。结果:终期调查时,吸毒者所有艾滋病知识的知晓率均显著高于基线调查时;在终期调查时吸毒者的单一性伴比例为50.5%,显著高于基线调查(27.6%)时,但是他们在婚外性行为中的安全套使用率却显著低于基线调查。结论:同伴宣传结合针具交换干预措施能显著提高吸毒者关于艾滋病方面的知识,显著降低吸毒者多性伴的比例,但是对于提高他们的安全套使用率方面却没有效果。     

广西西部吸毒人员艾滋病病毒感染情况及有关危险因素调查分析

目的:了解桂西吸毒人员艾滋病病毒感染的流行情况及HIV感染有关危险因素。方法:对广西西部地区三县一市的478例吸毒人员进行了调查和血清HIV抗体检测。结果:在478例吸毒人员中共检出HIV感染者250例,HIV感染率为52·30%。与HIV感染有关的危险因素主要是静脉注射吸毒及共用注射器,其中有静脉注射毒品史者的HIV感染率远高于非注射者(67·87%/4·27%,P<0·001),有共用注射器吸毒史者高于无共用者(70·08%/29·92%,P<0·001);有婚前或婚外性行为者HIV感染率高于无婚前或婚外性行为者(66·98%/40·30%),两者比较差异有显著性(P<0·001)。结论:广西百色地区吸毒人群HIV感染率高。静脉注射吸毒是HIV感染的高危因素;也存在性行为传播的危险性。应该采取预防措施,防止艾滋病病毒进一步扩散。     

4873例吸毒者中HIV感染情况分析

目的 :了解吸毒人群HIV感染在我省的地区分布 ,吸毒行为与HIV感染率的关系 ,吸毒者对艾滋病的认识情况。方法 :对我所 1999年 - 2 0 0 1年累计收容的 4 873例吸毒劳教人员进行HIV血清抗体检测 ,采用自行设计的“吸毒方式调查表”和“艾滋病知识调查表”进行问卷调查。结果 :4 873例吸毒人员中HIV阳性者 81例 ,检出率 1 6 6 %。其中阳江市HIV阳性者 4 6例 ,占总感染者的 5 6 79% (46 / 81)。揭阳市、汕尾二市未检测出HIV感染者 ;HIV AIDS感染多的阳江与上述两市相比 ,在共用注射器注射毒品的人数 (P <0 0 0 1) ,对艾滋病传播途径的认识 (P <0 0 1) ,对共用注射器能否传播艾滋病的认识 (P <0 0 5 )等差异有显著性。结论 :广东HIV AIDS患者的地区分布存在差异 ,这可能与吸毒者共用注射器注射毒品以及对艾滋病的传播途径认识上的差异有关     

西安市戒毒者吸毒行为和性行为定性研究

目的:了解吸毒者的吸毒行为和性行为方式以及行为意识。方法:2001年10月-2002年6月采用单独个人深入访谈方式对西安市长安区和碑林区戒毒所的46名吸毒者进行调查。结果:73.9%的调查对象采取烫吸、口服或口含方式吸毒;主要原因是认为注射方式吸毒对健康危害比较大,容易感染疾病、害怕过量致死、害怕感染艾滋病。在静脉注射毒品者中,33.3%的人在不方便携带、晚上不方便购买或犯毒瘾时来不及购买注射器的情况下,共用或重复使用注射器。大多数吸毒者已经不是第一次戒毒,复吸的原因主要是不能脱离原来的环境,其次是不能控制心瘾;社会和家人的歧视,生活压力等也是导致高复吸率的常见原因。戒毒人员发生婚前、婚外性行为的比例分别为71.7%(33人)和28.3%(13人);71.7%(33人)的人有2个以上性伙伴,有性行为的戒毒者中,经常使用安全套的比例不到15%。结论:尽管西安市吸毒者主要以烫吸为主要吸毒方式,但仍存在注射毒品高危行为和高危性行为。     

Do drug users in China who frequently receive detoxification treatment change their risky drug use practices and sexual behavior?

BACKGROUND: Relapse rates among treated drug users in China are high. We examined the associations between frequency of drug detoxification treatment and HIV-related risky drug practices and sexual behavior. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among drug users in two Anhui province detoxification centers in 2003. RESULTS: A total of 312 drug users were recruited. Seventy-seven percent of the subjects had ever received two or more detoxification treatments. The median number of detoxification treatments received was three, with an interquartile range of two to five treatments. More than 7 in 10 (72%) ever injected drugs; 19% shared needles and syringes in the past 30 days; 40% of drug users reported having both regular and commercial sex partners in the past year and 48% reported having only regular sex partners. Multiple Poisson regression analysis documented that the frequency of detoxification treatment was not associated with a decrease in drug practice (injection or sharing needles) and in unprotected sex. CONCLUSION: Drug users who frequently received detoxification treatment did not change their risky drug use practices and sexual behavior. Effective behavioral interventions and substitution maintenance treatment should become an integral part of detoxification programs in China.     

43例海洛因依赖者HIV感染情况分析

目的：了解海洛因滥用者HIV感染情况并分析其相关因素。方法：对我院2005年、2006年两年收治的4481例海洛因依赖者进行HIV血清抗体检测,初筛阳性者填写HIV／AIDS感染个案调查登记及流行病学调查表并上报上级防疫部门进行复查确诊。结果：4481例海洛因滥用者中HIV抗体阳性者43例占0.96％,其中2005年10例占0.42％（10／2367）,2006年33例占1.56％（33／2114）,两年比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,所有感染者均为静脉注射吸毒者,其中42例有共用注射器情况。43例HIV感染者均有性乱行为。结论：静脉注射特别是共用注射器是造成HIV在吸毒群体中迅速传播的危险因素,性乱行为加速了HIV从吸毒人群到普通人群的蔓延。因此,加强对吸毒人群特别是注射毒品者进行教育和行为干预,改变吸毒者的认知及行为方式,拒绝共用注射器,拒绝性乱行为,能有效地避免HIV／AIDS的传播。     

Risk factors for HIV infection among drug injectors in southern Thailand

BACKGROUND: To determine HIV sero-prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDU) in southern Thailand. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional HIV sero-prevalence and behavioral survey, 272 active IDU were interviewed about background, life-style, drug use patterns, and sexual behaviors at six drug-treatment clinics in southern Thailand. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent reported lifetime needle sharing; 96% had tried HIV risk-reduction by either stopping/decreasing visits to sex workers and/or stopping/decreasing needle sharing. Only 5% knew that bleaching needles could reduce transmission risks. Overall, 51% tested HIV-positive (43% ethnic Thai vs. 64% ethnic Malay). HIV seropositivity among ethnic Thai was independently correlated with past history of needle sharing (OR 6.95; 1.89-25.58), injecting immediately at drug onset (OR 2.53; 1.25-5.13), and starting first injection at younger age (OR 2.61; 1.31-5.22). Injecting immediately at drug onset (OR 4.32; 1.23-15.14) and not carrying new needles (OR 4.47; 1.27-15.69) were risk factors among minority ethnic Malay. CONCLUSION: A high rate of HIV infection persists among southern-Thai IDU. HIV-infected individuals may act as a bridge of HIV transmission to their sex partners. AIDS prevention efforts should more intensely focus on minority ethnic Malays, discouraging needle sharing and increasing protected sex with regular sexual partners.     

Needle-sharing among young IV drug users and their social network members: The influence of the injection partner's characteristics on HIV risk behavior

Injection drug use is a risk factor for HIV among adolescents and young adults, yet the interpersonal dynamics of needle-sharing among young injectors remain poorly understood. Research has focused on identifying the characteristics of individual IV drug users (IVDUs) that increase their risk of needle-sharing. Most studies have not taken into consideration IVDUs' decisions to share needles with certain partners but not with other partners. This study examined partner characteristics associated with needle-sharing among 96 male and 77 female young adult IV drug users who had shared needles previously. Men were most likely to share needles with partners who gave them emotional support, partners who they injected or who injected them, and partners with whom they had had sex. Women were most likely to share needles with partners who they injected or who injected them, partners with whom they had discussed HIV risk, and partners with whom they had had sex. Results indicate that needle-sharing occurs within the context of mutual injection rituals and close emotional and sexual relationships. Public health interventions are needed to help young IVDUs to avoid needle-sharing with intimate partners.     

Distributive syringe sharing among young adult injection drug users in five U.S. cities

Blood-borne pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are transmitted most commonly among injection drug users (IDUs) through the sharing of needles and syringes. Distributive syringe sharing (DSS) (i.e., passing on a used needle/syringe to another IDU) poses the potential risk of transmitting HIV and viral hepatitis to others. We studied the prevalence and correlates of DSS among IDUs enrolled in a randomized behavioral intervention trial designed to reduce behaviors associated with HIV and HCV transmission in five U.S. cities. Among 3129 IDUs ages 15-30 years who completed the baseline visit, 1432 (45.8%) engaged in DSS during the 3 months prior to baseline. Significant correlates of DSS were perception that peer norms condone needle sharing, frequent injection, not obtaining most syringes from needle exchange programs or pharmacies, injecting most frequently in shooting galleries and with sex partners, low perceived risk of HIV from sharing syringes, increased anxiety, low self-esteem, and having unprotected sex. Restricting to only those IDUs who reported not injecting with previously used syringes, similar independent correlates of DSS were found. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce ongoing transmission of blood-borne infections should focus on altering peer norms among networks of young IDUs.     

Acceptance of HIV-antibody testing by persons seeking outpatient treatment for cocaine abuse

One hundred of 101 applicants for outpatient treatment for cocaine abuse consented to voluntary HIV-antibody testing when the testing was offered as an option within the medical assessment at intake. Twelve applicants tested HIV-antibody positive; eight of these had injected drugs parenterally with syringes and needles used by other addicts and four had never taken drugs intravenously. There were no significant differences between HIV-antibody positive and negative applicants regarding the percentages who completed the evaluation, began treatment, and completed four weeks of treatment. A subgroup of 48 patients were interviewed regarding their knowledge of HIV infection, AIDS, and risk factors associated with transmission of HIV. All 48 patients had heard of HIV, AIDS, and recommendations that they use condoms as well as clean syringes and needles. None of the 48 patients reported that they used condoms; 10 reported reduced sexual activity and number of sexual partners; and none of those who shared needles reported that they had discontinued sharing other addicts' drug paraphernalia. The authors conclude that on-site, voluntary HIV-antibody testing for drug abusing patients entering treatment appears feasible and is not a deterrent to persons entering and continuing in treatment for drug abuse. The finding that persons at risk for HIV infection have knowledge of risk factors and have not changed risk-taking behaviors associated with HIV contagion points out the urgent need for further education and counseling.