应用骨折风险预测简易工具评估太原市部分中老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折风险的价值

目的评价骨折风险预测简易工具(FRAX)在太原市部分中老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折风险评估中的应用价值。方法在山西医科大学第一医院治疗的髋部骨质疏松性骨折患者(n=292)为骨折组,以骨折组为标准,按性别、年龄配对,招募相同地域的社区居民为对照组(n=292)。2组均使用双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)检测股骨颈骨密度(BMD),收集骨折危险因素,采用FRAX中国模式分别预测2组受试者在有无BMD条件下10年发生髋部骨质疏松性骨折的概率。结果骨折组在有无BMD的条件下10年发生髋部骨质疏松性骨折的概率均高于对照组(P0.01)。有BMD时FRAX预测髋部骨质疏松性骨折的ROC曲线下面积高于无BMD时(0.905、0.701,P0.01),但有无BMD的FRAX预测ROC曲线下面积均低于BMD测定。结论采用FRAX预测太原市部分中老年人骨质疏松性髋部骨折风险评估有一定价值,但预测骨折风险值较低,需要进一步矫正。     

骨折风险评估工具在风湿性疾病领域中的应用进展

风湿性疾病的发病机制使得患者的骨质疏松和骨质疏松性骨折的发生率明显高于健康人,如何及早发现并干预高骨折风险的风湿性疾病患者成为研究的热点之一。骨折风险评估工具（FRAX）的应用及研究进展非常迅速,在普通人群及多个疾病领域中均有普遍应用。本文结合最新的文献和研究成果,综述FRAX在常见风湿性疾病患者中的应用及一些存在的问...     

应用骨折风险因子评估工具识别绝经后女性骨质疏松症

目的应用世界卫生组织骨折风险因子评估工具（FRAX）识别绝经后女性骨质疏松症。方法在秦皇岛市第一医院进行骨密度测量的绝经后女性103名为研究对象,平均年龄（64．1±9．8）岁。采用问卷调查的方法,计算骨折风险（不应用骨密度）和亚洲人骨质疏松自我筛查工具（OSTA）指数。结果共检出骨质疏松症患者43例,骨质疏松组年龄明显高于非骨质疏松组（P〈0．01）。骨质疏松组OSTA指数明显低于非骨质疏松组,10年髋部骨折风险和主要骨质疏松性骨折风险明显高于非骨质疏松组（P〈0．01）。OSTA指数识别骨质疏松症的ROC曲线下面积为0．734（P=0．000）,准确性中等。10年髋部骨折风险识别骨质疏松症的ROC曲线下面积为0．766（P=0．000）,准确性中等。结论FRAX工具同样可用于识别绝经后女性骨质疏松症,但并不优于OSTA指数。     

骨折风险评估工具(FRAX(R) )对绝经后低骨量女性骨折的预测价值

目的 评估骨折风险评估工具(FRAX(R) )对绝经后低骨量女性骨折的预测价值.方法 收集绝经后低骨量上海女性769人,记录所有受试者年龄、身高、体重、脆性骨折史、父母脆性骨折史、口服激素史、类风湿关节炎史、吸烟史、饮酒史,腰椎1-4(L1-4)和左侧股骨颈骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD).应用骨折风险评估工具(FRAX(R))中国模式计算受试个体的10年骨折概率,筛选达到骨质疏松性骨折高危患者诊断标准的个体.按年龄将受试者分为50～59岁组,60～69岁组,70~79岁组和80~90岁组,分析不同年龄组10年髋部骨折概率和10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率.结果受试者中无人达到骨质疏松性骨折高危患者诊断标准.10年髋部骨折概率为0.40±0.26(范围:0～2.2);10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率为2.27±0.62(范围:1.0～4.9).10年髋部骨折概率随着年龄增长而升高,各年龄组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率在50至70岁期间,并随年龄增长而升高,随后随年龄增长逐渐下降,各年龄组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 FRAX(R)中国模式运算结果低估了绝经后低骨量上海女性10年骨折概率,尤其是70岁以后10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率;应进一步探讨FRAX(R)中国模式对绝经后低骨量女性骨折的预测价值.     

骨折风险预测简易工具对住院2型糖尿病患者骨折风险的预测及临床意义

目的探讨骨折风险预测简易工具(FRAX)预测住院低骨量2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者发生骨质疏松性骨折的风险。方法采用随机选择175例住院T2DM患者作为T2DM组,同期门诊非T2DM患者108例作为对照组。受试者均采用双能X线骨密度测量仪(DXA)检测腰椎(L1-4)及左侧股骨(股骨颈、大转子、wards三角)的骨密度(BMD),记录每例患者日常生活中可能影响骨代谢的危险因素,根据体重指数(BMI)和股骨颈BMD,用FRAX计算10年主要骨质疏松性骨折发生概率(临床性脊椎、髋骨、前臂和肱骨骨折)和10年髋部骨折发生概率。结果 T2DM组BMD与对照组相比无明显下降(P0.05),但发生骨质疏松性骨折的风险却明显增高(P0.05);根据BMI计算10年全部主要骨质疏松性骨折(BBMO)发生概率和10年髋部骨折(BBHF)发生概率、根据股骨颈骨密度计算10年全部主要骨质疏松性骨折(BMO)发生概率和10年髋部骨折(BHF)发生概率之间呈显著正相关(P0.001);年龄、绝经年限、BMI、吸烟、补充钙与维生素D、以往骨折史、骨质疏松病史、父母髋部骨折史、糖尿病病史等与发生骨质疏松性骨折的风险密切相关(均P0.05)。结论 T2DM患者较对照组更易发生骨质疏松性骨折,并与多种危险因素密切相关;常规补充适量钙剂和维生素D、进行体育运动、控制血糖等可预防和减少骨质疏松性骨折。     

FRAX在中国绝经后女性人群骨折风险预测中的适用性评价

目的评价世界卫生组织发布的骨折风险预测工具(FRAX)对中国绝经后女性人群的适用性,探索有、无股骨颈骨密度(BMD)对FRAX预测结果的影响。方法对2314名绝经后中国女性进行回顾性队列分析。采集所有入选者FRAX预测工具中所包含的各危险因素资料,将包括股骨颈BMDT值等数据输入FRAX,计算10年骨折风险。从所有危险因素数据中得出针对中国绝经后女性骨折风险预测的回归方程,将该方程得出的骨折风险值与FRAX预测值相比较。对有无BMD情况下的FRAX预测值进行比较。结果除吸烟和饮酒外,FRAX预测风险与各危险因素间均具有统计学意义,既往骨折史是最重要的危险因素。骨质疏松引起的主要骨折概率(临床性椎体、髋部、肱骨和前臂骨折)和髋部骨折的概率均随着股骨颈BMD的下降而升高。根据中国绝经后女性骨折风险预测回归方程计算的髋部骨折风险概率与FRAX预测结果一致,有无BMD情况下的FRAX预测结果差异无统计学意义。结论 FRAX可用于中国绝经后女性人群骨折风险预测,无BMD情况下的FRAX预测结果同样可靠。     

骨折风险评估工具(FRAX~)对绝经后低骨量女性骨折的预测价值

目的评估骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)对绝经后低骨量女性骨折的预测价值。方法收集绝经后低骨量上海女性769人,记录所有受试者年龄、身高、体重、脆性骨折史、父母脆性骨折史、口服激素史、类风湿关节炎史、吸烟史、饮酒史,腰椎1-4(L1-4)和左侧股骨颈骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)。应用骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)中国模式计算受试个体的10年骨折概率,筛选达到骨质疏松性骨折高危患者诊断标准的个体。按年龄将受试者分为50~59岁组,60~69岁组,70~79岁组和80~90岁组,分析不同年龄组10年髋部骨折概率和10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率。结果受试者中无人达到骨质疏松性骨折高危患者诊断标准。10年髋部骨折概率为0.40±0.26(范围:0~2.2);10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率为2.27±0.62(范围:1.0~4.9)。10年髋部骨折概率随着年龄增长而升高,各年龄组间差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率在50至70岁期间,并随年龄增长而升高,随后随年龄增长逐渐下降,各年龄组差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 FRAX中国模式运算结果低估了绝经后低骨量上海女性10年骨折概率,尤其是70岁以后10年主要骨质疏松性骨折概率;应进一步探讨FRAX中国模式对绝经后低骨量女性骨折的预测价值。     

老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险评估及其与脊柱曲度的关系

目的评估老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险,并探讨其与脊柱曲度之间的关系。方法于2016年1月至2017年6月对北京市海淀医院1 213例老年人进行调查评估。通过双光能X线骨密度仪,采用骨折风险测评工具(FRAX)评估10年内主要骨质疏松性骨折(包括前臂、肩部、脊椎骨折等)概率和髋部骨折概率。采用脊柱电子测量仪测量直立位的躯干倾斜角、脊柱椎间夹角、脊柱曲度。最后对老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险进行评估并分析其与脊柱曲度的关系。结果≥80岁组发生髋部骨折概率≥3%的检出率高于60～79岁组(P0.05),女性发生髋部骨折概率≥3%的检出率显著高于男性(P0.05);骨量正常组、骨量减少组、骨质疏松组发生髋部骨折概率≥3%的检出率整体比较以及两两互相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。主要骨质疏松性骨折风险概率、髋部骨折风险概率与T7、T8夹角及躯干前倾角呈正相关(P0.05)。主要骨质疏松性骨折风险概率、髋部骨折风险概率与直立胸椎曲度及直立腰椎曲度呈正相关(P0.05)。结论老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险不但与年龄、性别、骨量有关系,而且与脊柱曲度具有相关性,能够反映骨质疏松性骨折风险的高低。     

绝经后妇女丙型肝炎病毒感染与骨质疏松性骨折风险的相关性

目的探讨绝经后妇女丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染与骨质疏松性骨折风险的相关性。方法 282例绝经后妇女均抽血检测HCV抗体,应用双能X射线吸收测定法(DXA)和骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)评分评估患者骨密度(BMD)及骨折风险。对绝经期妇女骨质疏松的危险因素进行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果 HCV抗体阳性组腰椎、全髋及股骨颈的BMD均明显低于HCV抗体阴性组(P<0.05),HCV抗体阳性组骨质疏松发病率(50.6%)明显高于HCV抗体阴性组(31.0%)(P<0.05)。根据FRAX评分结果,各风险组乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染率无显著差异(P>0.05);低风险组、中度风险组HCV感染率明显低于高风险组(P<0.05)。HCV抗体阳性组主要骨质疏松性骨折及髋部骨折风险[(11.3±7.6)%及(3.7±1.7)%]均明显高于HCV抗体阴性组[(9.0±6.8)%及(2.4±1.9)%,P<0.05]。多因素的分析结果显示在调整年龄、血压、吸烟、饮酒及其他协变量后,HCV是绝经期妇女的骨量减少或骨质疏松的独立危险因素(OR:1.80;95%CI:1.16~2.81;P=0.009)。结论 HCV感染是绝经后妇女骨量减少或骨质疏松的独立危险因素,预防HCV感染可能有助于降低绝经后妇女骨折风险。     

骨折风险评估工具（FRAX（R））对男性骨折的预测价值

目的 评估骨折风险评估工具（FRAX（R） ）对男性骨折的预测价值.方法收集698名无骨折史上海市男性的临床资料并进行回顾性分析.记录研究对象的年龄、身高、体重、父母脆性骨折史、口服激素史、类风湿关节炎史、饮酒史、吸烟史、合并其他可引起继发性骨质疏松的疾病史,腰椎1-4（L1-4）、左侧股骨颈、总髋部骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）.应用骨折风险评估工具（FRAX（R） ）中国模式计算个体10年骨折发生概率,筛选达到骨质疏松性骨折高危患者标准的个体.将受试者按年龄分为5组：40～49岁组,50～59岁组,60～69岁组,70~79岁组和80~90岁组,分析不同年龄段10年髋部骨折和主要骨质疏松性骨折的发生概率;分析50～59岁组,60～69岁组,70~79岁组和80~90岁4组不同年龄段骨量减少比例.将受试者按体重分为4组：消瘦组（体重指数,BMI＜18.5 kg/m2）,正常组（18.5≤BMI＜24 kg/m2）,超重组（24≤BMI＜28 kg/m2）和肥胖组（BMI≥28 kg/m2）,分析不同体重指数人群骨量减少比例.结果 仅3名受试者达到骨质疏松性髋部骨折高危患者标准.10年髋部骨折发生概率为0.53±0.4（0～4.0）;10年主要骨质疏松性骨折发生概率为1.62±0.76（0.4～5.4）.10年髋部骨折发生概率在40～69岁期间随年龄增长升高,其后随年龄增长逐渐下降,各年龄组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;10年主要骨质疏松性骨折发生概率随年龄增长逐渐下降,各年龄组间比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.按年龄分组及按体重分组组间骨量减少率比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 FRAX（R）中国模式运算结果可能低估上海男性10年骨折发生概率,尤其是10年主要骨质疏松性骨折发生概率;FRAX（R）中国模式对男性骨折的预测价值值得进一步探讨.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.