保乳治疗复发后的乳房再造研究现状

在全球范围内,保乳术及整形保乳术在乳腺癌外科治疗中逐渐被广泛应用。对于保乳术后同侧乳房局部复发患者,相当一部分因会选择补救性全乳切除,面临着乳房缺失问题。这部分患者因有胸壁放疗史,并多进行过系统治疗,因此行乳房再造时具有一定的特殊性,需引起手术医师的重视。为给予手术医师手术方案的制定提供线索与帮助,本文将从肿瘤学安全性、术后近远期并发症、术后美学效果方面对解救性乳房切除术联合即刻乳房再造进行综述。      

放疗与即刻乳房重建的相互影响

乳房切除术后放疗在肿瘤治疗获益的同时, 也会增加重建术后并发症, 并可能影响术后关学效果。近年来, 即刻乳房重建已成为乳房重建的趋势。本文探讨了放疗与即刻乳房重建的相互影响, 以及影响放疗并发症的因素。分析认为, 通过选择个体化的乳房重建方案, 改进放疗技术和重建技术, 放疗与即刻乳房重建的相互影响将逐渐减少。可以为术后需要放疗而又有强烈即刻乳房重建要求的患者实施即刻重建。但此观点尚需进行前瞻性临床研究证实, 并应在术前向患者充分告知这种可能的相互影响。      

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

乳房切除术后即时乳房重建和放疗的临床结果

乳腺癌患者乳房切除手术后对患者心理和生理有着不利的影响,因此乳房重建手术越来越受到重视.放疗能够降低局部区域复发,但术后放疗对重建乳房美容效果的影响及技术实施上的难点成为近年来引起关注的特殊临床问题[1].笔者回顾28例乳腺癌患者乳房切除术加即时乳房重建及放疗后的近期结果 ,分析即时乳房重建后放疗的可行性.     

Preoperative breast MRI in early-stage breast cancer

Rapid uptake of new imaging technology is a major contributor to rising healthcare costs. Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with early-stage breast cancer has dramatically increased in use without the evidence of improved outcomes compared to standard assessment and is associated with higher rates of mastectomy. A decision analytic model was developed to evaluate the impact of adding breast MRI to the preoperative evaluation of women with early-stage breast cancer who were candidates for breast-conserving therapy on patient outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Model inputs, including survival, recurrence rates, and health utilities, were obtained from a comprehensive literature review. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate threshold values for key parameters at which adding MRI would become the optimal imaging strategy over standard assessment. Preoperative MRI resulted in 17.77 QALYs compared to 17.86 QALYs with standard assessment, a decrease of 0.09 QALYs or 34?days. In sensitivity analyses, standard assessment was associated with better patient outcomes than preoperative breast MRI across all plausible probabilities for mastectomy, local recurrence, and health utilities. For routine preoperative breast MRI to become the optimal strategy, the conversion rate to mastectomy after preoperative MRI would need to be <1?% (versus the range of 3.6-33?% reported in the literature). Routine preoperative breast MRI appears to confer no advantage over the standard diagnostic evaluations for early-stage breast cancer and may lead to worse patient outcomes.     

Glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer, benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, enolase and pyruvate kinase were studied in breast cancer tissues, in comparison to benign breast disease and normal breast tissues. The enzyme activities in breast cancer were significantly increased compared to normal and benign breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Also the increase in activity in benign disease compared to normal was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Within the group of benign diseases, fibroadenomas could be distinguished from fibrocystic disease, the former generally showing higher activities compared to the latter (p less than or equal to 0.05). Carcinoma subgroups, classified according to their histology, could not be recognized enzymologically. In addition, isozyme composition of pyruvate kinase and enolase was studied. We did not find a significant shift towards K type pyruvate kinase expression in benign disease compared to normal breast tissues. Also fibroadenomas did not differ from fibrocystic disease. However, the amount of K type pyruvate kinase in carcinomas proved to be significantly higher in comparison to benign disease and normal breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Expression of alpha gamma-enolase in normal breast tissue was virtually absent. In benign disease only a minority of specimens did show the hybrid alpha gamma-enolase. Nearly all carcinomas had alpha gamma-enolase expression and in 20% of the carcinomas gamma gamma-enolase could be detected (so-called neuron-specific enolase). By discriminant analysis, the function giving the best discrimination compared to the histological data was based on natural logarithm aldolase and the total of gamma-enolase subunits. Contrary to expectation, the regulator enzymes of glycolysis; i.e., hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not included in this discriminant function. The best fit produced a 90% correct classification in both benign and malignant disease. If these findings are confirmed to a larger series, the discrimination is sufficiently strong to form the basis of a clinically useful tool.     

倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大或合并乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的探讨倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大患者，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者手术中的应用及其临床意义。 方法本回顾性研究共纳入2007年10月到2017年10月分别在同济大学附属东方医院及附属同济医院乳腺外科行缩乳术的39例乳房肥大女性患者，均采用倒T形切口(内侧蒂25例，垂直蒂5例，外侧蒂9例)。其中，包括18例符合保留乳房手术指征的乳腺癌患者(内侧蒂10例，垂直蒂4例，外侧蒂4例)。术后6、12个月评价美容效果(乳腺癌患者待放射治疗结束后进行评价)。评估患者的术后并发症、满意度以及复发转移情况。 结果39例患者术后乳房外形自然、对称，明显缩小上提，乳头、乳晕血供和感觉良好，瘢痕不明显，患者满意度高。1例术后2周出现一侧乳房的乳头乳晕区坏死，经过清创换药后愈合。5例术后双侧乳头乳晕感觉减退，其中4例在术后6个月左右恢复正常感觉，1例在术后12个月恢复。5例出现术后局部乳房组织硬结，其中3例为接受过放射治疗的乳腺癌患者，二次手术切除硬结后无再次发生。3例出现瘢痕处猫耳畸形，再次局部麻醉手术修整后效果良好，3例瘢痕增粗，其余患者瘢痕正常。乳腺癌患者中有3例出现放射治疗后患侧乳房皮肤水肿，术后12个月消退。术后6个月进行了美容效果评价，极好25例，良好10例，中等4例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好6例，中等3例，差0例)。术后12个月的美容效果评价显示：极好25例，良好13例，中等1例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好8例，中等1例，差0例)。随访时间最长的1例患者(双侧乳房单纯性重度肥大)术后观察了10年，乳房外形无明显变化。全部患者术后随访15～120个月，中位随访61个月，18例乳腺癌患者均无局部复发转移。 结论对于乳房肥大，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者，采用倒T形切口缩乳术，既可切除病变，又可缩小并悬吊乳房。     

保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者手术后生活质量(QOL)的影响。方法选取2010年1月至2015年6月北京协和医院行保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后于2016年3月至2016年4月在医院乳腺外科门诊随访的64例患者,其中保乳手术30例(保乳组),延迟即刻再造术34例(乳房再造组)。应用肿瘤治疗功能评价系统(FACT-B)量表对两组患者进行生活质量测评比较。结果两组患者生理状况、社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、总体生活质量评价FACT-G和FACT-B条目状况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);乳房再造组患者附加关注(乳腺癌特异模块)方面QOL优于保乳术组,差异有统计学意义(29.37±2.72vs 24.05±7.01,P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后患者生活质量无明显差异。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射与全乳照射剂量学的比较

目的比较早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射(APBI)与全乳照射(WBI)剂量学的差异。方法选取2013年1月至2013年12月间收治的26例保乳术后采用APBI治疗的乳腺癌患者作为观察组,另选取同期保乳术后采用WBI治疗的28例乳腺癌患者作为对照组。采用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两组患者剂量学差异,总结两组患者的短期疗效;比较观察组患者在有无图像指导下的位移差异。结果观察组患者的平均剂量(Dmean)、照射体积百分比(V103、V105、V110)和靶区剂量不均匀指数(IHI)均显著低于对照组,各项危及器官(OARS)照射剂量均显著低于对照组,且心脏和肺的照射体积也显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组患者美容满意率为96.2%(25/26),对照组患者为67.9%(19/28),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者在有无图像引导下的位移差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后APBI照射剂量低于WBI,改善靶区剂量分布,降低心肺等组织高剂量受照体积,结合图像引导,可以增加准确性。     

保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房成形术的临床应用

目的探讨保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形术在临床中的运用价值。方法乳腺癌患者12例,其中DCIS 6例,浸润性导管癌3例,小管癌1例,髓样癌1例,黏液癌1例;保留乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术9例,保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术3例。全组均保留或重建乳房下皱襞,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房成形。结果横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术9例,术后皮瓣均存活,皮瓣血管通畅,成形乳房外观良好。结论对早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形,切口隐蔽,成形乳房形态效果良好,可以获得较好的美容效果。     

Controversies in breast conservation treatment for breast cancer

Breast conservation treatment has become the standard treatment for early breast cancer patients, after the equivalence of mastectomy and breast conservation treatment was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and large retrospective studies. New questions, such as the feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving breast conserving rate, the appropriateness of breast conservation treatment in ductal carcinoma in situ, the effectiveness of radiation therapy in patients treated by breast conservation, and patient selection for breast conservation without radiation, are now being raised. Future work that needs to be done to answer these questions is discussed in this review.     

Prostate specific antigen in breast cancer,benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker used widely for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, we provided evidence that PSA may also be produced by breast tumors. In this report we examined quantitatively the PSA levels in 199 breast tumors, 48 tissues with benign breast disease (BBD, 34 fibroadenomas), and 36 normal breast tissues. Significant amounts of PSA (≥ 0.030 ng of PSA per mg of total protein) were found in 28% of breast tumors, 65% of BBD tissues, and 33% of normal breast tissues. PSA positivity in breast tumors was highest in stage I disease (34%) and decreased with disease stage (24% in stage II and 18% in stage III–IV). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification we have shown PSA mRNA presence in patients with PSA protein-positive tissues (benign and malignant) but not in patients with PSA protein-negative tissues. Our data suggest that PSA is expressed frequently by normal breast tissue, by tissue of benign breast diseases, and by breast cancer tissue. Highest expression is seen in benign breast disease and lowest expression in advanced stage cancerous tissue. As PSA production is mediated by steroid hormones and their receptors, we propose that PSA may be a new marker of steroid hormone action in the normal or diseased female breast. The role of this enzyme in the development of breast diseases including breast cancer is currently unknown.