Microtensile bond strength of self-etching adhesives to enamel and dentin

PURPOSE: To measure the microtensile bond strength to enamel and dentin of three self-etching adhesives in comparison with a total-etch two-step system as a control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 extracted human molars were stored in saline solution until use, then divided into 4 groups of 10 teeth (one group per adhesive system). Half of each of these groups underwent bond strength tests on enamel, and the other half was used for adhesion testing on dentin. The following experimental groups (n = 5) were then formed: E(1) Adper Prompt-L-Pop (AP, 3M ESPE) on enamel; E(2) Xeno CF II (X, Sanking Kogyo) on enamel; E(3) AdheSE (AS, Ivoclar-Vivadent) on enamel; E(4) Excite (EX, Ivoclar-Vivadent) on enamel; D(1) AP on dentin; D(2): X on dentin; D(3) AS on dentin; D(4) EX on dentin. Each tooth yielded 15 to 20 sticks about 0.9 x 0.9 mm in cross-sectional area for microtensile testing. Specimens were loaded in tension at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute, and bond strength at failure was calculated in MPa. A two-way ANOVA was applied to test for significance of the differences among the groups. RESULTS: The bond strength values of Excite (the control) were significantly higher than those of the test products on enamel (42.92+/-4.8 MPa) and on dentin (45.80+/-5.79 MPa). The self-etching adhesives AdheSE (28.48+/-4.71 MPa) and Xeno CF II (27.22+/-2.74 MPa) revealed significantly stronger adhesion than Adper Prompt-L-Pop (20.16+/-2.07 MPa) on dentin. On enamel, all self-etching test materials performed similarly. The substrate did not appear to have a significant influence on adhesion, as each material reached comparable levels of bond strength on enamel and dentin. CONCLUSION: On both substrates the self-etching adhesives tested performed significantly worse than did the total-etch system.     

Microtensile bond strength of contemporary adhesives to primary enamel and dentin

The purpose of this study was to assess bond strength of three self-etching and two total-etch adhesive systems bonded to primary tooth enamel and dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty extracted primary human molars were selected and abraded in order to create flat buccal enamel and occlusal dentin surfaces. Teeth were assigned to one of the adhesive systems: Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose, Adper Single Bond 2, Adper Prompt L-Pop, Clearfil SE Bond and AdheSE. Immediately to adhesive application, a composite resin (Filtek Z250) block was built up. After 3 months of water storage, each sample was sequentially sectioned in order to obtain sticks with a square cross-sectional area of about 0.72 mm2. The specimens were fixed lengthways to a microtensile device and tested using a universal testing machine with a 50-N load cell at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Microtensile bond strength values were recorded in MPa and compared by Analysis of Variance and the post hoc Tukey test (a = 0.05). RESULTS: In enamel, Clearfil SE Bond presented the highest values, followed by Adper Single Bond 2, AdheSE and Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose, without significant difference. The highest values in dentin were obtained with Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose and all other adhesives did not present significant different values from that, except Adper Prompt L-Pop that achieved the lowest bond strength in both substrates. Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose and Adper Single Bond 2 presented significantly lower values in enamel than in dentin although all other adhesives presented similar results in both substrates. CONCLUSIONS: contemporary adhesive systems present similar behaviors when bonded to primary teeth, with the exception of the one-step self-etching system; and self-etching systems can achieve bond strength values as good in enamel as in dentin of primary teeth.     

Microtensile bond strength of resin composite bonded to caries-affected dentin with three adhesives

This study evaluated the ability of two self-etching adhesives (a two-step and a one-step) and a conventional 3-step adhesive to bond composite to both intact and caries-affected dentin with and without thermocycling. Thirty extracted human teeth with occlusal caries were randomly assigned to three groups according to the adhesive used: Scotchbond Multi-purpose (3M) (SBMP), ClearfilSE Bond (Kuraray) (SE) and Xeno IV (Dentsply) (XEIV). The occlusal surfaces of the teeth were sectioned to expose dentin. The adhesives were applied according to manufacturers' instructions, and a composite material (Herculite XRV, Kerr) was applied and cured in increments to form a core 3 mm high. The teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours, then sectioned using a micro-slicing machine to obtain sections 1 mm thick. The sections were further cut to obtain rods 6 mm long and 1 x 1 mm in thickness, with dentin/composite interface located at the center. The specimens were examined microscopically to separate the caries-affected (AD) and sound dentin (SD) into two groups. Half the specimens from each group were subjected to 3,000 thermocycles (5 degrees C to 55 degrees C) prior to testing. All the specimens were then subjected to microtensile bond strength (microTBS) testing in a special apparatus. Mean microTBS was determined for each group, and data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Mean microTBS and standard deviation values in MPa were: SBMP-SD = 22.19 (4.6), SBMP-SD-thermocycled = 15.7 (5.55), SBMP-AD = 18.6 (2.89), SBMP-AD-thermocycled = 16.62 (6.23), SE-SD = 24.25 (5.7), SE-SD-thermocycled = 22.3 (6.7), SE-AD = 20.7 (5.55), SE-AD-thermocycled = 20.23 (6.1), XEIV-SD = 21.43 (7.6), XEIV-SD-thermocycled = 18.3 (7.11), XEIV-AD = 15.45 (6.62), XEIV-AD-thermocycled = 14.8 (3.89). ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the groups (p < .0001). The two-step self-etch adhesive resulted in highest mean microTBS values under all test conditions. However, these mean values were significantly higher than the mean values obtained with the other two adhesives under some, but not all test conditions.     

Microtensile bond strength of current dentin adhesives measured immediately and 24 hours after application

PURPOSE: To evaluate the immediate microtensile bond strengths achieved with representative adhesive systems from each of the four current bonding approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Resin composite was bonded incrementally to flat, midcoronal dentin from 33 human molars, using the adhesives (Adper Scotchbond MP; Adper Scotchbond 1; Optibond Solo Plus; Clearfil SE Bond; AdheSE; Tyrian SPE + One Step Plus; Optibond Solo Plus self-etching; One-Up Bond F; iBond; Adper Prompt L-Pop; Xeno III) according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. The bonded specimens were immediately sectioned into sticks and underwent microtensile bond testing either immediately or after 24 h. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and LSD tests. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between immediate and 24-h bond strengths (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed among adhesives (p = 0.001). The all-in-one adhesive iBond showed statistically lower values when compared to all the other adhesives. Adper Prompt L-Pop, Xeno III, Tyrian SPE + One Step Plus and One-Up Bond F, all self-etching adhesives, were significantly weaker than AdheSE, Optibond Solo Plus, Adper Scotchbond 1, Optibond Solo Plus self-etching, Clearfil SE Bond, and Adper Scotchbond MP, which did not differ statistically from each other. CONCLUSION: Microtensile bond strengths of representative adhesive systems from the four categories of bonding agents were not equivalent, with the lowest values recorded for the one-step self-etching adhesives. There were no differences in the bond strengths when measured immediately and after 24 h.     

脱矿牙本质与四种粘接剂的粘接强度测试及粘接界面观察

目的比较脱矿牙本质与4种全酸蚀或自酸蚀粘接剂的粘接强度及粘接界面超微结构的差异,以期对临床治疗有所指导。方法选择20颗面龋坏的离体磨牙,在龋显示剂的指示下去除牙本质龋的感染层,保留脱矿牙本质。平齐龋洞洞底平面,去除冠向牙体组织,作为粘接面。选择临床常用的2种全酸蚀粘接剂:材料A(All Bond2)、材料B(Prime&BondNT)和2种自酸蚀粘接剂:材料C(ClearfilSEBond)、材料D(XenoⅢ),分别按说明书要求粘接。用慢速锯将样本牙切为粘接面积约0.9mm×0.9mm的长方体试件。体视显微镜下将试件分为正常牙本质组和脱矿牙本质组,用微拉伸测试仪检测粘接强度。扫描电镜观察各组试件粘接界面的超微形态。结果方差分析提示牙本质类型和粘接剂对微拉伸粘接强度的影响均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对正常牙本质,不同粘接剂的微拉伸粘接强度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对于脱矿牙本质,材料D的微拉伸粘接强度较其他粘接剂明显降低(P<0.05)。扫描电镜下观察脱矿牙本质的混合层多孔稀疏,树脂突短少,无侧枝形成。结论对脱矿牙本质,本项实验中全酸蚀粘接剂的粘接强度优于自酸蚀粘接剂。     

Microtensile bond strengths of seven dentin adhesive systems.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strengths of seven dentin adhesive systems (Solid Bond, EBS-Multi, PermaQuik, One Coat Bond, Gluma One Bond, Prime & Bond NT/NRC and Clearfil Liner Bond 2V) and their respective fracture modes. METHODS: Superficial occlusal dentin of extracted human molars was exposed, finished with wet 600-grit silicon carbide paper, and a block of resin composite bonded with the above adhesives according to the manufacturers' instructions. The teeth were kept in tap water for 24 h at 37 degrees C, sectioned to obtain three or four bar-shaped specimens, which were then shaped to an hour-glass form of 1.2 +/- 0.02 mm diameter. The specimens were stressed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until rupture of the bond. The mean bond strengths were compared using one-way ANOVA and LSD tests. The frequency of fracture modes was compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS: Mean microtensile bond strengths ranged from (17.8 +/- 7.0) MPa for Solid Bond to (36.0 +/- 8.1) MPa for Clearfil Liner Bond 2V. The bond strength of Clearfil Liner Bond 2V and PermaQuik (30.8 +/- 8.5 MPa) were not significantly different, and were higher than all other materials. Bond strengths of Solid Bond (17.8 +/- 7.0) MPa, EBS-Multi (18.7 +/- 5.0) MPa, One Coat Bond (21.9 +/- 5.6) MPa, and Gluma One Bond (23.4 +/- 5.2) MPa were not significantly different. SEM examination indicated that Solid Bond, EBS-Multi and One Coat Bond showed no significant difference in failure modes but were significantly different from PermaQuik, Prime & Bond NT/NRC and Clearfil Liner Bond 2V. SIGNIFICANCE: The self-etching primer system, Clearfil Liner Bond 2V, provided the simplest bonding technique, and together with PermaQuik exhibited greatest bond strength to dentin.     

Microtensile bond strength of one- and two-step self-etching adhesives on sclerotic dentin: the effects of thermocycling

This study evaluated the effects of thermocycling on the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of one- and two-step self-etch adhesives (SEAs) to sclerotic dentin. Two adhesives, Clearfil S3 Bond (S3), a one-step self-etch adhesive (1-SEA), and Clearfil SE Bond (SE), a two-step self-etch adhesive (2-SEA), were applied on cervical lesions in human premolars with sclerotic or normal dentin. After adhesive application, the lesions were restored and built up using a resin composite (Clearfil AP-X). After 24 hours in water storage, the restored teeth were sectioned into 0.7 x 0.7 mm composite-dentin beams. The beams were then aged with 0, 5,000 or 10,000 thermocycles. The use of two adhesives, two substrate types and three thermocycling regimens yielded 12 experimental groups of 14-19 beams each. The beams were subsequently subjected to microTBS testing at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute and statistical analyses were computed with three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at p < 0.05. Three-way ANOVA showed statistically significant effects on bonding effectiveness by lesion type, adhesive system, thermocycling or combinations of the adhesive system and thermocycling (p < 0.05). With sclerotic dentin, although S3 and SE provided comparable microTBS after 24 hours of water storage, S3 showed significantly lower microTBS than SE after thermocycling (p < 0.05). Regardless of lesion type, the microTBS for S3 decreased significantly after 5,000 or 10,000 thermocycles, while the microTBS for SE showed a significant decrease only after 10,000 thermocycles. Regardless of the extent of thermocycling, the microTBS values for either SE or S3 bonded to sclerotic dentin were significantly lower than to normal dentin (p < 0.05). The results suggested that thermocycling had a significant negative effect on the bond strength of the two SEAs tested. In contrast to 2-SEA, 1-SEA might not be a good choice for sclerotic dentin when seeking durability of the resin-dentin bond.     

In vitro microleakage of dentin adhesives.

This in vitro study measured the microleakage of current dentin bonding agents and glass-ionomer bases. Freshly extracted human molars were prepared to a flat surface, and dentin adhesives and composite resins were applied in a plastic matrix. Samples were stored in water at 37 degrees C, thermocycled, stained with AgNO3, embedded in epoxy resin, and sectioned for evaluation of stain penetration at the composite resin/tooth interface. The reliability index of the dentin adhesives varied significantly between materials. The enamel control had essentially no microleakage, and the aluminum oxalate dentin adhesive on dentin had significantly less microleakage than other dentin adhesives tested. Present dentin adhesives were unable to prevent, but may reduce, microleakage.     

三种牙本质粘接系统微拉伸粘接强度的比较

目的　用微拉伸粘接强度检测法评价 3种不同类型的牙本质粘接系统与正常牙本质的粘接强度 ,用扫描电镜分析其断裂类型。方法　选择 15颗正畸治疗拔除的健康前磨牙 ,去除面釉质层 ,随机均分为 3组。选用 3种牙本质粘接系统All Bond 2 (AB2 组 ) ,Fluoro Bond (FB组 )和XenoⅢ (Xeno组 ) ,分别按厂商说明书要求用于暴露的表层牙本质面上 ,再用蓝色复合树脂恢复牙冠至要求高度。用低速锯将牙齿片切为横截面积约 0 81mm2 的长方体状样本 ,用微拉伸测试仪检测其粘接强度 ,加载速度为 1mm/min。用扫描电镜观察样本断端形态 ,对微拉伸粘接强度测试值和断裂类型进行统计学分析。结果　 3种牙本质粘接系统的微拉伸粘接强度分别为AB2 组 :( 2 9 5 6± 5 4 7)MPa ,Xeno组 :( 15 81± 7 6 7)MPa,FB组 :( 14 6 1± 4 5 0 )MPa。AB2 组的微拉伸粘接强度高于Xeno组和FB组 (P <0 0 1) ,后两者的测值间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。扫描电镜观察结果显示 ,绝大部分样本的断裂类型都是粘接面型断裂。结论　 3种牙本质粘接系统与正常牙本质的粘接强度存在差异 ,All Bond 2的粘接强度最高 ,但临床操作复杂 ,技术要求较高 ;Fluoro Bond和XenoⅢ使用方法较简单 ,对牙髓的影响可能较小。     

四种牙本质粘接系统的微拉伸强度研究

目的　评价四种牙本质粘接系统 (SingleBond ;Bond 1;Prime&BondNT ;One Step)的微拉伸粘接强度。方法　选择新鲜拔除的无龋磨牙 2 0个 ,磨除牙釉质 ,暴露牙本质。分别用四种牙本质粘接系统按使用说明进行粘接处理。牙齿贮存于 3 7℃生理盐水 2 4h后 ,制备成沙漏状试件。粘接界面面积控制在 1mm2 左右。测试其拉伸强度 ,并作统计学处理。结果　四种牙本质粘接系统的微拉伸强度分别为 :2 5 .80± 2 .41Mpa (SingleBond) ;2 9.92± 3 .0 4Mpa (Bond 1) ;2 8.97± 2 .73Mpa (Prime&BondNT) ;3 0 .0 3± 2 .96Mpa (One Step)。结论　微拉伸方法测得的粘接强度明显高于传统较大粘接面积时的测试值。更为客观、真实地反应了各粘接系统的粘接强度     

5种牙本质粘结系统粘结强度的比较

目的用微拉伸粘结强度检测法评价5种不同类型的牙本质粘结系统与正常牙本质的粘结强度,用体视显微镜分析其断裂类型。方法选择25颗正畸治疗拔除的健康前磨牙,去除面釉质层,随机均分为5组。选用5种牙本质粘结系统:传统三步法全酸蚀粘结系统All-Bond2组、两步法全酸蚀粘结系统Prime&BondNT组、两步法自酸蚀粘结系统Fluoro-Bond组、一步法自酸蚀粘结系统XenoⅢ组和一步法自酸蚀粘结系统iBond组,分别用于暴露的表层牙本质面上,再用蓝色复合树脂恢复牙冠至要求高度。用低速锯将牙齿片切为横截面积约0.81mm2的长方体状样本,用微拉伸测试仪检测其粘结强度,加载速度为1mm/min。用体视显微镜观察样本断端形态。用SPSS11.5对微拉伸粘结强度测试值进行统计学分析。结果5种牙本质粘结系统的微拉伸粘结强度分别为All-Bond2组(28.74±5.15)MPa,Prime&BondNT组(25.85±3.37)MPa、Fluoro-Bond组(20.60±2.96)MPa、Xeno组(22.93±3.97)MPa、iBond组(25.67±4.72)MPa。All-Bond2组的微拉伸粘结强度与Prime&BondNT组测值之间差异无显著性,高于Fluoro-Bond组、Xeno组和iBond组,后两者的测值间差异无显著性,Fluoro-Bond组和Xeno组亦无显著差异。体视显微镜观察结果显示,绝大部分样本的断裂类型都是粘结面型断裂。结论5种牙本质粘结系统与正常牙本质的粘结强度存在差异,All-Bond2的粘结强度最高,但临床操作复杂,技术要求较高;XenoⅢ、iBond使用方法较简单,对牙髓的影响可能较小。     

Bond strength of adhesives to dentin involving total and self-etch adhesives.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, the trend in dentin adhesion seems to be shifting from moist bonding systems to self-etching systems and from several application steps to single steps. However, recent studies have indicated that the performance of single-step adhesives was lower than the 2-step self-etch or total etch systems. In the present study, microtensile bond strength of a total etch, 2-step self-etch and single-step self-etch adhesives was comparatively evaluated. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The superficial occlusal dentin of 12 noncarious extracted human molars was exposed, finished with wet 600-grit silicon carbide paper, and a block of resin composite bonded with adhesives according to the manufacturers' instructions. The teeth were kept in tap water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C and sectioned to produce beams, with adhesive areas of +/- 0.9 mm2 (4 beams per tooth were obtained). The specimens were stressed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm per minute until the bonds ruptured. RESULTS: The mean bond strengths were calculated as MPa and compared by performing analysis of variance and Tukey tests to identify significant differences between the materials (P = 0.05). The mean bond strength of Clearfil SE Bond was significantly higher than that of OptiBond Solo Plus and iBond (P <.05). OptiBond Solo Plus gave significantly higher bond strengths than iBond (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: The self-etching adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond (2 step) had higher bond strength than the 1-bottle self-etching adhesive iBond (single application) and the 2-step single-bottle system OptiBond Solo Plus (total etch). However, the 1-bottle adhesive system OptiBond Solo Plus (total etch system) had higher bond strength than the 1-bottle self-etching adhesive system iBond.     

Microtensile bond strength between adhesive cements and root canal dentin.

OBJECTIVES: The hypotheses tested were that the bond strength of adhesive cements to root canal dentin (1) would be reduced as a function of configuration factor, polymerization process and type of luting material and (2) would be lowered near the apex of the tooth. METHODS: Human canines and premolars were prepared for post cementation using Single Bond/Rely X ARC, ED Primer/Panavia F, C and B Metabond, and Fuji Plus. The specimens were divided into two groups. For intact roots, the posts were luted using standard clinical procedures. For flat roots, the posts were applied directly into flat ground canals. All roots were sectioned into 0.6 mm thick slices, trimmed mesio-distally and stressed to failure at 1 mm/min. The muTBS of each slab was calculated as the force at failure divided by the bonded cross-sectional surface area. The results were compared using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (alpha=0.05). Least squares linear regression analysis was used to assess the effect of dentin location on bond strength. RESULTS: All cements showed significantly (p相似文献