颗粒物对动物免疫功能影响的研究

将颗粒物以1.5、7.5、37.5mg/kg剂量给大鼠经气管染毒,检测肺巨噬细胞(AM)Fc受体、肺有关淋巴结(LALN)和脾脏抗体形成细胞数以及淋巴细胞转化功能。结果发现,低剂量组上述指标基本未受影响;中、高剂量组对AMFc受体、LALN的免疫功能有影响,而对系统免疫功能几乎无影响。     

燃煤颗粒物对大鼠免疫功能的影响

以不同剂量燃煤颗粒经气管染毒大鼠,在不同时间检测大鼠有关免疫功能。结果表明,低剂量燃煤颗粒不影响大鼠免疫功能,高剂量燃煤颗粒不影响脾脏的免疫功能,而抑制肺有关淋巴结的淋巴细胞转化功能和白细胞介素-2活性,肺巨噬细胞Fc受体数和抗肿瘤细胞毒效应早期激活,后期抑制。     

烹饪油烟冷凝物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

食用油作为烹饪材料,广泛应用于我国的每一个家庭。用食用油烹调食品的过程中,随着温度的升高会产生大量的油烟和食品的热解产物。根据文献报道,烹饪油烟中存在着多种有害物质,特别是多环芳烃类及杂环胺类物质。烹饪油烟是室内主要的空气污染物,它可通过呼吸道进入人体,     

山豆根对动物免疫功能的影响

目的：从多个免疫学指标探讨山豆根对小白鼠免疫功能的影响，着重介绍山豆根对小白鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的功能影响，以及对小白鼠淋巴细胞E-玫瑰花环形成率的影响。方法：实验分为正常对照组、生理盐水对照组及山豆根实验组，后两组每天分别用0．5ml灭菌生理盐水及0．5ml穿心莲注射液注入小白鼠腹腔，连续7天，然后再用不同的方法，分别观察山豆根对腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响及对E-玫瑰花环形成率的影响。结果：山豆根对激活小白鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能，以及对提高淋巴细胞的E-玫瑰花环形成率都有明显的促进作用，经生物学统计处理，差异非常显著。结论：山豆根具有很好的免疫作用。     

女贞子膜分离提取物对实验动物免疫功能影响研究

目的:研究女贞子膜分离提取物对小鼠免疫作用的影响。方法:用陶瓷微滤膜分离女贞子水煎液药效部位,取膜分离所得过滤液作受试液,上清液作阳性对照;将小鼠分为5组,分别为2.5、5、10g/kg低、中、高3个剂量组和空白对照组、上清液对照组,小鼠连续灌胃30天后分别进行免疫指标测定。结果:各剂量组与空白组比较,中、高剂量组能明显增强二硝基氟苯诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应,明显增强小鼠碳廓清能力,明显增强ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,明显升高小鼠血清溶血素含量,明显增强抗体生成细胞能力;高剂量组能明显增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞功能;各剂量组对NK细胞活性增强无显著性。结论:女贞子膜分离所得过滤液有提高实验动物免疫功能的作用,其提高免疫功能作用优于阳性对照上清液组。     

沙棘总黄酮对动物非特异性免疫功能的影响

<正> 沙棘(Hippophace Rhamnoides L)又名醋柳、酸刺。属于胡颓子科沙棘属。沙棘原为我国藏,蒙医常用药。药典记录它有止咳祛痰、消食化滞、活血散淤之功效。近年研究发现它可治疗心血管疾病,还有抗炎、抗衰老、抗肿瘤等功能。现将沙棘总黄酮(Total Flavonos of Hippophace     

刺五加注射液对实验动物免疫功能及免疫器官的影响

小鼠尾静脉注射刺五加注射液，可使小鼠网状内皮系统的吞噬功能增强及免疫器官重量指数有增加趋势，实验结果表明静脉注射刺五加注射液，可使实验动物免疫功能增强。     

溪黄草浸膏对动物胆汁分泌及免疫功能的影响

目的:利用药效学实验方法,验证溪黄草浸膏利胆、增强免疫功能的作用功效.方法:对大鼠行胆总管插管术,在十二指肠注射给药,观察溪黄草浸膏对麻醉大鼠胆汁分泌量的影响.应用非特异型免疫功能-碳廓清实验方法和体液免疫功能-血清溶血素实验方法,观察溪黄草浸膏在连续给药后,动物碳廓清率和溶血素的改变.结果:溪黄草浸膏在8和16 g·kg-1剂量下,给药30 min即可将大鼠的胆汁流量分别提高为57.14%和64.28%.碳廓清率和溶血素实验结果表明:溪黄草浸膏剂量9和27 g·kg-1能极明显提高NIH小鼠单核细胞吞噬功能,对小鼠血清的溶血素亦有明显的增加作用(P<0.05或0.01).结论:溪黄草浸膏可提高动物免疫功能,促进胆汁分泌.     

大气颗粒物有机组分的致突变研究

对大气颗粒物上吸附的苯并芘（Ｂａｐ）为代表的多环芳烃对人体危害的研究较多。近年发现大气颗粒吸附物除多环芳烃外还附有其它有害物质。朱惠刚等［１］对大气颗粒物不同有机组分进行了基因点突变试验。本次试验采用小鼠胞质分裂阻滞微核试验对其进行研究［２］。材料与...     

地佐辛静脉自控镇痛对肺叶切除术后免疫功能的影响

目的:观察地佐辛静脉自控镇痛对肺叶切除术后免疫功能的影响.方法:选取60例拟行开胸肺叶切除术的患者随机分为对照组和DEZ组,每组30例.DEZ组术后PCA泵注0.5 mg·ml^-1地佐辛,对照组术后PCA泵注0.9%氯化钠.采集患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、术后4 h(T1)、术后24 h(T2)和术后48 h(T3)血标本,测定血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6和IL-10水平,以及外周血淋巴细胞(L)计数及淋巴细胞中CD4⁺T淋巴细胞、CD8⁺T淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞(NK)比例的变化.于T1、T2和T3时点随访患者,记录患者视觉模拟评分(VAS)和数字镇静评分(NSS).结果:肺叶切除术后患者血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10的水平较术前明显升高(P <0.05),IL-2较术前降低(P <0.05);术后外周血淋巴细胞计数及CD4⁺T淋巴细胞比例和NK细胞比例较术前降低(P <0.05);地佐辛静脉自控镇痛能明显降低术后血清CRP、IL-6,升高IL-2及CD4⁺T淋巴细胞比例(P <0.05);地佐辛组患者术后24 h的VAS评分低于对照组(P <0.05).结论:地佐辛静脉镇痛具有免疫调节作用,可改善肺叶切除术后的免疫抑制,并减轻炎症反应.     

Ouabain promotes immune responses in WEHI‐3 cells to generate leukemia mice through enhancing phagocytosis and natural killer cell activities in vivo

Ouabain, a cardiotonic steroid, was used for the treatment of heart failure and atrial fibrillation and induces cancer cell apoptosis in many human cancer cells including human leukemia cells. However, there are no reports to show the effects on immune responses in a leukemia mouse model. In this study, WEHI‐3 cell generated leukemia mice were developed and treated by oral ouabain at 0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg/kg for 15 days. Results indicated that ouabain did not affect body appearance, but decreased liver and spleen weights, B‐ and T‐cell proliferation at all three doses treatment and increased CD19 cells at 3.0 mg/kg treatment, decreased CD3, CD11b, and Mac‐3 cells levels compared with positive control. Furthermore, ouabain increased the macrophage phagocytosis from peripheral blood mononuclear cell and peritoneal cavity at all three doses treatment and increased NK cell activities. Ouabain restored GOT, GPT and LDH levels in WEHI‐3 leukemia mice in vivo.     

地佐辛和吗啡对胃肠道肿瘤患者术中免疫功能的影响

目的:比较地佐辛和吗啡对胃肠道肿瘤患者术中T淋巴细胞群和NK细胞数量的影响。方法:60例胃肠道肿瘤行根治手术的患者,随机数字表法随机分为地佐辛(D)组和吗啡(M)组。D组麻醉前肌注地佐辛1 mg·kg^-1,M组麻醉前肌注吗啡1 mg·kg^-1。分别在麻醉前、手术1 h、术毕、术后1 h抽取患者外周静脉血,用流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3⁺、CD3⁺ CD4⁺、CD3⁺ CD8⁺)、活化T细胞(CD3⁺ HLA-DR⁺)和自然杀伤(NK)细胞(CD3^-CD16⁺CD56⁺)数量的变化。术后随访观察、记录2组患者VAS评分及不良反应。结果:2组患者手术1 h时点CD3⁺、CD3⁺ CD4⁺、CD3⁺ CD4⁺/CD3⁺ CD8⁺、CD3⁺ HLA-DR⁺、NK细胞数量较麻醉前相比明显下降,M组各细胞数量在此时点明显低于D组。术毕和术后1 h 2组各细胞数量有所回升,但M组明显低于D组和麻醉前水平。2组患者VSA评分无显著差异(P>0.05)但D组术后不良反应发生率较M组低(P<0.05)。结论:地佐辛对胃肠道肿瘤患者术中T淋巴亚群和NK细胞抑制作用较吗啡小。     

柴胡多糖的免疫药理作用

小鼠ip柴胡多糖(BCPS)可显著增加脾系数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分数及吞噬指数和流感病毒血清中和抗体滴度,但不影响脾细胞分泌溶血素。BCPS对正常小鼠迟发超敏反应(DTH)无作用,但可以完全及部分恢复环磷酰胺(CY)或流感病毒对小鼠DTH反应的抑制。BCPS明显提高ConA活化的脾淋巴细胞转化率及天然杀伤细胞的活性。本实验结果表明BCPS能提高小鼠体液和细胞免疫功能,并使免疫抑制状态有一定程度的恢复。     

肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞代谢调控

肿瘤微环境由各类细胞和非细胞组分构成,其中免疫细胞在肿瘤发生发展的过程中扮演了关键的角色。与在正常组织中不同,肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞的代谢重编程导致了它们功能的转变——常表现出减弱的炎症反应或增强的抑制性功能,从而协助了肿瘤的免疫逃逸,对于此过程的深入理解有助于为临床抗肿瘤治疗提供新的思路。综述在抗肿瘤免疫中具有主要功能的巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、T细胞和B细胞的代谢重编程及其在肿瘤发生发展中发挥的功能和特点,以期能够展现出肿瘤微环境中免疫代谢调控蓝图的一部分,并基于代谢角度对肿瘤免疫治疗提供新的思路。     

Direct and indirect effects of particulate matter on the cardiovascular system

Human exposure to particulate matter (PM) elicits a variety of responses on the cardiovascular system through both direct and indirect pathways. Indirect effects of PM on the cardiovascular system are mediated through the autonomic nervous system, which controls heart rate variability, and inflammatory responses, which augment acute cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis. Recent research demonstrates that PM also affects the cardiovascular system directly by entry into the systemic circulation. This process causes myocardial dysfunction through mechanisms of reactive oxygen species production, calcium ion interference, and vascular dysfunction. In this review, we will present key evidence in both the direct and indirect pathways, suggest clinical applications of the current literature, and recommend directions for future research.     

The acute toxic effects of particulate matter in mouse lung are related to size and season of collection

The toxicity of size-fractionated particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) collected in Milano during two different seasons (summer and winter) has been evaluated in vivo. The focus is on time related (3 h, 24 h and 1 week) lung response following a single intratracheal aerosolization in BALB/c mice. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) and the lung parenchyma were screened for different markers of inflammation and cytotoxicity. Histology and immunohistochemistry were performed on excised fixed lungs to assess the effects produced by the different PM fractions. All the analyzed inflammatory markers (PMNs percentage, TNF-α, Hsp70 in the BALf, HO-1 in lung parenchyma), increased after summer PM10 administration; on the contrary winter PM10 and PM2.5 specifically increased the amount of the Cyp1B1, a protein putatively involved in the induction of pro-carcinogenic effect. Moreover, we detected an intensification of LDH activity in the BALf after the administration of winter PM10 and PM2.5, potentially related to an in progress necrotic process while after summer PM10 and PM2.5 administration, the initiation of the caspase cascade suggested a cytotoxic effect sustained by apoptosis. Our results evidenced the toxicity mechanisms elicited by size fractionated PM samples, collected in winter and summer seasons, which differs for dimensions, chemical and microbiological composition. PM10 has been indicated to elicit above all a pro-inflammatory response, linked to its specific biological components, while PM2.5 is supposed to be more harmful due to its smaller dimension and the ability to distribute into the lung alveolar districts. We hypothesized that adverse health effects observed after a single dose of winter PM2.5 is at least partly caused by specific winter PM components, i.e. PAH and transitional metals.     

Interpretation and prediction of inhaled drug particle accumulation in the lung and its associated toxicity

1. The increasing use of poorly-soluble inhaled dry powder pharmaceuticals means that animal toxicology studies of these drugs frequently produce lung changes related to the physical presence of undissolved particulate material within the alveolar spaces. These changes are independent of any chemically- or pharmacologically-mediated toxicity and present a challenge to drug developers and regulators in that risk depends on the retained lung burden of undissolved drug material, rather than the delivered dose, systemic exposure or duration of dosing as traditionally used in risk assessment for inhaled compounds.

2. The methodology presented uses basic pharmacokinetic principles to estimate lung particulate burdens achieved in rat inhalation toxicity studies for four inhaled compounds which have reached clinical evaluation.

3. The estimated lung particulate burdens and associated histopathological findings were compared with published thresholds for similar effects caused by inert particulates such as titanium dioxide. Results of the analysis illustrate that regardless of the duration of the study, estimated lung burdens in excess of ～1?mg drug per g lung were associated with adverse changes consistent with those described in the literature for inert insoluble particles.

4. For all low solubility inhaled pharmaceuticals so far examined, the calculated steady-state retained lung burden of drug in humans is several orders of magnitude lower than that associated with adverse effects in human or animals.

     

免疫细胞治疗临床研究及相关产业现状与未来发展趋势

随着医学技术的不断进步和科学研究的不断深入,肿瘤免疫细胞治疗作为一种新的治疗方式受到社会各界的广泛关注,成为辅助肿瘤治疗的一种新手段。过继免疫细胞治疗相继出现了不同类型的细胞——T淋巴细胞、细胞因子诱导的杀伤（CIK）细胞、树突状细胞（DC）-CIK细胞、自然杀伤（NK）细胞和肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞（TIL）细胞等。日前开展的多种类型的免疫细胞临床研究在肿瘤治疗中已经体现出显著的疗效,肿瘤免疫治疗成为快速发展的研究领域。如何选择肿瘤免疫细胞治疗方法和时机,治疗过程中的质量控制和质量管理应当怎么做,如何得到更有说服力的循证医学证据,是值得深入探索的重要问题。对目前的肿瘤免疫细胞治疗现状和未来5年发展做一概述,初步探讨临床研究中的质量控制和质量管理方向。     

氰戊菊酯和甲苯对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞联合毒性的形态学研究

以电镜和立体学测量相结合的方法,观察了氰戊菊酯与甲苯对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(PMφ)联合毒性的形态学变化。结果发现,二化合物在对PMφ的微丝、微管、线粒体、溶酶体和PMφ整体形态的超微结构毒性上均存在一定拮抗作用。