电位滴定法测定胰激肽释放酶活力测试条件探讨

本文用ＦＩＰ推荐的方法，以具有国际单位的参照品为标样，滴定液为０．０１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ标准溶液，考查了以ＢＡＥＥ为底物的电位滴定法测定胰激肽释放酶活力的实验条件，通过正交试验得出直观和方差分析的结果，依据酶活力单位高、ＳＤ和ＲＳＤ％较小的原则，求出酶活力测定的最适条件是：酶反应温度为２５℃；缓冲液为０．００１５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７－０．２５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣＬ－２×１０（－４）ｍｏｌ／ＬＥＤＴＡ，ｐＨ为８．００；反应液中酶浓度为０．４８ＩＵ／ｍｌ；底物浓度为５×１０（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ；胰蛋白酶抑制剂浓度为１２５μｇ／ｍｌ。胰激肽释放酶活力测定的实验数据的相对标准偏差小于５％。     

P450ⅢA在2,4,5—三氟苯胺代谢生成一氧化碳中起主导…

２，４，５－三氟苯胺（２，４，５－ＴＦＡ）与空气氧，ＮＡＤＰＨ及地塞米松（ＤＥＸ）预处理的大鼠肝微粒体共温育，可生成大量的一氧化碳（ＣＯ）。但是，未处理或β－萘黄酮预处理的大鼠肝微粒体却无上述能力。与ＤＥＸ相比，苯巴比妥（ＰＢ）诱导的鼠肝微粒体使２，４，５－ＴＦＡ生成ＣＯ的能力仅为前者的１／４。Ｐ４５０ⅢＡ是ＤＥＸ所诱导的最主要的Ｐ４５０亚族，亦能为ＰＢ所诱导，因而在Ｐ４５０ⅢＡ对２，４，５－ＴＦ     

高效毛细管电泳分离海南新碱衍生物HH07A异构体研究

运用高效毛细管电泳分离了海南新碱衍生物ＨＨ０７Ａ异构体，其分离条件为４×１０－２ｍｏｌ／ＬＴｒｉｓ－Ｈ３ＰＯ４（ｐＨ＝３．６）－６．５×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌβ－环糊精，并用该法初步探讨ＨＨ０７Ａ２个异构体在体外肝微粒体中代谢的立体选择性。     

Detection of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes by 7 compounds using comet assay

目的：检测过氧化氢（Ｈ２Ｏ２）、甲磺酸乙酯（ＥＭＳ）、丝裂霉素Ｃ（ＭＭＣ）、二甲基亚硝胺（ＤＭＮＡ）、苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）、２氨基芴（２ＡＦ）和环磷酰胺（ＣＰ）诱发小鼠、大鼠及人外周血淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ单链断裂．方法：体外单细胞微量凝胶碱性电泳试验（慧星试验）．结果：除ＥＭＳ０９７ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１在小鼠淋巴细胞，ＭＭＣ３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１在小鼠、人淋巴细胞中呈阴性外，其余均为阳性．最低可检测浓度分别为Ｈ２Ｏ２１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＥＭＳ０４８ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＢａＰ５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＣＰ２０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＭＭＣ１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＤＭＮＡ２７３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，２ＡＦ６２５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．ＣＰ、ＢａＰ、２ＡＦ需经Ｓ９Ｍｉｘ代谢活化才显示毒性．结论：彗星试验检测出ＭＭＣ诱导大鼠，ＥＭＳ诱导大鼠和人，以及Ｈ２Ｏ２、ＤＭＮＡ、ＢａＰ、ＣＰ和２ＡＦ诱导小鼠、大鼠和人外周血淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ单链断裂损伤．     

用兔血小板膜受体筛选血小板激活因子（TAF）拮抗剂

在兔血小板膜中，血小板激活因子（ＰＡＦ）结合部位显示高度亲合性（Ｋｄ＝０．１±０．００７ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、饱和性、显著的药理学特异性，其最大结合容量为２．８９±０．３２ｐｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白。３Ｈ－ＰＡＦ饱和结合浓度为０．２ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。等温线表明为单一结合位点。红曲霉（Ｍｏｎａｓｃｕｓｓｐ．Ｆ４００）代谢产物中的小成份Ｄ（２Ａ）和Ｃ（４Ａ）与ＰＡＦ竞争受体结合部位，它们是ＰＡＦ的拮抗剂。Ｄ２Ａ的ＩＣ５０为３．１６×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｃ４Ａ的ＩＣ５０为３．０３×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

阿片类药物在豚鼠离体回肠中的交互依赖性和交互耐受性

研究了阿片类药物在豚鼠离体回肠中的交互依赖性和交互耐受性．豚鼠回肠分别与羟甲芬太尼（ＯＭＦ１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１），Ｄ－Ａｌａ２，Ｄ－Ｌｅｕ５－脑啡肽（ＤＡＤＬＥ，０．３μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）或Ｕ５０４８８Ｈ（５０ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）在３７℃温育４ｈ，它们相互及自身均能抑制纳洛酮（０．１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）或Ｍｒ２２６６（０．１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）引起的戒断性收缩．它们也能自身预先阻断戒断性收缩的产生．Ｕ５０４８８Ｈ能预先阻断ＯＭＦ，ＤＡＤＬＥ温育后纳洛酮所产生的戒断性收缩，但后两者不能预先阻断Ｕ５０４８８Ｈ温育后由Ｍｒ２２６６所产生的戒断性收缩，并且ＯＭＦ和ＤＡＤＬＥ之间也不能相互阻断．豚鼠回肠分别与ＯＭＦ（１ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１），ＤＡＤＬＥ（０．３μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）在３７℃温育２ｈ后，对去甲吗啡（ＮＭ），ＯＭＦ，ＤＡＤＬＥ的敏感性明显下降，浓度反应曲线右移，但对Ｕ５０４８８Ｈ不产生耐受．在Ｕ５０４８８Ｈ（１０ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）中温育１ｈ的回肠，对Ｕ５０４８８Ｈ的敏感性下降，浓度反应曲线右移，但对ＯＭＦ，ＮＭ，ＤＡＤＬＥ的敏感性不变．这些结果表明豚鼠回肠中μ，κ阿片受体是分离的．     

Enzyme kinetic analysis and inhibition of amitriptyline N-demethylation in human liver microsomes in vitro

采用６例人的肝微粒体应用酶促动力学分析和抑制研究阐明参与阿米替林（ＡＴ）Ｎ－去甲基代谢的ＣＹＰ４５０的种类及性质．去甲替林（ＮＴ）生成的酶促动力学数据符合一两酶模型，其中高亲和力酶具有Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ动力学特征，而低亲和力酶则具有底物别构激活的特性．当ＡＴ为２μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时Ｓ－美芬妥英和呋喃茶碱均可使ＮＴ生成被抑制达５０％左右；较高浓度的酮康唑也可使ＮＴ生成明显受到抑制，但醋竹桃霉素几乎对此没有影响；而当ＡＴ为１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，酮康唑和醋竹桃霉素均是ＮＴ生成的强抑制剂．结果提示：当底物的浓度较低时，ＣＹＰ１Ａ２和ＣＹＰ２Ｃ１９是催化ＡＴ体外人肝微粒体中Ｎ－去甲基代谢的主要ＣＹＰ４５０酶类；当底物浓度较高时，由于底物别构激活的特性，ＣＹＰ３Ａ４逐渐占据主导地位．     

一氧化氮在青霉素致痫中的作用及与NMDA和非NMDA受体的关系

目的阐明一氧化氮（ｎｉｔｒｉｏｘｉｄｅ，ＮＯ）在青霉素致痫中的作用及与ＮＭＤＡ及非ＮＭＤＡ受体的关系。方法用自制的一氧化氮敏感电极——Ｎａｆｉｏｎ－壳聚糖合镍修饰铂电极（Ｎａｆｉｏｎ－ＣＴＳ（Ｎｉ）－Ｐｔ）连续测定了青霉素致痫海马脑片ＣＡ１区锥体层神经元ＮＯ的释放，并同时观察了Ｎ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌ－Ｄ－ａｓｐａｒａｔｅ（ＮＭＤＡ）受体阻断剂ＤＬ－２－ａｍｉｎｏ－ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏ－ｎｏ－ｖａｌｅｒｉｃａｃｉｄ（ＡＰ５）及非ＮＭＤＡ／ＡＭＰＡ受体阻断剂６，７－ｄｉｎｉ－ｔｒｏｑｕｉｎｏｘａｌｉｎｅ－２，３（１ｈ，４ｈ）－ｄｉｏｎｅ（ＤＮＱＸ）对诱发痫波及ＮＯ含量的影响。结果①自制ＮＯ敏感电极检测ＮＯ浓度线性范围为４．５×１０－４～１．０×１０－８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，检测下限为５．０×１０－８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１；②青霉素致痫时ＮＯ释放增加，与诱发脑片痫波有剂量反应关系；③ＮＭＤＡ受体阻断剂ＡＰ５（５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）明显抑制电刺激Ｓｃｈａｆｅｒ＇ｓ纤维引起的ＣＡ１区诱发痫波，表现为痫波数减少，同时伴有ＮＯ释放下降；④非ＮＭＤＡ受体阻断剂ＤＮＱＸ（３μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）对诱发痫波作用不明显，ＮＯ释放亦无显著变化；⑤ＡＰ５与一氧化?     

糖尿病大鼠血中内源性一氧化氮合酶抑制物增高

目的：测定糖尿病大鼠血中内源性ＮＯ合酶抑制物二甲基精氨酸（ＤＭＡ）的含量，方法：在链佐星诱发的糖尿病大鼠测定血清ＤＭＡ的含量和乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）诱导血管内皮依赖性舒张，结果：与对照组相比，糖尿病大鼠ＤＭＡ血清浓度显增加（５．４±１．０ｖｓ０．７±０．３μｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１，Ｐ〈０．０１）；丙二醛含量也高于对照组（２．５±０．３ｖｓ２１．５±０．１μｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１，Ｐ〈０．０１）；糖尿病大鼠ＡＣｈ     

P450ⅢA在2，4，5－三氟苯胺代谢生—氧化碳中起主导作用

２，４，５－三氟苯胺（２，４，５－ＴＦＡ）与空气氧，ＮＡＤＰＨ及地塞米松（ＤＥＸ）预处理的大鼠肝微粒体共温育，可生成大量的一氧化碳（ＣＯ）．但是，未处理或β－萘黄酮预处理的大鼠肝微粒体却无上述能力。与ＤＥＸ相比，苯巴比妥（ＰＢ）诱导的鼠肝微粒体使２，４，５－ＴＦＡ生成ＣＯ的能力仅为前者的１／４．Ｐ４５０ⅢＡ是ＤＥＸ所诱导的最主要的Ｐ４５０亚族，亦能为ＰＢ所诱导，因而在Ｐ４５０ⅢＡ对２，４，５－ＴＦＡ降解为ＣＯ中或许起主要作用，为证实这一推论，我们研究了ＣＯ生成能力与Ｐ４５０不同亚族的特征催化活性间的相关性。在所选用的红霉素氮上去甲基化，三乙酰竹桃霉素（ＴＡＯ）代谢中间体（ＭＩ）络合物生成能力，对氨基苯甲酸叔丁酯ＭＩ络合物生成能力，戊氧基异吩唑氧上去烷基化，乙氧基异吩唑氧上去乙基化，以及氨基比林氮上去甲基化等活性指标中，仅表征Ｐ４５０ⅢＡ的活性指标──ＴＡＯ－ＭＩ络合物生成能力及红霉素氮上去甲基酶活性，与ＣＯ的生成能力明显相关。给ＤＥＸ诱导的大鼠以Ｐ４５０ⅢＡ的抑制剂ＴＡＯ处理，鼠肝微粒体的Ｐ４５０含量，ＴＡＯ－ＭＩ络合物生成能力，红霉素氮上去甲基化作用，及ＣＯ生成能力的丢失程度相近。上述结果表明，Ｐ４５０Ⅲ?     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.