α-synuclein-pEGFP真核表达载体的构建及其在SH-SY5Y细胞中的表达

为了构建 α-synuclein-p EGFP真核表达载体 ,检测其在 SH-SY5 Y细胞内的表达 ,本研究应用下述方法 :PCR扩增 α-synuclein基因并消除终止密码子 ;PCR产物连入 p GEM T-easy载体 ,经测序确认无误后 ,亚克隆入 p EGFP-N1,构建α-synucle-in-p EGF P真核表达载体 ;Lipofect AMINE法转染 SH-SY5 Y细胞 ;荧光显微镜检测报告基因表达产物 EGFP,原位杂交和免疫荧光细胞化学法检测α-synuclein m RNA及其蛋白表达。结果显示 ,该载体转染 SH-SY5 Y细胞后 ,可在细胞内观察到报告基因和目的基因的表达产物。结论 :α-synuclein-p EGFP真核表达载体构建成功 ,并可在细胞内表达。本工作为今后动态观察研究α-synu-clein致 Parkinson病多巴胺能神经细胞损伤机制奠定基础     

EBF3与EGFP融合蛋白表达载体的构建及其在HepG2中的表达

目的:构建早期B细胞因子3(EBF3)与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的融合基因真核表达载体pEGFP/EBF3, 使EBF3-EGFP融合蛋白在人肝癌细胞株HepG2中得到表达.方法:采用RT-PCR技术, 从人胎盘组织总RNA中逆转录并扩增出EBF3全长编码基因, 构建EBF3与EGFP的融合基因真核表达载体pEGFP/EBF3, 用脂质体转染技术将pEGFP/EBF3导入HepG2, 使EBF3-EGFP融合蛋白得到表达.结果:经转化细菌、抽提质粒、酶切鉴定和DNA序列分析证实, EBF3基因已正确插入pEGFP-N1中EGFP基因的上游, 获得融合基因表达载体pEGFP/EBF3.将pEGFP/EBF3导入HepG2细胞24 h后, 在倒置荧光显微镜下可观察到EBF3-EGFP融合蛋白主要表达于核内, 转染pEGFP/EBF3和pEGFP-N1后48 h的转染效率分别为52%和59%.Western blot证实转染pEGFP/EBF3后24 h和48 h细胞质和细胞核中均检出相对分子质量(Mr)为87 000的EBF3-EGFP融合蛋白, 转染pEGFP/EBF3后48 h和72 h, S期细胞比例均明显高于pEGFP-N1转染细胞组和未转染细胞组, 表明EBF3基因的导入可诱导细胞从G1期向G2期发展, 从而促进细胞增殖.结论:成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP/EBF3, 并在HepG2细胞中进行了表达, 为进一步研究EBF3的功能提供实验基础.     

pEGFP/hVEGF121融合蛋白真核表达载体的构建及在骨髓间质干细胞中的表达

目的：构建携带人血管内皮细胞生长因子121及绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的融合蛋白真核表达质粒并检测其在骨髓间质干细胞（MSC）中的表达。 方法： 采用PCR技术，以pCD/hVEGF121质粒为模板扩增VEGF121基因全长，采用PCR产物的粘端克隆法，将VEGF121定向克隆入pEGFP-C1的多克隆位点，构建pEGFP/hVEGF121重组质粒，酶切、PCR及序列分析鉴定，脂质体介导转染体外培养的MSC，荧光显微镜及免疫细胞化学染色检测EGFP/VEGF融合蛋白的表达。 结果： PCR、酶切及测序证实目的基因VEGF121正确连接至pEGFP-C1的多克隆位点，pEGFP/hVEGF121重组质粒转染MSC后，荧光显微镜及免疫细胞化学检测EGFP/VEGF蛋白在MSC中存在表达。 结论： 成功构建了携带人VEGF121及EGFP报告基因的融合蛋白真核表达质粒，并在MSC中获得表达，为进一步研究VEGF基因治疗缺血性心血管疾病及MSC的分化奠定了实验基础。     

SEDL基因及其突变体真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的构建SEDL基因及其突变体与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)表达载体的融合表达质粒pEGFP-C3-SEDL并获得表达。方法分别提取X连锁迟发性脊柱骨骺发育不良(SEDT)患者和正常对照外周血淋巴细胞RNA,RT-PCR方法扩增SEDL基因cDNA,双酶切后克隆至pEGFP-C3空载体,构建表达质粒pEGFP-C3-SEDL。双酶切和DNA测序鉴定后,转染COS-7细胞,通过流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜观察重组蛋白表达情况。结果 DNA测序显示重组真核表达载体pEGFP-C3-SEDL构建成功,SEDL基因c.370-371ins A突变位点被成功克隆到突变体重组质粒中。荧光倒置显微镜观察证实重组质粒均能在细胞内进行蛋白表达。结论 SEDL基因及其突变体真核表达载体的成功构建为其进一步研究SEDL基因突变致SEDT的分子机制奠定了基础。     

红色荧光蛋白核迁移蛋白shRNA干扰载体的构建

目的:利用红色荧光蛋白(RFP),建立一种直观、快速筛选有效RNA干扰片段的方法.方法:通过分子克隆技术将核迁移蛋白(NUDC)与RFP构建成融合基因,克隆至真核表达载体pDs中,以实现其融合表达;同时,将人U6启动子及9个NUDC的发夹结构分别克隆至上述同一真核载体中,构建成一系列针对NUDC不同干扰位点的RNA干扰载体,通过采用酶切及DNA序列鉴定,然后转染293T细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察293T细胞的荧光发光强度及荧光细胞数.结果:酶切及测序结果证实质粒为所需的序列;荧光显微镜观察结果显示,shNUDC-A的干扰效果最好.结论:成功构建了含RFP的NUDC真核shRNA干扰载体.     

线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶RNAi慢病毒载体的构建

目的：通过构建携带细胞色素C氧化酶基因的RNAi慢病毒载体，获得可供转染的滴度，为下一步研究该基因缺陷在真核细胞中的影响提供物质基础。 方法： 根据线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶设计的两条互补的单链寡核苷酸退火后形成双链，插入到pENTR/U6质粒缺口末端，连接在质粒上生成含RNAi盒的pENTR/U6载体；通过重组作用将pENTR/U6载体的RNAi盒重组到pLenti6/BLOCK-iT-Dest 载体上,构建含U6启动子、靶序列和Pol Ⅲ终止子表达框的MTCOX-I shRNA表达重组体；经脂质体导入293FT细胞，包装成慢病毒，收集病毒上清并检测其滴度。Western blotting检测干扰后细胞内线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶I亚基的表达。 结果： 将目的序列成功连接到载体上，并经测序分析证实载体构建成功；成功包装成高滴度的慢病毒。Western blotting检测结果证实构建的MTCOX-I shRNA表达重组体可显著抑制线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶I亚基的表达。 结论： 成功构建了携带细胞色素C氧化酶基因的RNAi慢病毒载体。     

shRNA表达载体的构建及对HBV复制和表达的抑制

目的:构建shRNA的表达载体,检测针对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的shRNA的稳定表达质粒对HBV复制和表达的影响。方法:扩增U6启动子构建shRNA表达载体pU6。针对HBV基因组序列设计并化学合成双链核苷酸克隆到pU6载体得到质粒pU6B/HBVi,脂质体介导转染带有HBV基因组的2.2.15细胞,定量PCR和ELISA法检测pU6B/HBVi对HBV复制和表达的影响。结果:成功构建了shRNA的真核表达载体;针对HBV的pU6B/HBVi质粒对HBV的复制和表达有明显的抑制作用。结论:稳定表达shRNA的pU6B/HBVi质粒可以抑制HBV在2.2.15细胞中的复制和表达。     

Mcl-1短发夹RNA在Raw264.7细胞内特异性的筛选

目的:将Mcl-1shRNA转染到Raw264.7细胞内,针对shRNA对小鼠Raw264.7巨噬细胞系中Mcl-1表达的影响,筛选出沉默Mcl-1基因效果最明显的特异性shRNA真核表达质粒。方法:将特异性shRNA经脂质体介导转染小鼠巨噬细胞系Raw264.7;半定量RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测转染24、48 h后Mcl-1 mRNA水平变化和Mcl-1蛋白表达情况,分析对应不同位点的三对特异性shRNA片段对Mcl-1的沉默效果。结果:特异性shRNA片段在24、48 h均能有效降低Mcl-1 mRNA和蛋白水平,沉默效率高于正常组、脂质体组和阴性对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);对应不同位点的三对shRNA真核表达质粒,其中Mcl-1 shRNA3对Mcl-1 mRNA和蛋白的抑制作用均最强。结论:RNA干扰技术可有效下调小鼠Raw264.7巨噬细胞系中Mcl-1 mRNA水平,明显下调Mcl-1蛋白表达。成功筛选出了沉默Mcl-1基因效果最明显的特异性shRNA真核表达质粒。     

小鼠TIM2基因真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的:构建真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-TIM2,并在小鼠肝癌细胞系H22中进行表达。方法:用RT-PCR法扩增得到TIM2基因,构建重组真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-TIM2,并进行BamHI及BglⅡ双酶切鉴定和测序。通过脂质体法转染H22细胞,用RT-PCR法检测H22细胞中TIM2mRNA的表达。结果:构建了真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-TIM2,用脂质体法转染H22细胞后,用荧光显微镜观察和RT-PCR法检测,可见细胞内有EGFP及TIM2mRNA的表达。结论:成功地构建重组真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-TIM2,并在小鼠H22细胞中表达,为进一步研究TIM2在肿瘤生物治疗中的应用奠定了基础。     

shRNA表达质粒抑制耐阿霉素的人乳腺癌细胞株(MCF-7/AdrR)绿色荧光蛋白表达的研究

目的：探讨靶向增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）小发夹结构RNA（Short hairpin RNA，shRNA）对耐阿霉素的人乳腺癌细胞（MCF-7／AdrR）中EGFP基因表达的抑制作用。方法：构建针对EGFP基因的shRNA表达载体，与pcDNA3．0 EGFP质粒共转染MCF-7／AdrR细胞，分别用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜（Laser confocal scanning microscope，LCSM）和流式细胞术检测干扰效果。结果：瞬时共转染pSilencer^TM3．1-H1 neo EGFP shBNA质粒和pcDNA3．0 EGFP质粒后，荧光显微镜观察结果显示MCF-7／AdrR细胞中发出荧光的细胞数量减少，荧光强度明显降低。流式细胞术检测阳性细胞百分率降低至35．6％，差异有显著性。结论：靶向EGFP的shRNA表达质粒能有效而特异抑制EGFP在MCF-7／AdrR中的表达，MCF-7／AdrR细胞中存在RNA干扰现象，为进一步利用RNA干扰技术逆转乳腺癌多药耐药性的研究奠定基础。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.