儿童静脉复合麻醉与局麻下肾活检的对比研究

目的 通过对儿童静脉复合麻醉经皮无痛肾活检与传统局麻下肾活检的成功率和安全性进行对比研究,探讨超声引导下无痛肾活检在儿童患者的临床应用意义.方法 将我科进行静脉复合麻醉无痛肾活检27例与传统局麻下肾活检23例患儿(均小于12岁)的临床与病理资料进行比较.观察两组的成功率(肾小球数大于15个或能够作出完整病理诊断为穿刺成功)和并发症.结果 无痛组患儿均顺利完成穿刺,肾小球数8～49(23.3±10.0)个;局麻组肾小球数0～40(23.2±9.4)个,2例无法配合放弃穿刺,2例肾小球数低于15个,无痛组和局麻组总成功率分别为96.3%和82.6%,具显著性差异.并发症:无痛组穿刺后麻醉苏醒时间为2～5 min,1例苏醒过程中发生呼吸抑制,加大吸氧和畅通呼吸道后好转,局麻组无麻醉并发症;肉眼血尿无痛组和局麻组各1例,肾周小血肿发生率分别为22.2%和21%,无显著性差异.结论 儿童静脉复合麻醉肾活检安全可靠,成功率高,其病理诊断对临床治疗及预后评价具有明确的指导意义,值得推广使用.     

16G和18G Cru—cut手动活检针超声定位肾活检的效果与安全性比较

目的：研究不同型号活检针对肾活检成功率及并发症的影响。方法将486例患者分成两组,16G组216例患者采用16 G Cru- cut手动活检针进行彩超引导下肾组织活检;18G组270例患者采用18 G Cru- cut活检针。16G活检针穿刺要求取材2条肾组织,18G活检针穿刺要求取材3条肾组织。结果两组活检总成功率94.44%。16G组活检成功率93.52%;平均穿刺次数（2.57±0.34）次;并发症发生率8.80%（肉眼血尿5.56%,肾包膜下血肿3.24%）。18G组活检成功率95.19%;平均穿刺次数（2.84±0.51）次;并发症发生率5.56%（肉眼血尿4.07%,肾包膜下血肿1.48%）,两组成功率、并发症发生率均无统计学差异（均P＞0.05）,两组穿刺次数有统计学差异（P＜0.01）。16G组光镜下平均肾小球数量（19.33±4.91）个;18G组光镜下平均肾小球数量（25.27±6.23）个;两组比较有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。结论使用18G针进行超声引导下肾活检,虽多取材1次,但与16G针比较不增加并发症。两种活检针取材的有效肾小球数量有差异,但均可保证光镜、电镜及免疫荧光检测的标本质量。     

彩超引导下使用16 G和18 G Cru-cut手动活检针肾组织活检结果比较

目的：为了研究穿刺针粗细对肾活检穿刺成功率及并发症的影响。方法：156例患者随机分成两组,1组80例,用16 G Cru-cut针;2组76例,用18 G Cru-cut针进行彩超引导下肾组织活检。结果：1组穿刺成功率97.5%;平均穿针次数（2.36±0.23）针;并发症11.3%（肉眼血尿8.8%,被膜下血肿2.5%）。2组穿刺成功率97.4%;平均穿针次数（3.39±0.50）针;并发症10.5%（肉眼血尿7.9%,被膜下血肿2.6%）,两种方法成功率、术后并发症没有统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组穿针次数差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。1组每条肾组织中肾小球个数17.24±5.21;每例肾小球总数29.36±7.31,2组每条肾组织中肾小球个数11.37±3.13;每例肾小球总数21.81±6.43,两组每条肾组织中肾小球个数及每例肾小球总数比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：使用16 G针进行超声引导下肾活检没有增加并发症,与18G针一样安全,而且可以获得更多的肾小球。     

B超引导下粗细活检针行肾活检的效果及安全性分析

目的 评价用16G和18G两种不同直径的活检针行B超引导下肾活检的取材效果及安全性.方法 196例肾功能正常的肾小球疾病患者分为两组,对照组使用18G针者110例,另一组使用16G粗针者86例.对两种不同直径的活检针行肾活检所获肾组织的肾小球数量及术后肉眼血尿及肾周血肿的发生率进行分析.结果 ①粗、细活检针组取得的组织肾小球数分别为 28.16±12.23 及16.18±7.56,粗针组多于细针组(P＜0.05);②肉眼血尿发生率粗针组为3.49%,细针组为1.81%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③肾周血肿发生率粗针组为10.47%,细针组为6.36%,粗针组高于细针组(P＜0.05).结论 16G粗针肾活检取材效果优于18G细针,但肾周血肿发生率高于细针组,应根据患者情况谨慎选择活检针.     

普通B超引导下行肾穿刺活检术11例

目的总结普通B超引导下自动穿刺枪肾活检的临床经验.方法取右肾下极为穿刺点,局麻后穿刺枪在B超引导下刺入肾包膜表面,进针1.5 cm.嘱患者平静呼吸,穿刺枪快速刺入肾皮质后退出.结果 11例患者平均穿刺2～3针,成功率100%,每例肾组织取材中获得肾小球15～23个,并发症：镜下血尿100%,肉眼血尿0例,肾周血肿0例,腰胀痛4例,无严重并发症.结论普通B超探头引导下自动穿刺枪肾活检简便、经济,并发症少,安全,取材好,值得推广应用.     

对133例超声引导下儿童经皮穿刺肾活检成功率和并发症分析

目的:研究并探讨超声引导下儿童经皮穿刺肾活检的成功率,并对其并发症发生情况进行分析,为提高成功率、减少并发症提供借鉴和帮助。方法:收集本院2008年1月-2016年12月接受超声引导下经皮穿刺肾活检检查的133例患儿的病例资料进行回顾性研究分析,按照经皮穿刺肾活检成功与否、是否出现并发症将其分别分为成功组和失败组、并发症组和无并发症组。对各组的临床资料进行比较,并对影响超声引导下经皮穿刺肾活检成功率、并发症的危险因素进行分析。结果:133例患儿在超声引导下经皮穿刺肾活检的成功率为98.50%(131/133),其并发症发生率为18.80%(25/133),包括肉眼血尿11例、穿刺部位疼痛9例、皮下血肿5例。经分析,穿刺部位是影响超声引导下经皮穿刺肾活检成功率的主要危险因素;经单因素,穿刺肾活检失败患儿于肾门附近穿刺的概率为100%,而穿刺肾活检成功患儿于肾门附近穿刺的概率仅为50.38%。多因素Logistics回归分析后发现,超声引导下经皮穿刺肾活检出现并发症的危险因素主要为穿刺深度、穿刺部位(P0.05)。结论:在超声引导下对儿童实施经皮穿刺肾活检的成功率较高,并发症主要以肉眼血尿、疼痛、皮下血肿为主,为提高其成功率、安全性,需严格掌握进针角度、穿刺深度。     

80例儿童经皮穿刺肾活检成功率和并发症分析

目的探讨采用自动活检枪对儿童患者行肾活检的成功率和并发症。方法回顾性分析我院2001年3月至2004年8月采用自动活检枪在B超引导下对80例行肾活检患儿的临床资料和并发症。结果80例肾活检取材成功并作出病理诊断的72例(90%),肾小球0～32(11±4.8)个。共发生出血8例(10%)。2002年7月前采用普通B超引导垂直进针肾活检发生肉眼血尿3例;肾周血肿4例;2002年7月后改用穿刺探头引导斜角进针肾活检后出现肉眼血尿1例。结论掌握进针深度和角度是提高儿童肾活检成功率和减少并发症的关键。     

超声引导无穿刺导向装置肾活检技术的临床研究

目的探讨在没有配套穿刺导向专用附加装置的条件下,通过超声引导,应用半自动活检枪进行肾活检术。评介其穿刺成功率、并发症的发生率和临床价值。方法研究组应用Temno半自动活检装置,在超声引导下对43例急慢性肾脏病患者进行肾穿刺活检。对照组应用Bard自动活检枪及配套16G自动活检针和穿刺导向装置,在超声引导下对86例肾病患者进行肾活检。结果两组病例均100%取材成功,研究组与对照组光镜下每例肾小球数目均数分别为(17.12±4.76)和(18.48±6.7)个,两组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);肉眼血尿分别为2例和3例,发生率分别为4.7%和3.5%(P>0.05),其余病例均有程度不等的镜下血尿。结论该技术具有操作简便、成功率高、并发症少等优点,值得在临床上推广应用,尤其适用于无穿刺导向专用附加装置和穿刺探头的医院。     

橡皮筋定位B超引导下经皮肾穿刺活检术的临床应用

目的探讨B超下橡皮筋定位经皮肾穿刺活检术方法的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析2000～2005年45例通过B超下橡皮筋定位经皮肾活检的各种肾小球疾病患者的临床、病理资料。结果45例患者,共穿刺95针,成功率94.7%,肾小球数0～30个(16.4±5.8),作出病理诊断者100%。并发症中新出现的镜下血尿及镜下血尿加重44.4%,肉眼血尿2.2%,无肾周血肿,无致命并发症。结论B超下橡皮筋定位肾活检安全,并发症少,成功率高,取材质量佳,病理诊断率高。     

两种不同直径的肾穿针在肾活检中的实际效果比较

目的观察和评价不同直径(16G和18G)的肾自动活检针在临床实际应用中的效果。方法拟行肾活检的患者,按使用直径不同分成粗针组(用16G粗穿刺针)103例和细针组(用18G细穿刺针)150例,在B超直视下经皮肾穿刺,观察获取的肾小球数、血肿发生率、血肿体积和肉眼血尿的发生概率。结果与细针组比较,粗针组穿刺成功率较高,均无需第3针,细针组有时需要穿第3针甚至第4针;粗针组肾小球数目为32.12±17.33,细针组肾小球数目为13.69±9.18,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。粗针组小血肿和肉眼血尿的发生率为14.6%和21.4%,细针组为8.6%和15.3%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组发生血肿患者的血肿体积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2例肾穿刺后大出血的患者发生在粗针组,细针组无一例发生。结论 16G粗针的穿刺效果明显好于18G的细针,致出血的风险差异仍待更多观察,临床可谨慎选择使用16G粗针。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.