肩关节后方入路手术治疗肩胛骨骨折21例临床观察

目的探讨肩胛骨不稳定骨折手术治疗的指证、手术入路及功能疗效。方法对21例肩胛骨骨折患者采用肩胛骨后方手术入路,切开复位内固定治疗。结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间4个月～3年8个月,平均13.2个月,骨折愈合时间8～12周,根据Hardegger功能评分,优12例,良6例,可2例,差1例,优良率85.7%。结论肩胛骨不稳定骨折经肩胛骨后方入路治疗疗效肯定,最大限度保留了肩袖的完整性,肩关节功能满意。     

严重移位的肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨严重移位的肩胛骨骨折的手术入路和内固定方法。方法回顾分析我院自2004年1月至2010年1月经手术治疗的严重移位的肩胛骨骨折患者36例,其中开放性骨折取原伤口入路,闭合性骨折分别取肩关节前侧、后上入路,肩胛骨后侧、肩胛骨外侧缘入路及前后联合入路。骨折复位后运用重建钢板、螺钉、可吸收螺钉、克氏针、钢丝张力带进行内固定。结果 36例患者全部获得随访,随访时间6～35个月,平均19个月。采用Hardegger肩关节功能评定标准,优12例,良18例,可5例,差1例。平均骨折临床愈合时间8～12周。结论对于严重移位的肩胛骨骨折早期进行手术治疗,选择合适的手术入路和内固定方式,术后进行系统的康复治疗和功能锻炼,可获得较好的疗效。     

重建钢板内固定治疗移位型肩胛骨骨折

目的探讨使用重建钢板治疗移位型肩胛骨骨折的手术方法和疗效。方法对2003年3月至2007年6月的10例移位明显的肩胛骨骨折采用切开复位、重建钢板内固定治疗,术后早期功能锻炼。结果所有病例均获12～43个月的随访,平均22．3个月,骨折完全愈合。功能恢复按照Hardegger标准评定,优7例,良2例,可1例,优良率90％。结论切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗移位型肩胛骨骨折可坚强固定和早期功能锻炼,有利于肩关节功能的早期恢复。     

跟骨钢板治疗严重移位肩胛骨骨折

目的探讨跟骨钢板治疗严重移位肩胛骨骨折的手术适应证及疗效。方法10例严重移位肩胛骨骨折患者采用跟骨钢板内固定治疗。结果随访6个月-4年，根据Hardegger功能评定标准：优7例，良2例，可1例。结论切开复位跟骨钢板内固定是治疗移位肩胛骨骨折较理想的方法之一。     

肩后入路内固定治疗不稳定性肩胛骨骨折

目的：探讨不稳定性肩胛骨系列骨折的手术适应证与开放复位内固定的治疗效果。方法：22例肩胛骨骨折，男18例，女4例，年龄25～65岁，平均35．5岁。根据术前X线片与CT扫描对骨折进行分型，确定手术指征，经肩后入路行切开复位，采用重建钢板、微型钢板、拉力螺钉内固定，术后早期功能锻炼。结果：22例均获9～28个月随访，平均17．5个月，疗效优14例，良5例，可2例，差1例，优良率86．4％。所有骨折平均在术后8．5周骨性愈合。结论：对不稳定性肩胛骨骨折行开放复位内固定、早期功能锻炼可恢复较好的肩关节功能。     

肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗及疗效。方法2003年8月至2006年11月共手术治疗肩胛骨骨折患者19例,取肩关节背侧手术入路(Judet切口),重建钢板进行固定。结果本组患者术后复查X线片显示复位满意,随访14例,随访时间6个月～3年2个月,平均1年2个月。评定肩关节功能根据Neer标准:优11例(79%),不满意3例(21%),无失败病例。结论对不稳定肩胛骨骨折采用切开复位、内固定治疗,患者可早期进行功能锻炼,能最大限度的恢复肩关节功能,避免各种并发症的发生。     

后入路重建钢板或重建带内固定治疗移位肩胛骨骨折

目的探讨使用后入路重建钢板或重建带内固定治疗移位肩胛骨骨折的疗效。方法随访分析2007年9月至2009年9月治疗的15例移位肩胛骨骨折。其中男13例,女2例,年龄19～66岁,平均41岁,均为闭合性骨折。根据Miller-Ada肩胛骨折分型标准,A型1例,C型4例,型2例,型8例。8例行重建钢板内固定,7例行重建带内固定。结果本组15例均获随访,时间4～27个月,骨折愈合时间为8～12周,按Hardegger肩关节功能评定标准进行评价,优12例,良2例,可1例,差0例,优良率93.3%。结论使用后入路重建钢板或重建带内固定治疗移位肩胛骨骨折可取得良好的临床疗效。     

Brodsky入路钢板螺钉内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨Brodsky入路钢板螺钉内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-01—2019-06采用Brodsky入路钢板螺钉内固定治疗的21例肩胛骨骨折,比较术前与末次随访时Neer肩关节功能评分、DASH评分、疼痛VAS评分。结果 21例均顺利完成手术并获得完整随访,随访时间12～16个月,平均12.5个月。未出现骨折延迟愈合及不愈合。骨折愈合时间3～4个月,平均3.5个月。末次随访时Neer肩关节功能评分较术前提高,DASH评分、疼痛VAS评分较术前降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Brodsky入路钢板螺钉内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折可以有效改善肩关节及上肢功能,明显缓解患者术后疼痛,临床疗效满意。     

重建钢板内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折

目的探讨重建钢板内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折的手术方法和临床疗效。方法回顾分析2003年5月～2007年11月收治的肩胛骨骨折15例,术前行CT三维重建,Judet入路显露,重建钢板内固定。结果本组均获随访,随访时间6～36个月,平均12个月。骨折愈合时间8～12周。根据Hardegger标准评价:优11例,良2例,可1例,差1例。结论 CT三维重建对肩胛骨骨折早期诊断治疗有重要指导作用。重建钢板内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折可取得良好疗效。     

肩胛骨外侧切口入路治疗肩胛骨骨折

目的 探讨肩胛骨外侧切口人路治疗严重移位肩胛骨骨折的手术适应证和方法.方法 应用肩胛骨外侧切口人路对11例严重移位的肩胛骨骨折行切开复位内固定术(体部骨折5例,外科颈骨折3例,关节盂缘骨折2例,关节盂窝骨折1例).术后均获随访,随访时间6～16个月.平均为12个月.结果 患者各阶段X线片复查骨折对位对线良好,骨折愈合时间7～22周,平均9周.肩关节功能采用Hardegger功能评分标准:优9例,良2例.结论 肩胛骨外侧切口入路比较适合于肩胛骨体部、肩胛骨颈部、关节盂缘、关节盂窝骨折的复位和内固定手术.但由于该切口偏于肩胛骨外侧,用于肩胛冈骨折时须延长切口.该切口不适合用于肩峰骨折及喙突骨折.肩胛骨外侧切口配合应用多孔重建钢板,可取得肩胛骨体部和颈部骨折的良好复位和固定.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.