老年鼠失血性休克时睾丸糖皮质激素受体的变化

目的与方法：应用放射配体结合法，测定老年鼠失血性休克时睾丸细胞液糖皮质激素受体（GR）的最大结合量（R0）和平衡解离常数（Kd）。结果：老年鼠4、8h休克组睾丸细胞液GR的R0分别是41．86±6．47fmol／（mg·蛋白）、27．74±5．87fmol／（mg·蛋白），显著低于各自对照组（P均＜0．01），Kd值显著高于各自对照组（P均＜0．01）。结论：GR的功能可能与失血性休克有关。     

大鼠睾丸与外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的相关性研究

应用放射配体结合法，检测了成年大鼠，老年大鼠及成年失血性休克大鼠睾丸和外周血白细胞糖上质激素受体（ＧＲ）。结果，（１）老年组及成年４ｈ，８ｈ休克组大鼠睾丸和外周血白细胞ＧＲ较成年组降低；（２）４组睾丸ＧＲ与各自外周白细胞ＧＲ呈显著正相关。     

大鼠睾丸与外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的相关性研究

应用放射配体结合法，检测了成年大鼠、老年大鼠及成年失血性休克大鼠睾丸和外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体（GR）。结果：（1）老年组及成年4h、8h休克组大鼠睾丸和外周血白细胞GR较成年组降低；（2）4组睾丸GR与各自外周血白细胞GR里显著正相关。     

重症急性胆管炎时糖皮质激素受体的变化

目的：研究重症急民生胆管炎时糖皮质激素受体的变化。方法：采用放射配体结合测定法，研究重症急性胆管炎（ＡＣＳＴ）患者外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体（ＧＣＲ）的变化结果：ＡＣＳＴ患者白细胞ＧＣＲ水平显著低于对照组水平。结论：ＧＣＲ水平的变化对ＡＣＳＴ患者合理应用糖皮质激素（ＧＣ?辅助治疗有参考价值。     

糖皮质激素受体亚型与糖皮质激素抵抗关系的研究进展

糖皮质激素抵抗型病例的出现，对于以激素为主要治疗药物的疾病（如肾病综合征）而言是一个严重的挑战，鉴于糖皮质激素主要通过结合糖皮质激素受体方能发挥生物学和治疗效应，这方面的研究一直是颇受关注的焦点。晚近的研究显示糖皮质激素受体β（GRβ）可能是一种潜在的内源性糖皮质激素效应的拮抗因子，为揭示糖皮质激素抵抗现象的发生提供了一种新的研究思路。本文就糖皮质激素受体亚型（GRα和GRβ）与糖皮质激素效应、尤其是与糖皮质激素抵抗之间关系的研究进展做一综述。     

糖皮质激素受体亚型与糖皮质激素抵抗关系的研究进展

糖皮质激素抵抗型病例的出现 ,对于以激素为主要治疗药物的疾病 (如肾病综合征 )而言是一个严重的挑战 ,鉴于糖皮质激素主要通过结合糖皮质激素受体方能发挥生物学和治疗效应 ,这方面的研究一直是颇受关注的焦点。晚近的研究显示糖皮质激素受体 β(GRβ)可能是一种潜在的内源性糖皮质激素效应的拮抗因子 ,为揭示糖皮质激素抵抗现象的发生提供了一种新的研究思路。本文就糖皮质激素受体亚型 (GRα和GRβ)与糖皮质激素效应、尤其是与糖皮质激素抵抗之间关系的研究进展做一综述。     

受体附件蛋白参与糖皮质激素受体激活研究进展

受体附件蛋白（RAPs）在糖皮质激素受体（GR）功能发挥中起着重要作用。GR与其配体糖皮质激素（GC）的结合和受体异源复合物的转移需要多种伴侣分子的参与和调节。对GR与RAPs作用模型的进一步认识可能会对与之相关性疾病发病机制和治疗的认识和研究提供更有力的基础。     

急性脊髓损伤患者外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的变化及其意义

目的：探讨急性脊髓损伤患者外周血白细胞糖皮质激素受体的变化及其意义。方法：采用放射配体结合法测定２０例急性脊髓损伤患者和２３例正常成人外周血白细胞上糖皮质激素受体结合位点。结果：急性脊髓损伤患者受体结合位点数明显低于正常成人组。结论：急性脊髓损伤患者外周血白细胞上糖皮质激素受体结合位点数明显减少,提示该受体可能在大剂量糖皮质激素治疗过程中起一定作用。     

Immunohistochemical demonstration of androgen receptors on testicular blood vessels

Using an antiserum directed against the human and rat androgen receptor we have used immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that nuclear androgen receptors are present in the muscular layer of almost all arteries within the rat testis. These receptors are apparently influenced by testosterone. They disappear after Leydig cell depletion induced by ethanedimethane sulphonate (EDS) and return after testosterone treatment. It is suggested that testicular blood vessels could be a target-organ for androgens and may mediate some of the effects of androgens on the testicular microcirculation.     

A retrospective analysis of pathological changes of testicular tissue in normal adult rats

Rat testicular model is widely used in experiments on andrology, pharmacology and reproductive toxicology. Generally, normal adult rat is considered to have normal testes. However, whether normal adult rats appeared abnormal testes have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of abnormal testes in normal adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and pathological changes in testicular tissues. Six hundred and sixteen adult male SD rats used in previous studies as controls were retrospectively analysed. Testicular tissues were stained with haematoxylin–eosin for observation of pathology. Among 616 rats, 14 rats had pathological testes, and the incidence of abnormal testis was 2.3%. In the 14 rats with abnormal testes, 10 rats were microrchidia (71.4%) and four rats showed normal testicular size. Testicular abnormality included complete interruption of spermatogenesis, partial germ cell arrest, progressive hypospermatogenesis, seminiferous epithelia vacuolation and inflammatory status. Bilateral testicular tissues had similar pathological changes in abnormal testes. The findings in this study demonstrate that the normal adult rats have abnormal testes. We should pay attention to the possibility of abnormal testes when using normal adult male rats for establishing a testicular model.     

Effect of testicular capsulotomy on fertility of rats

Aim: To demonstrate the effect of capsulotomy on the fertility of male rats. Methods: Testicular capsulotomy was carried out in immature (21 days) and adult (60 days) male rats. The fertility of them was assessed by cohabitation with proestrus females overnight and 20 days later, the females were examined for impregnation. Morphological changes at the site of the capsulotomy were observed under light microscope. Results: In rats capsulotomized at Day 60, the fertility was gradually depressed and all the rats completely lost their fertility 2 months post - operation. At that time, a partial regeneration of the capsule at the site of capsulotomy was observed. Immature rats capsulotomized at Day 21 were found to possess normal fertility at maturity. The capsulotomy site was almost completely recovered 60 days post-operation. Conclusion: In male rats, testicular capsulotomy at the age of Day 60 will damage fertility. However, when capsulotomy is performed at Day 21. fertility is preserve.     

糖皮质激素受体和热休克蛋白70在大鼠重症急性胰腺炎中的表达

目的 探讨糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor,GR)和热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein70,HSP70)在大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)中的变化及意义.方法 48只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分成SAP组、阻断GR组和正常对照组,每组16只.采用逆行胆胰管注射牛磺胆酸钠造成SAP模型,制模前15 h肌注10%Ru486(米非司酮)油剂(按5 mg/kg体质量肌肉注射)阻断GR50%.12 h后分别活杀观察胰腺、肝、肾、肺、小肠的病理改变并采用免疫印迹法测定各组织的GR,HSP70含量.结果 SAP组和阻断GR组大鼠各组织的GR水平明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.01),HSP70明显高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).阻断GR组各组织的GR和HSP70含量明显低于SAP组(P＜0.01).12 h时模型组大鼠的胰腺、肝、肾、肺、小肠已有明显的病理改变,阻断GR模型组的病理改变较SAP组明显加重.结论 在重症急性胰腺炎大鼠模型中存在GR水平的降低和HSP70水平的升高,GR不足是导致重症急性胰腺炎早期继发性肝、肾、肺、小肠损伤的重要原因,它可能通过HSP70表达下降起作用.     

Effect of bilateral testicular resection on thymocyte and its microenvironment in aged mice

Aim: To observe the changes in thymocyte and its microenvironment in aged mice after bilateral testicular resection. Methods: In male old mice, at the 25th day after testicular resection, the peripheral blood and thymus were collected. Blood and thymus suspension smears were prepared for quantitative histochemistry and immunohistochemistry study under light and electron microscopes. Results: In testes resected mice the size and the weight of thymus were markedly increased. The demarcation between cortex and medulla was clear. The cortex was thickened and the cell density was increased. The ratio of cortex/medulla stereometry was increased. The total cell count, thymocyte count, the percentage of acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) positive thymocytes, nonlymphocytes and the rosette formation of macrophages and thymocytes were all increased. The thymocytes surrounded closely to the light thymic epithelial cells, dendritic cells or macrophages. The lymphocytes, particularly the ANAE positive lymphocytes of peripheral blood were increased. Conclusion: After bilateral testicular resection, the thymus of aged male mice showed morphological regeneration and the thymocytes and its microenvironment appeared to be definitely improved. It is suggested that testicular resection may improve immune function.     

A narrative review of the role of glucocorticoid receptors in prostate cancer: developments in last 5 years

Background and ObjectiveGlucocorticoids, secreted from the adrenal gland, are commonly used in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) because of their anti-inflammatory and anti-toxic effects. However, glucocorticoids have been reported to have the opposite effects within the course of treatment. Many studies have shown that glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are involved in the establishment of a dominant population of androgen-independent malignant cells, which may result in CRPC. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of GRs in CRPC and the clinical application of glucocorticoids based on the present evidence.MethodsWe summarized the isoforms of GRs and the mechanisms involved in CRPC. An updated literature search was performed from the ClinicalTrials database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials database. The focus was on the timeframe from 2017 to 2022. At least one primary or secondary outcome [prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate, progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) and median time to PSA progression] according to studies should be included.Key Content and FindingsThe molecular structures and applications of the isoforms of GR have been intensively researched in the past 60 years. In recent years, researchers have pointed out that GRs may be involved in the development of CRPC via genomic and non-genomic effects. Clinical trials in the past 5 years have focused on the efficacy of drugs regarding CRPC. The use of glucocorticoids during treatments of CRPC follows the guidelines (e.g., NCCN Guidelines^®, guidelines of CSCO, etc.). Based on the collected data, prednisone appears to be the most widely used steroid hormone, followed by dexamethasone. Comparisons of the PSA response rate and the median time to PSA progression revealed that the efficacy of the 2 hormones is similar; however, further research on the effect of steroid hormone in CRPC is still required.ConclusionsVarious GR isoforms may play an important part in the development of CRPC, whose mechanism remains unclear. Most clinical trials have focused on the use of prednisone in the last 5 years. The efficacy of prednisone and dexamethasone is similar.