组织芯片应用于原发性鼻咽癌中p53表达的高通量分析

目的 :通过对不同临床分期鼻咽癌(NPC)中 p5 3蛋白表达的进一步研究 ,探讨高通量组织微阵列技术 (high throughputtis suemicroarray)应用于大规模临床标本高效筛查的可行性。方法 :用组织阵列仪 (tissuearrayer)制备连续系列分区排列的组织芯片 ,然后用 p5 3单抗免疫组织化学法检测一张组织芯片上 3 2 0例各类型的鼻咽活检组织标本中 p5 3蛋白表达 ,并分析 p5 3表达在不同鼻咽组织的分布状况及其与临床分期的相关性。结果 :在正常鼻咽黏膜组织、癌旁组织及癌组织中 p5 3蛋白的检出率分别为 0 ( 0 / 2 9)、16 7% ( 4 / 2 4)及 61 4% ( 164 /2 67) ,NPC组织中 p5 3蛋白表达率明显高于其他鼻咽非癌组织 ,P <0 0 0 1,其中癌旁 4例全为弱阳性 ,癌组织中 164例中弱阳性为112例 ,占 41 9% ( 112 / 2 67) ,而强阳性为 5 2例 ,占 19 5 % ( 5 2 / 2 67) ;p5 3表达与鼻咽癌的临床分期无显著相关性 ,P =0 0 78,而p5 3过表达 (强阳性 )却与鼻咽癌的临床中晚期密切相关 ,P =0 0 0 71。结论 :鼻咽癌中 p5 3蛋白的高频核积累提示p5 3蛋白功能的抑制在鼻咽癌的发生发展中起重要作用 ;应用组织芯片 (tissuechip)大规模高效筛查临床组织标本是可行性的 ,具有快速、方便、经济的特点     

肝癌中Fas相关死亡区蛋白与细胞凋亡相关性初探

目的 :研究肝癌中Fas相关死亡区蛋白 (FADD)与细胞凋亡间的相关性。方法 :采用原位末端标记及免疫组化法分别检测肝癌中细胞凋亡及FADD蛋白表达。结果 :78例肝癌中 2 0例 (2 5 6 % )表达FADD蛋白 ,显著低于癌旁非癌肝组织 (10 16 ,6 2 .5 % ,P <0 .0 5 )。 12 36 (33 3% )分化中等良好的HCC中FADD表达 ,略高于分化差的HCC(8 4 2 ,19% ,P >0 .0 5 )。Ⅰ Ⅱ级HCC中 ,16例为FADD阳性 (16 4 2 ,38 1% ) ,而Ⅲ Ⅳ级HCC中阳性率仅为 11 1% (P <0 .0 5 )。所有标本中均能检测到细胞凋亡 ,在FADD蛋白中等阳性和强阳性的HCC中 ,细胞凋亡程度较高 ,与FADD表达弱阳性或阴性的HCC相比P <0 .0 5 ,癌旁组织中FADD表达与细胞凋亡无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :FADD表达降低在肝癌发生中起作用 ,且与肝癌细胞凋亡相关     

膀胱癌癌旁组织p53、bcl-2表达及其临床意义

目的　探讨膀胱癌癌旁组织的组织病理学及突变蛋白p5 3、bcl 2的表达情况 ,以提高对膀胱癌恶性程度的认识及提高对膀胱癌的疗效。方法　采用免疫组化S P法 ,对 5 8例膀胱癌标本 ,取癌组织、癌旁 2cm、癌旁 3cm以及癌旁 3cm以上组织 ;分别进行 p5 3、bcl 2检测。 结果　 5 8例膀胱癌癌旁黏膜组织中 ,正常膀胱黏膜 2 5例 ,癌旁癌变 13例 ,癌前病变 2 0例。不同病理分期及分级的膀胱癌组织 p5 3阳性表达率有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;浅表性膀胱癌与浸润性膀胱癌bcl 2阳性表达率比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,不同病理分级膀胱癌组织中bcl 2阳性表达有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　p5 3阳性表达、bcl 2阴性表达的膀胱癌多具浸润性强、分化较差的特点。bcl 2阳性表达、p5 3阴性表达的膀胱癌浸润性弱、分化较好。癌旁组织恶变发生率浸润性膀胱癌为 5 6.4%、浅表性膀胱癌为 2 1.1% ,提示手术时应尽可能保证足够的切除范围     

肝细胞肝癌中VEGF、p53、mdm2蛋白表达及其相互关系

目的　研究肝细胞肝癌 (HCC) VEGF、p5 3、m dm2蛋白表达及其相互关系。方法　用免疫组化 S- P法或SAP法检测 HCC组织 VEGF、mdm2和 p5 3蛋白表达 ,计数微血管密度 (MVD) ,并与临床病理指标比较分析。结果　 72例 HCC中 VEGF、p5 3、mdm2蛋白阳性表达分别为 6 2 .5 %、4 1.6 %和 33.3% ;VEGF和 p5 3,VEGF和 m dm2 ,mdm2和 p5 3蛋白表达有相关性 (P<0 .0 5 )。 2 5例癌旁组织中 VEGF蛋白阳性表达为 2 0 .0 % ,m dm2蛋白阳性表达为 8.0 % ,p5 3蛋白阳性表达为 8.0 %。肝癌组织和癌旁组织 VEGF、m dm2和 p5 3蛋白表达差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。 10例正常肝组织无 VEGF、mdm2和 p5 3蛋白表达。 HCC组织中 VEGF、p5 3、mdm2蛋白阳性表达以及高MVD与血管侵犯和转移倾向明显相关 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 HCC组织中 VEGF、p5 3、mdm2蛋白过表达。p5 3突变和mdm2蛋白过表达 ,是 VEGF表达上调的原因之一 ,并与 HCC组织中血管侵犯和转移倾向有关     

磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3在肝细胞肝癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(GPC3)在肝细胞肝癌中的表达及临床意义.方法:利用免疫组织化学方法检测60例肝细胞肝癌及癌旁组织中GPC3及AFP的表达,评价GPC3在肝细胞肝癌诊断中的意义,并分析其乌肿瘤临床病理特征的关系.结果:GPC3在肝细胞肝癌组织中高表达[75%(45/60)],明显高于AFP表达[35%(21/60)](P<0.005);而在距肿瘤不同距离的癌旁组织中未见表达.CPC3主要表达在肝癌细胞的细胞浆和细胞膜.根据阳性细胞比例及染色强弱,其表达模式可分为弥漫强阳性表达(27例)、弥漫弱阳性表达(8例)、局灶强阳性表达(2例)和局灶弱阳性表达(8例).统计学分析表明GPC3在肝细胞肝癌组织中的表达与患者性别、年龄、血清AFP值、HBsAg定性、是否合并肝硬化及肿瘤大小、生长方式、分级、分期等临床病理特征无关.结论:GPC3更特异地广泛存在于肝细胞肝癌组织中,对比AFP的免疫组化结果,GPC3对肝细胞肝癌有更显著的敏感性及特异性,可能成为新的肝癌病理诊断标志物.     

喉鳞癌组织中p53蛋白的表达及其临床意义

目的　探讨p5 3蛋白在喉鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法　采用免疫组化技术检测p5 3蛋白在喉鳞癌、癌旁非典型增生组织及正常组织中的表达。结果　p5 3蛋白在喉鳞癌、癌旁和正常组织中阳性表达率分别为 5 3 .7%、3 8.1%和0 ,三者有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;重度非典型增生组织与中、轻度增生、癌旁单纯增生和癌旁正常黏膜 p5 3阳性表达分别有显著性差异 ,表达率分别为 68.8%、2 1.4%、16.7%、8.3 %和 0 ;在肿瘤浸润的前沿部 p5 3阳性表达显著强于浅表部 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;且癌巢边缘 p5 3表达显著强于中央部 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;p5 3阳性表达与喉鳞癌的分化、淋巴结转移有关 (P <0 .0 5 )。 结论　p5 3的过度表达可能为喉鳞癌的早期发生事件 ,癌旁组织中已发生p5 3基因突变的细胞可能是肿瘤复发的根源 ;p5 3表达与喉鳞癌的浸润生长、分化及转移有关 ,为判断预后的 1个有意义指标。     

p21和IGF-II在肝癌、肝硬化组织中表达的研究

目的　探讨 p2 1、IGF II在肝硬化、肝细胞癌 (HCC)中表达的意义及其与肝细胞不典型增生(LCD)的关系。方法　用免疫组化S P法检测单纯肝硬化、癌旁肝硬化及肝细胞癌 (HCC) p2 1、IGF II表达情况。结果　p2 1、IGF II在癌旁肝硬化和单纯肝硬化组织中的阳性表达率 (92 .86 %和 75 % ;6 8%和 74 % )与HCC(5 4 .5 5 %和 36 .36 % )相比差别有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。IGF II与p2 1阳性表达存在相关关系。HBsAg阳性或伴LCD改变的肝硬化 ,p2 1、IGF II阳性率均高于HBsAg阴性或不伴有LCD改变的肝硬化 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　 (1)在肝细胞癌变演化过程中 p2 1、IGF II可能发挥协同作用。 (2 )LCD可能是一群具有肿瘤增殖潜能的癌前细胞群 ,尤其有 p2 1、IGF II共同过度表达者 ,有发生HCC的高度危险。     

肝癌及癌旁组织中p53基因及AFP、CEA等表达异常及相关性研究

目的 :从分子生物学及病理学角度对肝癌中抑癌基因p5 3和肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白 (AFP)、癌胚抗原 (CEA)的表达及相关性进行研究。方法 :收集 4 0例肝细胞癌 (HCC)患者癌组织连带部分癌旁组织 ,用免疫组织化学法检测p5 3基因、AFP、CEA等。结果 :p5 3基因癌内表达率为 80 % ,癌旁组织为5 0 % ;AFP癌内表达率为 87 5 % ,癌旁组织为 80 % ;CEA癌内表达率为 5 5 % ,癌旁组织表达不明显。结论 :检测p5 3基因表达 ,并与AFP、CEA一起 ,对诊断肝癌、估计预后及制定术后治疗方案等有重要作用     

胰腺癌p27~ (kip1)、cyclinE和增殖细胞核抗原的表达及与临床病理关系研究

 目的　探讨 p2 7kip1、cyclinE蛋白和PCNA在胰腺癌发生发展中的作用。 方法　应用免疫组化SP法 ,对 32例胰腺癌及癌旁组织中 p2 7kip1、cyclinE蛋白和PCNA表达进行检测。 结果　p2 7kip1蛋白阳性表达率在胰腺癌组织中为 5 6 .3% ,显著低于癌旁组织 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并与癌组织分化程度及淋巴结转移相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;cyclinE和PCNA阳性表达率在胰腺癌组织中分别为6 8.8%和 71.9% ,均显著高于癌旁组织 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并与癌组织分化程度和淋巴结转移均相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　p2 7kip1、cyclinE和PC NA可能在胰腺癌发生发展中发挥重要作用。     

p16影响乙肝病毒相关性肝细胞肝癌的发生

目的　探讨乙肝病毒 (HBV)基因整合和p16基因表达改变及其与肝细胞肝癌发生发展的关系。方法　 35例肝癌及癌旁肝组织为标本 ,采用聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)及Southernblot检测HBVX基因整合 ,以单链构象多态性分析确定p16基因突变 ,以RT PCR检测p16mRNA ,以Westernblot检测p16蛋白。结果　肝癌中X基因整合与p16mRNA及蛋白表达相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肝癌及癌旁肝组织中p16蛋白表达缺失率分别为 6 2 .9%和 4 0 .0 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;癌组织中p16蛋白表达缺失与肝癌分化程度、癌细胞浸润有相关性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　X基因整合与p16蛋白缺陷有关 ,p16改变在肝细胞癌变各阶段发挥重要作用 ,并与肝癌的演进和侵袭有关。     

Genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinomas: association between loss of chromosome 4q and p53 gene mutations.

The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in high incidence areas include infection with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and exposure to aflatoxin. Genetic alterations in 24 liver resection specimens from Shanghai and Qidong were studied. Hepatitis B virus was integrated in all patient samples, and a null phenotype for the GSTM1 enzyme was present in 63% of patients. Alteration of p53 was present in 95% (23/24) of cases: mutations of the p53 gene in 12 HCC, p53 overexpression in 13 and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 17p in 17. All seven HCCs with a p53 mutation from Qidong and three of five from Shanghai had the aflatoxin-associated point mutation with a G to T transversion at codon 249, position 3. No HCC had microsatellite instability. LOH of chromosome 4q, 1p, 16q and 13q was present in 50%, 46%, 42% and 38%, respectively, and 4q was preferentially lost in HCCs containing a p53 mutation: LOH of 4q was present in 75% (9/12) of HCC with, but only 25% (3/12) of HCC without, a p53 gene mutation (P = 0.01). These data indicate a possible interaction between p53 gene mutation and 4q loss in the pathogenesis of HCC.     

启东肝癌高发区肝癌患者血清中p53突变研究

目的　研究启东地区肝癌患者血清中 p5 3基因突变 ,并确定其对肝癌诊断的意义。 方法　收集 2 5例肝癌 ,2 0例肝硬化 ,30例健康对照者的血标本 ,提取DNA ,应用限制性酶切及直接序列分析方法测定 p5 3基因第七外显子突变。 结果　显示 p5 3基因第七外显子的 2 49密码子产生突变 ,ARG变为SER ,肝癌 ,肝硬化 ,健康者中发生率分别为 44 % ( 11/2 5 ) ,2 0 % ( 4/2 0 ) ,7% ( 2 /30 ) (P <0 .0 1)。结论　启东地区肝癌患者血清中p5 3突变与肝癌发生密切相关 ,其可作为新的肝癌早期诊断标志。     

肝细胞癌组织和癌周组织中p53基因密码子249突变的比较研究

目的：本研究通过比较研究ＨＣＣ 癌组织和癌周组织中ｐ５３ 基因密码子２４９ 特征性突变来进一步阐明该基因在ＨＣＣ 发生机制中的意义。方法：收集９ 份癌组织中经单链构型多态性分析研究证实存在密码子２４９ 突变的ＨＣＣ 标本和１１ 例无此突变的ＨＣＣ 标本,采用等位基因特异性ＰＣＲ（ＡＳ－ ＰＣＲ） 方法比较研究癌组织和癌周组织中密码子２４９ 突变情况。结果：２０ 例ＨＣＣ 中,癌周组织中密码子２４９ 特征性突变检出率为７０ ％ 。９ 例ＳＳＣＰ 阳性者的癌周组织中的特征性突变检出率达１００ ％ 。１１ 例阴性患者的癌组织和癌周组织也能检出一定水平的突变。结论：ｐ５３基因密码子２４９ 突变在非癌肝组织中广泛存在。癌组织中密码了２４９ 特征性突变可能发生在肿瘤形成之前。     

PTEN和p53蛋白在肝癌组织中的表达及意义

背景与目的：抑癌基因PTEN于1997年首次被报道之后即成为研究热点。国外曾有研究小组检测人类肝癌中PTEN基因突变情况,但对有关PTEN蛋白在肝癌中的表达情况了解甚少;p53基因突变是肝癌发生的机制之一,但对于p53基因突变与肝癌某些生物学行为的相关性,不同研究的结果不一。我们拟通过检测PTEN、p53蛋白在肝癌中的表达来了解PTEN、p53与肝癌发生和进展的关系。方法：本研究共取62例石蜡包埋的肝癌标本,所有组织切片均含肝癌组织及癌旁组织。采用免疫组化SP法检测PTEN及突变的p53蛋白的表达情况。结果：62例标本中癌旁肝组织均呈现明确的PTEN阳性染色（胞浆）,只有29例（46.8％）标本中肝癌组织呈阳性染色,PTEN在有包膜或无侵袭性肝癌中的表达明显高于无包膜或有侵袭性的肝癌。所有标本癌旁肝组织均未见p53阳性染色,21例肝癌组织p53染色呈阳性（胞核）。P53蛋白的表达与肝癌侵袭性或分化程度无关。结论：PTEN的失表达及p53基因突变可能在肝癌发生中发挥作用,PTEN失表达还可能与肝癌的恶性进展有关。     

非放射性PCR-LIS-SSCP技术快速分析肝癌患者p53基因249位密码子的突变

目的应用非放射性PCR-LIS-SSCP方法快速分析肝癌患者p53基因第249位密码子突变.方法采用PCR-LIS-SSCP方法,研究了16例来自中国广西、江苏启东和上海地区肝癌患者p53基因第249位密码子的突变情况,并用限制性内切酶和DNA测序对PCR-LIS-SSCP方法所获得的结果进行了验证.结果从16例肝癌病人中检出3例在该位点具有突变.其中广西地区的4例肝癌病人有1例发生突变,江苏启东地区的4例肝癌病人有1例发生突变,上海地区的8例肝癌病人有1例发生突变. 结论用该方法检测肝癌病人p53基因第249位密码子突变频率为18.8%(3/16),为该方法应用于候选新基因的未知突变研究奠定了基础.     

Expression and role of SIRT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog?1 (SIRT1) is a multifaceted, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase with involvement in a wide variety of cellular processes ranging from cancer to aging. Expression of SIRT1 was evaluated in 90 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and five HCC cell lines. The relationship between the mutation status of p53 and expression of SIRT1 was also investigated in 10 fresh HCC tissues. Synthetic small interfering RNA was used to silence SIRT1 gene expression by RNA interference (RNAi), and cell growth and cell cycle progression were assessed. Expression of SIRT1 was significantly elevated in the HCC tissues when compared to that of non-tumor tissues (p<0.001). Overexpression of SIRT1 and p53 was observed in 56% (50 of 90) and in 30% (27 of 90) of the HCCs, respectively. Expression of SIRT1 showed significant correlation with gender (p=0.023), serum AFP levels (p=0.030), viral infection (p=0.005) and p53 expression (p<0.021). Western blot analysis found no correlation between p53 mutation and expression levels of SIRT1. SIRT1 silencing was found to induce cell growth arrest in HCC cells. These results suggest an association of SIRT1 expression with HCC development and that SIRT1 plays a role in cancer cell growth.     

GEP associates with wild-type p53 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP) is a novel growth factor whose up-regulation we previously reported in 72% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GEP expression has been reported to be associated with p53 protein accumulation in a breast cancer study, though the p53 mutation status was not revealed. We aim to investigate whether p53 protein and mutation status correlates with GEP expression in HCC. The statistical comparison of p53 and GEP data revealed an overall positive association between the two protein expression patterns (P<0.001). Upon detailed analysis, the association of p53 and GEP protein expression was found to be highly significant only in HCCs with wild-type p53 (P=0.001); there was no association in HCCs with p53 mutation (P=0.669). The GEP levels in the HepG2 hepatoma cell line with a wild-type p53 background were modulated by transfection experiments. Overexpression of the GEP protein resulted in an increased p53 protein level and suppression of the GEP protein resulted in a decreased p53 protein level in HepG2 cells. In summary, we demonstrated that p53 wild-type protein nuclei accumulation is associated with GEP protein expression in human HCC specimens, and GEP modulates p53 wild-type protein levels in vitro.     

Hepatitis B, aflatoxin B(1), and p53 codon 249 mutation in hepatocellular carcinomas from Guangxi, People's Republic of China, and a meta-analysis of existing studies.

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) varies widely worldwide, with some of the highest incidence rates found in China. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to aflatoxins in foodstuffs are the main risk factors. A G to T transversion at codon 249 of the p53 gene (249(ser)) is commonly found in HCCs from patients in regions with dietary aflatoxin exposure. Because HBV infection is often endemic in high aflatoxin exposure areas, it is still unclear whether HBV acts as a confounder or as a synergistic partner in the development of the 249(ser) p53 mutation. Our report has two aims. First, we contribute data on HCCs from southern Guangxi, a high aflatoxin exposure area. Using DNA sequencing, we found that 36% (18 of 50) of tumors had a 249(ser) mutation. Also, 50% (30 of 60) were positive for p53 protein accumulation and 78% (28 of 36) were positive for HBV surface antigen, as detected by immunohistochemistry. Second, we present a meta-analysis, using our results along with those from 48 published studies, that examines the interrelationships among aflatoxin exposure, HBV infection, and p53 mutations in HCCs. We used a method that takes into account both within-study and study-to-study variability and found that the mean proportion of HCCs with the 249(ser) mutation was positively correlated with aflatoxin exposure (P = 0.0001). We found little evidence for an HBV-aflatoxin interaction modulating the presence of the p53 249(ser) mutation or any type of p53 mutation.     

Mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma: roles of hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin contamination in the diet.

BACKGROUND: Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been reported in 50% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from China and South Africa. These reports suggested an association of p53 mutations with high levels of aflatoxin in the diet. Most studies of p53 and HCC, however, have not fully evaluated the possible role of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Aflatoxin is a substance produced by food mold that is known to cause HCC in experimental animals. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of p53 gene mutation to high or low levels of aflatoxin in the diet and to HBV infection. METHODS: p53 protein and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase system in paraffin-embedded specimens of HCC and of adjacent nontumorous liver tissue from 43 patients. Tissue specimens from three normal human livers were also evaluated. HCCs and adjacent nontumorous liver tissues were obtained from 23 patients from Qidong, China, where aflatoxin levels in the diet are high, and from 20 patients from two regions in the United States (patients from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., and Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii), where aflatoxin levels in the diet are low. RESULTS: Mutant p53 protein was detected in the nuclei of HCCs from 14 (61%) of 23 patients from China and from three (30%) of 10 patients and six (60%) of 10 patients, respectively, from the two regions of the United States. A statistically significant association between detection of mutant p53 protein in HCC cells and the detection of HBsAg in hepatocytes of the adjacent nontumorous liver tissue was observed in patients from China and the United States considered together. CONCLUSION: Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in hepatocellular carcinomas are not limited to patients from geographic regions where the ingestion of aflatoxin is high. In many patients, these mutations may be associated with HBV infection. IMPLICATIONS: The possible interaction of chronic HBV infection and p53 gene mutation, suggested by these data, indicates a mechanism by which HBV infection beginning early in life could contribute to the subsequent development of HCC.