Biocompatibility and retinal support of a foldable capsular vitreous body injected with saline or silicone oil implanted in rabbit eyes

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate over a 180‐day period the biocompatibility and retinal support of a foldable capsular vitreous body injected with either saline or silicone oil implanted in rabbit eyes. Methods: A standard three‐port pars plana vitrectomy was performed, and foldable capsular vitreous bodies were implanted into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes (n = 18). Silicone oil tamponade was used as the control group (n = 5). Of the foldable capsular vitreous body‐implanted eyes, either saline (n = 9) or silicone oil (n = 9) was injected into the foldable capsular vitreous body to support the retina. The treated eyes were examined using a slit lamp with a non‐contact slit‐lamp lens, a tonopen, a non‐contact specular microscope and a B‐scan ultrasound during the 180‐day implantation period. A histological examination was performed at 90 and 180 days. Results: During the 180‐day implantation period, no significant corneal keratopathy or intraocular inflammation was noted, and the intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal endothelial numbers remained steady among the three groups. B‐scan ultrasonography showed a smoothly increased echogenicity in front of the retina in group of foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with saline. Gross examination showed that the foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with saline or silicone oil smoothly supported the retina. The saline or silicone oil inside the foldable capsular vitreous body was homogeneous, transparent and filled the foldable capsular vitreous body. Histological examination showed no obvious abnormality of the cornea, ciliary body or retina in the foldable capsular vitreous body‐implanted eyes. Conclusions: These results suggest that foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with either saline or silicone oil showed good biocompatibility and retinal support in rabbit eyes over a 180‐day implantation time.     

折叠式人工玻璃体球囊植入的初步临床实践

目的：初步评价折叠式人工玻璃体球囊(foldable capsular vitreous body, FCVB)植入治疗严重眼外伤及复发性视网膜脱离导致的硅油依赖眼的安全性及有效性。

方法：回顾性分析2017-11以来在我院施行FCVB植入患者4例4眼。其中男2例,女 2例,平均年龄31.5岁,平均眼压5.6mmHg,严重眼球破裂伤术后硅油眼3例,复发性视网膜脱离术后硅油眼1例。对4例患者行玻璃体切除术和FCVB植入手术,术后观察患者的视力、眼压、视网膜和FCVB状态。

结果：患者4例植入手术顺利,FCVB位置适当。术后随访1～3mo,视力无变化,平均眼压10mmHg,B超显示视网膜未脱离,FCVB回声平滑,未见排斥等并发症。

结论：初步实践提示FCVB植入治疗严重的眼球破裂伤和硅油依赖眼安全、有效,可以很好地维持眼球形态和眼内压。     

Deposits of perfluoroctane after prolonged use as a post-operative vitreous substitute

CASE REPORT: We describe a 72-year-old woman with a retinal detachment who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and intraocular tamponade with a combination of silicone oil and perfluoro-n-octane as a postoperative vitreous tamponade. Three months later, plaque-like deposits of emulsified perfluoro-n-octane were visible on the inferior retina. DISCUSSION: Deposits of emulsified perfluoro-n-octane, as epiretinal plaques, have not been previously been described as adverse reactions following the use of perfluorocarbons in the eye.     

折叠式人工玻璃体球囊植入73例临床观察及体会

目的：探讨折叠式人工玻璃体球囊植入术的手术方法，并对其治疗效果进行评价。

方法：回顾性分析2018-04/2020-03于我院行人工玻璃体球囊植入手术治疗的严重眼球破裂伤及眼外伤玻璃体切除术后硅油依赖患者73例73眼。术后随访1～20mo，观察患者的视力、角膜、前房深度、眼压、眼底情况、人工玻璃体球囊状态及对外观满意度等。

结果：本组患者73例均顺利完成手术，术中玻璃体球囊内硅油注入量2.4～4.2(平均3.5±0.36)mL。术后随访视力无光感22眼，光感及手动46眼，眼前指数5眼； 角膜清亮或基本清亮19眼，角膜局限性混浊31眼，角膜灰白色明显混浊23眼； 前房深度基本正常32眼，浅前房23眼，前房完全消失18眼； 眼压由于角膜原因不能测试者22眼，眼压<8mmHg者17眼，眼压8～21mmHg者34眼； 裂隙灯显微镜检查示人工玻璃体球囊位置均无明显偏位； 对术后外观满意和基本满意者52例(71%)； 所有患者均未见球囊排斥、交感性眼炎及其他明显手术并发症。

结论：折叠式人工玻璃体球囊植入治疗严重的眼球破裂伤和硅油依赖眼，可使患者免于眼球摘除，手术安全、有效，能够较好地维持眼球形态和眼内压。     

Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage with retinal and vitreous incarceration; a vitreoretinal surgical approach

Suprachoroidal hemorrhage(SH) may cause the expulsion of the intraocular contents. Vitreous incarceration in the wound and retinal detachment with SH are extremely poor prognostic signs. Treatment modalities depend on the severity of eye damage. This particular patient had "kissing" hemorrhagic choroidal detachment which completely filled the vitreous cavity after cataract surgery. It seemed to be inoperable. Secondary surgery was delayed 3 days to lower IOP to normal levels. The eye underwent anterior drainage sclerotomy under constantly-maintained limbal or pars plana infusion fluid line pressure. The authors performed a pars plana vitrectomy, followed by perfluorocarbon liquid injection and a silicone oil tamponade. After this surgical approach, the patient attained an attached retina and a visual acuity of 5/200 at the 3 month follow-up.     

Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide, 11‐deoxycortisol and other lipid formulae for the visualization of vitreous body in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture in animal models

Purpose: The efficacy and toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide and other lipid formulae – calcium palmitate, cholesterol and 11‐deoxycortisol –in the visualization of the prolapsed vitreous body in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture were investigated in animal models. Methods: In porcine eyes, a suspension of calcium palmitate, cholesterol, triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol was injected into the anterior chamber after intentionally creating posterior capsule rupture. Following gentle irrigation and aspiration, the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber was removed using an anterior vitrectomy cutter. In phakic rabbit eyes, the side‐effects of the reagents were assessed for biomicroscopic appearance, intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal histology. Results: The suspension of calcium palmitate, cholesterol, triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol was effective in the visualization of the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture. When cholesterol and calcium palmitate were injected into the anterior chamber, they remained there; this induced a significant increase in IOP and corneal oedema. In contrast, most of the triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol that was injected into the anterior chamber had disappeared a day after the injection without affecting IOP or corneal endothelial density. When injected into the intravitreous cavity, triamcinolone led to a significant increase in IOP 2 and 4 weeks after the injection. However, calcium palmitate, cholesterol and 11‐deoxycortisol injected into the vitreous cavity had no effect on IOP at 4 weeks. Conclusion: The suspension of triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol was effective in visualizing the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture. However, the amount of the reagent must be kept to a minimum to prevent the potential risk of ocular toxicities and postoperative late‐onset ocular hypertension.     

复杂性眼外伤视网膜大范围切开硅油填充后远期疗效

目的:观察复杂性眼外伤视网膜大范围切开/切除联合硅油填充术后的远期临床效果,以及硅油取舍对眼球、眼压及视功能的影响。方法:回顾分析2006-01/2010-01收治的复杂性开放性眼外伤伴视网膜嵌顿而行视网膜大范围切开/切除联合硅油填充治疗的28例28眼患者的临床资料。 男27例,女1例,年龄19~57岁。术中行180°或360°视网膜切开及部分切除,激光光凝及硅油填充。10例视网膜360°视网膜切开,视网膜切至赤道部;18例180°视网膜切开部分视网膜切除。硅油取出条件:硅油填充6mo以上,眼压＞10mmHg,视网膜复位良好,视网膜切开边缘封闭良好。术后观察2~5a。结果:视网膜切开/切除硅油填充后,早期视网膜均复位。10例视网膜360°切开眼中有8眼(80%)取出硅油, 2眼（20%）因眼压低(＜5 mmHg)成为硅油支持眼。取出硅油的8眼中有2眼的眼压在正常范围内,视力均为指数;6眼的眼压在3~7mmHg范围内,角膜水肿浑浊,脉络膜水肿,有3眼伴玻璃体出血,其中5眼出现眼球萎缩,二期行义眼台植入。18眼180°视网膜切开眼行硅油取出后,17眼的矫正视力为指数~0.3,眼压均在正常范围;1眼（5.5%）出现眼球萎缩。结论:复杂性重度眼外伤视网膜嵌顿后,视网膜大范围切开/切除后联合硅油填充,虽然早期视网膜复位率高,但远期低眼压和眼球萎缩率较高。我们应该严格掌握手术指征。     

Silicone oil in the anterior chamber

A total of 42 cases (42 eyes) with silicone oil in the anterior chamber after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and after silicone oil injection into the vitreous cavity (SIV) were analyzed. The main complications caused by silicone oil were corneal endothelial cell damage and secondary glaucoma. Specular microscopy showed decreased cell density, apparent pleomorphism of endothelial cells, and increased corneal thickness. In some cases, edematous and necrotic endothelial cells were found. The characteristic optical artifacts resulting from silicone oil coming into contact with the endothelium, such as a bright reflex, reversed pattern of illumination, and interference fringes, were also observed. There was a definite correlation between elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and the presence of silicone oil in the anterior chamber; the IOP dropped significantly on removal of the oil. The treatment and prevention of conditions involving silicone oil in the anterior chamber are briefly discussed.     

Polylactic acid for visualizing the vitreous body during vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the possibility of using polylactic acid (PLA) as a surgical adjuvant for visualizing the vitreous body during vitrectomy. METHODS: After a core vitrectomy, 1 mL of PLA suspension was injected into the rabbit vitreous in two groups: group A, 2.5% PLA (n = 5), and group B, 1% PLA (n = 9). Vehicle injection instead of PLA was used as a control (group C, n = 5). The clinical signs and electroretinogram (ERG) were evaluated for 28 days, and histologic findings were evaluated on day 28. Next, intraocular pressure (IOP) after intracameral injection of a PLA suspension was evaluated in the rabbits (n = 6). Last, the visualization of the vitreous body by PLA suspension was evaluated during vitrectomy in monkey eyes (n = 4). RESULTS: The white granules of PLA disappeared from the vitreous cavity in 10 eyes within 3 weeks; however, a small amount of PLA remained in four eyes for 4 weeks. Mild inflammation of the anterior chamber was observed in one eye in group B and 1 eye in group C. No cataract or retinal hemorrhage was found in any eyes. The amplitude of ERG on each time point did not differ between the groups. IOP remained within normal range except for the initial spike. Retinal structure was well preserved histologically. During vitrectomy in monkey eyes, the vitreous body was well visualized, and the posterior vitreous separation was performed easily and safely. CONCLUSIONS: PLA can be a new surgical adjuvant to visualize the vitreous body during vitrectomy.     

Management of post-vitrectomy persistent vitreous hemorrhage in pseudophakic eyes

PURPOSE: To prospectively assess the effect of neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet peripheral capsulotomy on postvitrectomy hemorrhage in diabetic patients with a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implant and an intact posterior capsule. DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: This is a prospective case series, clinical practice. PATIENTS: Five vitrectomized, diabetic, pseudophakic patients with persistent vitreous cavity hemorrhage remaining after vitrectomy were selected. They all had a posterior chamber IOL implant with an intact posterior capsule. Additionally, they had all undergone laser panretinal photocoagulation in the involved eye in the past for diabetic retinopathy. Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser capsulotomy outside the optic of the IOL was performed in victrectomized diabetic patients to treat the remaining vitreous cavity hemorrhage. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and fundus examination were measured and done immediately after the laser procedure, in 7 days and in approximately 3 months. RESULTS: The visual acuity was improved at the time of the first follow-up. However, a mild elevation of IOP was noticed in some patients, which was treated with topical dorzolamide. The final visual acuity was dramatically improved, to 20/30 or better, and the IOP was normalized without medication within a few weeks in all five cases. No neovascularization of the iris or elsewhere was noticed in any case. CONCLUSIONS: Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser peripheral capsulotomy appears to be a safe and effective management procedure in treating postvitrectomy hemorrhage in diabetic patients who have previously undergone cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens implant, intact posterior capsule, and extensive panretinal photocoagulation. The vitreous hemorrhage cleared completely in all five cases.     

超声乳化自动注吸系统在硅油取出术中应用的效果

目的评价自动注吸系统在视网膜脱离复位术后硅油取出术中应用的效果和安全性。方法将超声乳化自动注吸系统的抽吸管道与自制的9号（20G）斜面抽吸针头相连接，插入眼内后利用其抽吸硅油，同时由玻璃体切除术用的灌注针滴入BSS保持眼压的稳定。结果18例手术中无任何并发症发生，除1例（5．56％）术后3周发生视网膜再脱离外，余术后眼部情况稳定。结论超声乳化自动注吸系统应用于硅油取出是安全和有效的。     

Refractive changes from use of silicone oil in vitreous surgery

When silicone oil fills the vitreous cavity of the phakic eye or the entire aphakic eye, the refractive correction can be expected to change by 5-9 diopters and sometimes as much as 14 diopters. Aphakic eyes become less hyperopic when filled with silicone oil, whereas phakic eyes become more hyperopic when the vitreous cavity is filled with silicone oil. Previously emmetropic aphakic eyes that are filled with silicone oil have only 4-6 diopters of hyperopia, whereas the same eyes have 10-12 diopters of hyperopia before insertion or after removal of silicone oil. Phakic eyes develop 5-7 diopters of hyperopia when the vitreous cavity is filled with silicone oil, and this puts them in the same range as the silicone oil filled aphakic eyes. High myopia, incomplete silicone oil filling, and several other factors influence the final optical outcome. The vitreoretinal surgeon must anticipate significant changes in refractive error when silicone is introduced into an eye or removed from the eye. Careful retinoscopy and refraction is essential for obtaining optimal vision in these patients.     

重硅油Densiron-68视网膜耐受性的实

目的：观察重硅油（Densiron-68）作为长期玻璃体腔填充物对兔眼视网膜组织耐受性情况,为临床应用提供有价值的资料。 方法：健康成年纯种新西兰白兔21只,随机分为实验组（Densiron-68组、硅油组）、对照组。玻璃体切割术后玻璃体腔内分别注入Densiron-68、硅油和平衡盐溶液(BSS) 2mL左右。 手术后定期裂隙灯、间接检眼镜检查及监测眼压。实验组分别于手术后4,8,12wk,对照组于手术后12wk,取兔眼视网膜标本行光镜及电镜组织学检查。 结果：实验组及对照组观察期内角膜均维持透明,无玻璃体出血及眼内炎等并发症发生。各组手术前后眼压及组间眼压无统计学差异。Dension-68、硅油在玻璃体腔内形成单个透明泡,手术后3～8wk可见到Densiron-68乳化。对照组、硅油组实验眼术后均未观察到白内障形成。Densiron-68组1眼晶状体在术后4wk开始出现晶状体后囊下点状混浊,随时间延长而缓慢发展。未见视网膜脱离。实验组光学显微镜下未见明显视网膜组织结构异常。实验组经透射电子显微镜检查,Densiron-68组上方视网膜在各个观察期均未见明显超微结构改变,下方视网膜在术后4wk可见个别光感受器内节线粒体轻度肿胀;8wk时可见到个别内节线粒肿胀加重,个别视网膜光感受器外节模糊不清;其余大多数光感受器外节膜盘形态正常、排列整齐;12wk的标本中仅见个别光感受器内节线粒体轻度肿胀,膜盘大致正常。硅油组术后仅12wk时可见小部分上方内颗粒层线粒体轻度肿胀。对照组组织学检查未见异常。 结论：作为长期玻璃体替代物,兔眼视网膜对Densiron-68的耐受性良好,虽易早期发生乳化,制约其临床应用效果,但在目前仍不失为一种选择,其乳化后是否会对角膜及房角产生毒性反应,尚待进一步研究。     

Silicone posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens dislocated into the vitreous cavity

PURPOSE: To report two highly myopic patients with silicone posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (Phakic Refractive Lens; CIBA Vision, Duluth, Ga) that luxated into the vitreous cavity without history of ocular trauma. METHODS: Two patients with posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PIOLs) that luxated into the vitreous cavity of the right eye were examined. Each eye underwent pars plana vitrectomy and removal of the posterior chamber PIOL under retrobulbar anesthesia. RESULTS: Both patients were treated successfully. In the first patient, the posterior chamber PIOL luxated into the anterior vitreous cavity whereas in the second patient, the posterior chamber PIOL lay on the posterior pole. No ocular complications developed postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Luxation into the vitreous cavity is a rare, but potentially severe complication of posterior chamber PIOL refractive surgery in highly myopic eyes. Successful management includes pars plana vitrectomy and removal of the posterior chamber PIOL.     

Phacoemulsification in the vitreous cavity for retained nuclear lens fragments

PURPOSE: To evaluate anatomic and functional results after surgery of retained lens fragments in the vitreous cavity after previous phacoemulsification. METHODS: The authors studied retrospectively 18 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for retained nuclear lens fragments. Patients having only cortical material in the vitreous cavity were excluded. In all cases the nucleus or nuclear fragments were removed after a complete vitrectomy using perfluorocarbon injection in the vitreous cavity, associated with phacoemulsification in the vitreous cavity. The authors used a conventional phaco probe devoid of the silicone sleeve. Time lapse between cataract surgery and vitrectomy varied between 0 and 24 days (mean 8.2 +/- 7.4). Follow-up was 33.9 +/- 20.6 months (range 4 to 53). RESULTS: The mean final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/45 (range 20/400 to 20/20). It was 20/40 or better in 33% of patients, reaching 40% when patients with previous macular disease were excluded. A total of 61% of patients reached a final BCVA ranging from 20/50 to 20/200. Retinal detachment occurred in one eye and topical medications were necessary to manage intraocular pressure in four cases. CONCLUSIONS: PPV with intravitreous phacoemulsification is the technique of choice for dislocated nuclei or nuclear fragments in the vitreous cavity. (     

23G玻璃体切除术及硅油辅助取出眼内巨大异物的临床观察

目的：研究23G微创玻璃体切除术及硅油辅助下取出眼内巨大异物的手术效果及并发症。

方法：回顾性分析2012-02/2015-03在长沙爱尔眼科医院接受治疗、需填充硅油的眼内巨大异物的患者12例12眼,其中男11例11眼,女1例1眼。术前视力光感～0.1,12眼术前均合并视网膜脱离。所有患者均接受23G微创玻璃体切除手术,在切除玻璃体和修复损伤的视网膜后,先行硅油填充,再扩大巩膜切口取出眼内巨大异物。术后6mo取硅油,部分患者联合人工晶状体植入。

结果：患者12眼眼内巨大异物均一次性取出,未出现再次跌落损伤视网膜现象,切口无视网膜脱出,不损伤角膜。术后视网膜均复位,未出现术后眼内炎。术后6mo硅油均顺利取出,视力均提高,脱盲率达67%,脱残率达到25%。

结论：23G微创玻璃体切除术及硅油辅助下取出眼内巨大异物是一种安全有效的方法。     

Silicone oil particles trapped in the subretinal space: complications after substitution of the vitreous

Silicone oil particles trapped in the subretinal space, following total replacement of the vitreous by oil, were found in the aphakic eye of a 51-year-old man. The eye had been operated on two times for retinal detachment in other institutes which resulted in a grade D-1 proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The silicone particles resembled beads and were slightly mobile among subretinal strands by changing the eye position. The particles freely moved into the vitreous cavity through a retinotomy site and were removed with the silicone from the vitreous cavity because of ocular pain. Subconjunctival granulation was removed and histological examination showed silicone oil particles in the vitreous cavity, and cellular infiltration.     

Retrolaminar infiltration of optic nerve with intraocular tamponade following silicone oil instillation

BACKGROUND: Eyes after intravitreal silicone oil injection may suffer various complications. We report on a patient with deep retrolaminar changes in the optic nerve after silicone oil instillation with secondary angle-closure glaucoma. PATIENT: A 69-year-old female patient with aphakic retinal detachment of the right eye was treated by pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil injection. After 41 months the patient presented with absolute secondary angle-closure glaucoma with rubeosis iridis. The intraocular pressure was elevated up to 55 mmHg. There was a peripheral retinal detachment and a pale deeply cupped optic disc. Due to increasing pain the blind eye was enucleated. Histology showed a mainly detached retina and silicone oil occupying the vitreous cavity. The optic nerve was deeply cupped and the parenchyma presented multiple cavernous spaces of various sizes. These presumptive silicone oil bubbles reached beyond the line of surgical transection, nine millimeters behind the globe. CONCLUSION: In comparison to Schnabel's cavernous optic atrophy the vacuoles in the optic nerve in this patient were filled with silicone oil instead of acid mucopolysaccharides. A posterior migration of silicone oil into the orbital optic nerve can not be excluded, after long-term silicone oil tamponade and elevated intraocular pressure.     

可折叠式人工玻璃体球囊在严重眼外伤及硅油依赖眼中的应用

目的：探讨可折叠式人工玻璃体球囊(FCVB)在治疗严重眼外伤及硅油依赖眼中的有效性和安全性。

方法：回顾性分析2018-05/2019-10于我院住院因严重眼外伤及硅油依赖眼行FCVB植入的患者20例，作为观察组； 同时纳入我院既往严重眼外伤未行FCVB植入的患者10例，作为对照组。记录观察组及对照组中各病例的术前及术后视力、眼压、眼球突出度、眼轴长度、视网膜复位情况及有无发生并发症等，并进行为期1a的随访，比较观察组观察指标的变化，以及观察组与对照组观察指标的比较，以此来评价FCVB的有效性和安全性。

结果：观察组术后1a视力、眼球突出度、眼轴长度与术前无差异，眼压明显升高(P<0.05)； 对照组术前眼球突出度及眼轴长度与观察组相比更大，但术后随访1a与观察组相比则更小(P<0.05)，并且对照组术后1a眼球突出度与眼轴长度与术前基线相比也明显减小(P<0.05)。观察组病例中视网膜均贴附良好，且未出现硅油乳化、继发性青光眼、眼内炎等严重不良事件。

结论：可折叠式人工玻璃体球囊在严重眼外伤及硅油依赖眼的治疗中具有较好地防止眼球萎缩的效果，且安全性较高。     

Pars plana vitrectomy assisted by triamcinolone acetonide for refractory uveitis: a case series study

AIM: To examine the outcome of a triamcinolone acetonide (TA) assisted pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for refractory uveitis. METHODS: Six patients suffering from proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) with refractory uveitis underwent a TA assisted PPV. The patients consisted of one with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, one with acute retinal necrosis, one with Beh?et's disease, and three with sarcoidosis. TA was inoculated into the vitreous cavity to visualise the vitreous. In four of six patients, 4 mg of TA were intentionally left in the vitreous cavity to reduce the degree of postoperative inflammation. RESULTS: The vitreous body was clearly seen using TA during surgery, which greatly helped us to perform a posterior hyaloid resection safely and thoroughly. As we previously observed in other disease, TA allowed us to visualise the transparent vitreous and thus was helpful in removing the vitreous cortex from the retina completely in uveitis. One patient (Beh?et's disease, in whom TA was intentionally left) showed an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) transiently after surgery which was controllable by topical eye drops. The remaining TA diminished day by day and had almost completely disappeared within a month from operation. CONCLUSION: TA improved the visibility of the hyaloid and the safety of the surgical procedures and no serious complications were observed after TA assisted PPV in uveitis. Although the long term effects are still unknown, this method appears to be potentially useful as an improved treatment for PVR associated with refractory uveitis.