重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状面特点分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡特点。方法：本研究纳入79名正常志愿者（正常组）、83例轻中度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者（Cobb角<60°）以及69例重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者（Cobb角>80°）,再根据主弯部位分为胸弯组及胸腰弯/腰弯组,测量各组冠状面参数包括主弯Cobb角、冠状面偏移（CB）以及顶椎偏移（AVT）,矢状面参数包括矢状面偏移（SVA）、胸椎后凸角（TK）、胸腰后凸角（TLK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、骨盆入射角（PI）、骨盆倾斜角（PT）和骶骨倾斜角（SS）、骨盆厚度（PTH）、骶骨股骨距离（SFD）、骶骨骨盆角（PRS1）、PI与LL差值（PI-LL）、PT与PI比值（PT/PI）以及C7铅垂线与骶骨中心距离（HA-C7PL）。比较各组间冠状面及矢状面参数的特点及各参数间的相关性。相关性分析使用Pearson相关分析。不同疾病组同一参数间的对比研究使用单因素方差分析及两两比较q检验。结果：与正常组相比,重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者的LL、TLK、TK及PRS1显著增大,PI、PT、PTH、SFD及PI-LL显著减小,重度胸腰弯/腰弯组的SVA显著增大而SS显著减小,但SVA在平衡范围内。正常组与轻中度胸弯组,冠状面及矢状面参数间无相关性。在轻中度胸腰弯/腰弯组、重度胸弯组及重度胸腰弯/腰弯组,Cobb角与TK、TLK具有相关性。在所有组中,LL与TK、LL与TLK、PI与PT及PI与SS均具有相关性。在正常组、重度胸弯组及重度胸腰弯/腰弯组中,TK与TLK具有相关性。轻中度胸腰弯/腰弯组CB与PT具有相关性;重度胸弯组中,CB与TLK、SS具有相关性;重度胸腰弯/腰弯组,冠状面Cobb角与LL及CB与PT、SS具有相关性。在重度胸腰弯/腰弯组中,LL与SVA具有相关性。在重度脊柱侧凸组中,TK与SVA具有相关性。结论：重度成人特发性脊柱侧凸矢状面排列具有自身特点,表现为TK、TLK、LL的显著增大与PI、PT的显著减小;冠状面参数中冠状面主弯Cobb角与TK、TLK及CB与SS均具有相关性,矢状面参数中TK、TLK与LL三者之间及TK与SVA之间均具有相关性;骨盆发生明显的形态学改变,表现为狭长水平的形态。     

汉族成人特发性脊柱侧凸患者与正常人群矢状面形态比较

目的:比较汉族人群中成人特发性脊柱侧凸(idiopathic scoliosis,IS)患者与正常人群间的脊柱骨盆矢状面形态差异。方法:151例汉族成人IS患者及65例年龄匹配的健康志愿者被纳入本研究。151例成人IS患者中,男25例,女126例;年龄26.4±7.1岁,主弯Cobb角39.5°±16.4°(16°~102°);单胸弯41例,双胸弯11例,双主弯28例,胸腰弯15例,三主弯3例,腰弯53例。在站立位全脊柱侧位X线片上测量脊柱骨盆矢状面参数,包括骨盆入射角(PI)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)及胸腰椎交界性后凸角(TJK)。比较成人IS与正常人群间的脊柱骨盆矢状面参数的差异,比较单胸弯与腰弯患者间的脊柱骨盆矢状面参数的差异。用Pearson相关分析法检测各矢状面参数间的相关性。结果:成人IS患者与正常人群相比,PI(46.3°±10.6°与46.0°±9.5°,P0.05)及LL(-53.3°±13.8°与-51.3°±9.0°,P0.05)大小类似,但前者TK偏小(19.7°±12.9°与27.8°±9.8°,P0.05),PT偏小(6.4°±8.2°与10.3°±6.3°,P0.05),而SS偏大(39.8°±8.8°与35.7°±7.2°,P0.05)。单胸弯及腰弯组IS患者的TK均小于正常人群(P0.05),而单胸弯、腰弯组间TK无明显差异(P0.05);单胸弯、腰弯组IS患者及正常人间的PI均无明显差异(P0.05);单胸弯组的TJK小于腰弯组及正常人群(P0.05),单胸弯组的LL大于腰弯组(P0.05),单胸弯组的SS大于正常人群(P0.05),而单腰弯组的PT小于正常人群(P0.05)。单胸弯组、腰弯组及正常人群中TK均与LL明显相关(P0.05),而LL又与PI、SS相关(P0.05)。单胸弯组及腰弯组中PT与TK、LL明显相关(P0.05),而正常人群中则无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论:与正常人群相比,成人IS患者的胸椎后凸偏小,同时骨盆有前旋趋势。PI在汉族成人IS患者与正常人间以及单胸弯与腰弯IS患者间均无差异。     

胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的研究

目的 :分析胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCFs)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,为临床该病的治疗提供理论依据。方法:分析116例胸腰椎OVCFs患者资料(胸腰椎OVCFs组),选取102例骨质疏松症非骨折患者作为单纯骨质疏松对照组(单纯OP组),46例骨量正常健康体检者作为骨量正常对照组(骨量正常组)。统计胸腰椎OVCFs组骨折椎体分布情况。在脊柱全长侧位X线片上测量各组矢状位参数:胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰后凸角(TLK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、T1骨盆角(TPA)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS),并行Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)评分问卷调查,分析3组间参数差异及各组内参数间的相关性。以脊柱矢状位平衡判定标准作为分组依据,将3组再分为失衡亚组、平衡亚组,分别统计3组失衡亚组人数所占比例。分析胸腰椎OVCFs组的失衡亚组与平衡亚组矢状位参数、ODI评分、骨折椎体分布差异和两亚组内参数间的相关性。结果:(1)3组间TK、PI差异无统计学意义(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组TLK、SVA、TPA、PT、ODI均大于单纯OP组,单纯OP组均大于骨量正常组(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组LL、SS均小于单纯OP组,单纯OP组均小于骨量正常组(P0.05)。骨量正常组TPA与SVA、PI、PT、SS相关,LL与TK、PI、SS相关,PI与PT、SS相关(P0.05);单纯OP组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与SVA、TPA、TLK相关,LL与TK、TLK、PI、SS相关,PI与PT、SS相关(P0.05);胸腰椎OVCFs组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与SVA、TLK相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05)。(2)单纯OP组、胸腰椎OVCFs组失衡亚组人数所占比例分别为29.41%、44.83%,骨量正常组未发现脊柱矢状位失平衡者。(3)胸腰椎OVCFs组的平衡亚组、失衡亚组多节段椎体骨折人数所占比例分别为37.5%、67.31%,骨折椎体分布无统计学差异(P0.05);平衡亚组TK、TLK、SVA、TPA、PT、ODI均小于失衡亚组,LL、SS均大于失衡亚组(P0.05),两组间PI差异无统计学意义(P0.05);平衡亚组SVA与TPA、TK、TLK、LL、PI、PT相关,TPA与TK、TLK、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,TK与TLK、LL、PT、SS相关,TLK与LL、PI、PT相关,LL与PT、SS相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05);失衡亚组TPA与SVA、LL、PI、PT、SS相关,PT与PI、SS相关(P0.05)。结论 :胸腰椎OVCFs患者胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸及骨盆参数间相关性丧失,易发生矢状位失平衡,应积极手术治疗,根据矢状位平衡状况采用不同的手术方法。     

不同弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数研究

目的:探讨不同弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡情况。方法:回顾性分析2013年9月~2014年12月我科收治的161例AIS患者,其中男34例,女127例,年龄12~17岁(14.6±2.1岁)。在术前站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量主弯Cobb角、颈椎角(cervical sagittal alignment,CSA)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacrum slope,SS)以及C7铅垂线与S1后上缘的水平距离(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。根据不同弯型将AIS患者分为单胸弯组、双胸弯组和腰弯组,比较3组间脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的差异,采用Pearson相关性分析对各参数间的相关性进行分析。结果:单胸弯组61例,其中男13例,女48例,主弯Cobb角为51.2°±8.7°;双胸弯组40例,其中男7例,女33例,主弯Cobb角为53.7°±5.2°;腰弯组60例,男14例,女46例,主弯Cobb角为48.9°±4.8°。3组患者年龄及性别分布均无统计学差异(P0.05)。3组间Cobb角大小的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。单胸弯组的CSA、TK均显著小于双胸弯和腰弯组(P0.05),但后两组间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),余各项矢状面参数3组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。在3组患者中,CSA与TK均呈显著性正相关(单胸弯组r=0.73,P0.05;双胸弯组r=0.29,P0.05;腰弯组r=0.60,P0.05),但与LL及骨盆参数(PI、SS、PT)无显著相关性(P0.05)。双胸弯组TK与LL呈正相关性(r=0.40,P0.05),而在另外两组则无相关性(P0.05)。结论 :单胸弯型AIS患者较双胸弯型和腰弯型患者具有更小的颈椎前凸,3种弯型AIS患者的颈椎前凸均与TK呈正相关。单胸弯型患者的TK较另外两种弯型患者更小。双胸弯型患者的TK与LL密切相关,而单胸弯型与腰弯型患者的TK与LL无关。     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆参数测量及临床意义

目的测量退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)患者骨盆-脊柱参数并分析其临床意义。方法选取2006年3月—2014年3月在本院脊柱外科就诊的DLS且有完整影像学资料的患者30例(DLS组)及影像学资料完整的无DLS者30例(对照组),测量2组的骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacrum slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)。结果 DLS组的LL值明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);PT、SVA值明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的SS、PI及TK值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组的SS与LL、PT与SVA均有相关性。对照组骨盆参数之间(PI、SS及PT)均有相关性,但DLS组骨盆参数之间均无相关性。对照组中LL与SVA显著相关,但DLS组中LL与SVA无相关性。结论骨盆形态的变化与脊柱的矢状位序列密切相关,DLS患者表现为更小的LL以及更大的SVA。     

中老年人群脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数及其序列拟合关系

目的 :测量我国中老年人群的脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数并分析其相关性,建立腰椎前凸角与相关脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数的拟合关系。方法:采用影像学测量方法,对106例中老年志愿者进行研究,其中男48例,女58例;年龄62.4±5.2岁(55~76岁)。所有志愿者行全脊柱正、侧位X线摄片,利用院内影像归档与通信系统(picture archiving and communication system,PACS)测量骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumber lordosis,LL)、上腰弯前凸角(upper arc of total lumbar lordosis,UALL)、下腰弯前凸角(lower arc of total lumbar lordosis,LALL)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状位平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)等参数,按照脊柱矢状面解剖定义和形态特点分析脊柱-骨盆矢状位形态参数及其相关性,并与青年人群相关参数进行比较,利用线性回归分析建立中老年人群LL与PI、TK的拟合关系。结果 :我国中老年人群的PI为46.5°±7.6°,PT为13.1°±6.6°,SS为32.3°±9.5°,LL为49.2°±9.1°,UALL为15.9°±5.9°,LALL为32.3°±9.5°,TK为34.0°±10.7°,SVA为-5.0±30mm;LL与SS、TK、PI、PT、SVA呈显著性相关(P0.05),PT与TK、SS呈显著性相关(P0.05),UALL与TK、SVA相关,LALL与PI相关。中老年人群与青年人群比较PI、SS、LL、LALL无显著性差异(P0.05),PT、TK、SVA、UALL有显著性差异(P0.01)。中老年人群LL预测值=0.6PI+0.4TK+10°,R2=0.375。结论:中老年人群中LL与其他相关脊柱-骨盆各参数之间存在显著相关性,我国中老年人群LL的理想预测值为LL=0.6PI+0.4TK+10°;TK、UALL、PT、SVA与青年人群有显著性差异。     

退变性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位特点及各参数间的相关性分析

【摘要】 目的：分析退变性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡情况及各矢状位参数之间的相关性。方法：选取86例退变性脊柱侧凸患者,以侧凸角度的均数作为分组依据,分为轻度侧凸组（Cobb角＜34°）和重度侧凸组（Cobb角≥34°）,选取40例同年龄段健康体检者作为对照组,三组年龄及性别组成相匹配。测量并比较三组的脊柱矢状位参数：胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、C7铅垂线与骶骨后上角的水平距离（SVA）,骨盆矢状位参数：骨盆指数（PI）、骶骨倾斜角（SS）、骨盆倾斜角（PT）。采用Pearson相关性检验判断脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数间的相关性。结果：对照组与轻度侧凸组、重度侧凸组之间PI无统计学差异（F=0.915,Ｐ=0.403）。三组之间TK、LL、SVA、PT及SS存在着统计学差异,多重比较检验结果显示：（1）重度侧凸组LL小于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）;（2）重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组TK小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）,重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组之间无差异（Ｐ>0.05）;（3）重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组SVA大于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）,重度侧凸组和轻度侧凸组之间无差异（Ｐ>0.05）;（4）重度侧凸组PT大于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组大于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）;（5）重度侧凸组SS小于轻度侧凸组和对照组,轻度侧凸组小于对照组（Ｐ<0.05）。相关性分析显示：对照组PI与PT、SS、TK及LL相关,SS与LL相关,TK与LL相关（Ｐ<0.05）;轻度侧凸组PI与PT、SS及LL相关,SS与LL相关,LL与SVA、Cobb角负相关（Ｐ<0.05）;重度侧凸组PI与PT、SS及LL相关,SS与LL相关,SS与Cobb角负相关,LL与SVA、Cobb角负相关（Ｐ<0.05）。结论：退变性脊柱侧凸引起的脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化主要为胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸、骶骨倾斜角的减小和SVA、骨盆倾斜角的增大,骨盆指数并无显著性变化。     

成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分型的初步研究

目的 探讨以腰椎前凸角(LL)及胸腰椎转折椎间隙(IP)为基础对成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分型的可行性.方法 2011年7月至8月对223名志愿者进行脊柱全长正位X线检查,符合纳入标准的研究对象111名,女性56名,男性55名.测量脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数值,包括胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰段后凸角(TLK)、LL、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、骨盆指数(PI)、各椎体间终板夹角、脊柱骶骨角(SSA)、矢状面垂轴(SVA)、IP.根据LL、IP将成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分为3型,Ⅰ型:LL＞-40.,IP为L2～3以下;Ⅱ型:-60.≤LL≤-40.,IP为L1～2或T12 ～L1;Ⅲ型:LL＜-60.,IP为T11～12以上.采用Pearson相关分析对各变量间的相关性进行分析,Ⅰ～Ⅲ型组间各参数分别进行单因素方差分析及多重比较.结果 经测量LL为-49.±10.,TK为36.±7.,TLK为6.±7.,PT为11.±7.,SS为34.±8.,PI为45.±9°,SSA为127.±9.,SVA为(-2.7±22.8)mm.仅LL与其他参数的相关性均有统计学意义,与TK、PI、SS、SSA呈负相关(r=-0.387、-0.536、-0.858、-0.801,P＜0.05),与TLK、SVA、PT呈正相关(r=0.319、0.296、0.262,P＜0.05).入选志愿者均可纳入分型:Ⅰ型19例,Ⅱ型75例,Ⅲ型17例.各型间LL、TK、TLK、PT、SS、PI、SSA、SVA差异均有统计学意义(F=164.559、7.431、14.099、4.217、53.856、6.252、35.995、8.626,P＜0.05).进一步多重比较示LL、SS、SSA、PI组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 LL是脊柱矢状面平衡的核心参数,以腰椎前凸角及胸腰椎转折椎间隙为基础可将成人脊柱-骨盆矢状面分为3型.该分型系统可较好反映脊柱-骨盆矢状面的形态差异及平衡.     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点

目的 :观察退变性腰椎侧凸(DLS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化对DLS发生的影响。方法:回顾性分析103例DLS患者术前资料,男36例,女67例,年龄62.6±7.4(43~78)岁,并选取139例正常青年人群作为正常青年对照组,145例单纯颈椎病患者作为成年对照组,在脊柱全长正侧位X线片上测量各组冠状位、矢状位参数,包括L3倾斜角、侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(CVA)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)等,采用独立样本t检验比较DLS组与两对照组的各矢状位参数,并用Pearson相关分析DLS组各参数间相关性。结果:DLS组PI为50.4°±10.2°,显著高于正常青年对照组(45.1°±9.6°,P0.01)和成年对照组(46.9°±9.1°,P0.01)。与青年及成年对照组相比,DLS组LL、SS较小(P0.01),PT、SVA较大(P0.01);TK小于成年对照组(P0.01)。DLS组中合并退变性腰椎滑脱者37例(占35.9%),PI为53.1°±8.8°;无退变性腰椎滑脱者66例,PI为48.9°±10.6°,二者相比有统计学差异且均显著高于正常青年对照组(P0.05)。DLS组侧凸Cobb角与PT显著相关(P0.05),余冠状位参数与矢状位参数间未发现相关性;LL、PI、SS、PT两两之间显著相关(P0.01),LL、PT与TK显著相关(P0.01),SS与TK显著相关(P0.05),LL与SVA显著相关(P0.01)。结论 :DLS患者PI高于正常青年及颈椎病患者,高PI可能参与了DLS的发病机制;DLS患者退变、侧凸的腰椎仍存在调节矢状位平衡的能力。     

腰椎峡部裂滑脱患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位的平衡

目的研究腰椎峡部裂滑脱症患者手术治疗前后脊柱骨盆矢状位影像学参数变化。方法回顾分析54例施行单节段腰椎椎间cage融合术治疗的腰椎峡部裂滑脱患者资料,术前及随访时拍摄站立位脊柱全长正、侧位X线片,测量手术前后胸椎后凸(TK)、胸腰联合角(TLJ)、C7矢状面平衡(SVA)、脊柱-骨盆角(SSA)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)和骨盆入射角(PI),并应用Pearson相关系数对影像学结果进行相关分析。结果脊柱-骨盆相关参数中,除PI、TLJ和TK外,其余参数手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。SSA的变化与PT、PI、LL、SS及SVA的变化存在线性关系。结论腰椎后路椎间融合术可明显改善腰椎峡部裂滑脱症患者的脊柱骨盆矢状位状态,术前及术后的SSA可对患者脊柱矢状面平衡进行评估,SSA的重建可作为手术疗效评价的重要参考依据。     

腰椎退行性侧凸患者脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性

目的 探讨不同类型腰椎退行性侧凸患者脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性.方法 70名脊柱形态正常的志愿者与110例腰椎退行性侧凸患者,摄站立位脊柱全长正侧位X线片,测量胸椎后凸角、胸腰段后凸角、腰椎前凸角、矢状位垂直轴、骨盆投射角、骶骨倾斜角和骨盆倾斜角.根据SRS测量标准,将腰椎退行性侧凸患者按脊柱矢状位形态分为三型:Ⅰ型45例、Ⅱ型48例、Ⅲ型17例.比较志愿者与各型退变侧凸组间的脊柱矢状位参数及骨盆参数,分析脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性.结果 骨盆投射角,Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组低于其他三组,差异有统计学意义;骨盆倾斜角,Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组高于志愿者组及Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组,差异有统计学意义,其中Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型的差异也有统计学意义;骶骨倾斜角,Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组小于志愿者组及Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组,差异有统计学意义.在志愿者组、Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组中未发现脊柱矢状位失平衡;Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组脊柱矢状位失平衡的发生率分别为17.8％、29.4％.志愿者组与Ⅰ型退行性侧凸组的脊柱矢状位参数间、骨盆参数间及矢状位脊柱-骨盆参数间存在相关性;Ⅱ、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸组的脊柱矢状位参数间的相关性逐渐减小,矢状位脊柱-骨盆参数间的相关性也减小甚至消失,而骨盆参数间的相关性存在;各型退行性侧凸组的腰椎前凸角、骨盆倾斜角均与矢状位垂直轴相关,其中后两者的相关性更大.结论 脊柱矢状位形态呈阶梯样改变,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型退行性侧凸患者的骨盆参数、脊柱矢状位参数与骨盆参数的相关性发生变化,更容易出现脊柱矢状位失平衡.     

Differences in early sagittal plane alignment between thoracic and lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Background contextIt has previously been shown that rotational stability of spinal segments is reduced by posteriorly directed shear loads that are the result of gravity and muscle tone. Posterior shear loads act on those segments of the spine that are posteriorly inclined, as determined by each individual's inherited sagittal spinal profile. Accordingly, it can be inferred that certain sagittal spinal profiles are more prone to develop a rotational deformity that may lead to idiopathic scoliosis; and lumbar scoliosis, on one end of the spectrum, develops from a different sagittal spinal profile than thoracic scoliosis on the other end.PurposeTo examine the role of sagittal spinopelvic alignment in the etiopathogenesis of different types of idiopathic scoliosis.Study design/settingMulticenter retrospective analysis of lateral radiographs of patients with small thoracic and lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliotic curves.Patients sampleWe included 192 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with either a thoracic (n=128) or lumbar (n=64) structural curve with a Cobb angle of less than 20° were studied. Children with other spinal pathology or with more severe idiopathic scoliosis were excluded, because this disturbs their original sagittal profile. Subjects who underwent scoliosis screening and had a normal spine were included in the control cohort (n=95).Outcome measuresThoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, T9 sagittal offset, C7 and T4 sagittal plumb lines, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, and sacral slope, as well as parameters describing orientation in space of each individual vertebra between C7 and L5 and length of the posteriorly inclined segment.MethodsOn standardized lateral radiographs of the spine, a systematic, semi-automatic measurement of the different sagittal spinopelvic parameters was performed for each subject using in-house developed computer software.ResultsEarly thoracic scoliosis showed a significantly different sagittal plane from lumbar scoliosis. Furthermore, both scoliotic curve patterns were different from controls, but in a different sense. Thoracic kyphosis was significantly decreased in thoracic scoliosis compared with both lumbar scoliosis patients and controls. For thoracic scoliosis, a significantly longer posteriorly inclined segment, and steeper posterior inclination of C7–T8 was observed compared with both lumbar scoliosis and controls. In lumbar scoliosis, the posteriorly inclined segment was shorter and located lower in the spine, and T12–L4 was more posteriorly inclined than in the thoracic group. The lumbar scoliosis cohort had a posteriorly inclined segment of the same length as controls, but T12–L2 showed steeper posterior inclination. Lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, and sacral slope, however, were similar for the two scoliotic subgroups as well as the controls.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that even at an early stage in the condition, the sagittal profile of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis differs significantly from lumbar scoliosis, and both types of scoliosis differ from controls, but in different aspects. This supports the theory that differences in underlying sagittal profile play a role in the development of different types of idiopathic scoliosis.     

Dreidimensionale Korrekturprinzipien einer dreidimensionalen Deformit?t

Background

There is presently still no consensus on how to operatively treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), i.e. a clearly reduced thoracic kyphosis. For a long time the primary focus was mostly on correcting the coronal plane while neglecting the sagittal profile. Based on the current literature and own retrospective data a comprehensive review will be given on the optimal correction of the spine and how to avoid secondary complications. Different operative standard procedures are demonstrated with special attention to the sagittal balance and the special parameters sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), pelvic tilt (PT), sagittal slope (SSL) and pelvic incidence (PI).

Results

A total of 24?patients (2 groups of 12?patients) with AIS and posterior fusion with (group?A) and without (group?B) additional osteotomy were analyzed with respect to the impact on spinopelvic balance and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) parameters. Patients in group?A had a significant reduction of TK, LL and SSL and an increase in PT whereas patients in group?B showed the opposite. Correlation analysis revealed a significant dependence of HRQoL on PT.

Discussion

Both the results from the literature and own data confirm that operative correction of AIS needs a careful planning including sagittal spinopelvic parameters. Rigid thoracic hypokyphosis require additional osteotomy.     

特发性胸椎侧凸患者的胸椎后凸状态对腰骶椎矢状面形态的影响

目的 探讨特发性胸椎侧凸患者的胸椎矢状面形态对腰骶椎矢状面形态的影响. 方法 研究对象包括胸弯犁青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者55例.所有研究对象均摄站立位脊柱全长正位片,并在上肢抱胸体位下摄站立位脊柱全长侧位片.按胸椎后凸(TK)的测量值分为:第一组TK<10°和第二组10°≤TK≤40°,测量的参数指标包括:腰椎前凸(LL)、上腰椎前凸、下腰椎前凸、骶骨后上缘与C,铅垂线的距离、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、骨盆投射角(PI).将第一组及第二组就参数的测量结果进行t检验比较(P<0.05),并对相关参数指标进行相关分析(P<0.01). 结果 第一组的LL和上腰椎前凸小于第二组的LL和上腰椎前凸,且具有统计学意义(P<0.05).胸弯型MS患者相邻节段的脊柱在矢状位形态上存在相关性,其中TK与LL、上腰椎前凸存在明显的线性相关.PT、SS及PI也存在明显的线性相关. 结论 胸弯型AIS患者的胸椎矢状面形态对患者的腰椎前凸有明显影响,并通过上腰椎对整个腰椎产生影响,在对主弯为胸椎的脊柱侧凸在进行选择性胸椎融合时必须考虑这种相互影响.     

Analysis of hip dysplasia and spinopelvic alignment in cerebral palsy

Background contextKnowledge of sagittal spinopelvic parameters and hip dysplasia is important in cerebral palsy (CP) patients because these parameters differ from those found in the general population and can be related to symptoms.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to analyze sagittal spinopelvic alignment and determine its relation to hip dysplasia in CP patients.Study designRadiological analysis was conducted on patients with CP.Patient sampleFifty-four patients with CP and 24 normal controls were included in this study.Outcome measuresParticipants underwent radiographs of the whole spine.MethodsThe patient and control groups comprised 54 CP patients and 24 volunteers, respectively. All underwent lateral radiography of the whole spine and hip joint anteroposterior radiography. The radiographic parameters examined were sacral slope, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, S1 overhang, thoracic kyphosis, thoracolumbar kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sagittal balance, center edge angle, acetabular angle, and migration index. Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant differences and correlations between the two groups.ResultsSacral slope, thoracolumbar kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sagittal balance, acetabular angle, and migration index were significantly higher in CP patients, whereas pelvic tilt, S1 overhang, and center edge angle were significantly lower (p<.05). Correlation analysis revealed that pelvic incidence, sacral slope, pelvic tilt, and S1 overhang were related to each other and that thoracolumbar kyphosis was related to the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis (p<.05). For spinal and pelvic parameters, lumbar lordosis was related to sacral slope, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, and S1 overhang; for hip dysplasia parameters, center edge angle and acetabular angle were found to be interrelated (p<.05). Regarding symptoms, pelvic tilt, S1 overhang, and thoracolumbar kyphosis were found to be correlated with symptom severity in patients. However, no hip dysplasia parameters were found to be related to hip or spinal symptoms.ConclusionsThis study found significant differences between CP patients and normal controls in terms of spinopelvic alignment and hip dysplasia. Furthermore, relationships were found between the sagittal spinopelvic parameters and hip dysplasia, and correlations were found between sagittal spinopelvic parameters and pain.     

Pelvic tilt and trunk inclination: new predictive factors in curve progression during the Milwaukee bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Introduction

Previous studies had shown that sagittal spinal and pelvic morphology may be associated with the development and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, but the predictive value of initial spinal and pelvic morphology on the curve progression during brace treatment is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between initial spinopelvic morphology and the risk of curve progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with the Milwaukee brace.

Materials and methods

From 2002 to 2007, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (single thoracic curve with apex at or above T8) was treated with the Milwaukee brace in 60 girls. Initial standing, full-length lateral radiographs were made and seven sagittal radiographic parameters of spinal and pelvic alignment were measured. Patients were followed until skeletal maturity or progression of Cobb angle >45°. The progression of curve was defined as an increase of Cobb angle ≥6° at final follow-up or progression to surgery during brace treatment.

Results

The 45 patients (75.0 %) who had successful control of curve progression were initially significantly more skeletally mature (higher mean Risser sign) than the 15 patients (25.0 %) who had curve progression. The initial mean Cobb angle was similar between the stable and progressed groups. The mean pelvic tilt, T1-spinopelvic inclination and T9-spinopelvic inclination angles were significantly greater in the stable group than in the progressed group and these three angles were independent predictors for curve progression during brace treatment. There were no significant differences between the stable and progressed groups in initial mean pelvic incidence, sacral slope, thoracic kyphosis or lumbar lordosis angles. Pre-bracing pelvic tilt ≤?0.5° was strongly predictive and T1-spinopelvic inclination ≤3.5° was moderately predictive of curve progression during the Milwaukee brace treatment.

Conclusions

Initial pelvic tilt and spinopelvic inclination angles may predict the curve progression and treatment outcome of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with the Milwaukee brace.     

Sagittal spinal profile and spinopelvic balance in parents of scoliotic children

Background contextIt is well known that spinal biomechanics and familial predisposition play an important role in the onset and evolution of idiopathic scoliosis. The relationship between the sagittal profile of the spine and spinal biomechanics has also been established in a number of studies. It has been suggested previously that a certain sagittal spinal configuration with implications for spinal rotational stiffness is inherited, thus providing a possible explanation for the well-known hereditary component in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).PurposeTo test the hypothesis that the familial trend in AIS may be partially explained by the inheritance of a sagittal spinal profile, which has been shown to make the spine less resistant to rotatory decompensation.Study designA prospective case controlled radiographic analysis of the sagittal profile of the spine and spinopelvic alignment.Patient sampleOne hundred two parents of scoliotic children, compared with 102 age-matched controls (parents of nonscoliotic children).Outcome measuresPhysiologic measures: sagittal profile of the spine and spinopelvic alignment.MethodsFreestanding lateral radiographs of 51 parent couples of girls with severe (Cobb angle >30°) progressive AIS (AIS group) and 102 age-matched controls (control group) were taken. Parents with manifest spinal deformities or spinal pathology of any kind were excluded based on history or spinal X-ray to avoid distorted sagittal images with unreliable measurements. Values were calculated for thoracic kyphosis (T4–T12), lumbar lordosis (L1–L5), spinal balance (sagittal plumb line of C7 and T4, T1–L5 sagittal spinal inclination, T9 sagittal offset), curvature parameters (expressed in the area under the curve [AUC]), and pelvic parameters (pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, and sacral slope). In addition, the height, offset, and length of the posteriorly inclined spinal segment, inclination of each vertebra, and normalized sagittal spinal profile were calculated. Differences in spinopelvic alignment between fathers and mothers of both groups were analyzed.ResultsIn the fathers of the AIS group, the plumb line of T4 was significantly less posteriorly positioned relative to the hip axis (79 mm vs. 92 mm; p=.009); the overall AUC and the lumbar AUC were significantly smaller (p=.002 and p=.008, respectively) as compared with the fathers in the control group. Vertebrae T11–L2 were significantly less backwardly inclined in the fathers of the AIS group (T11, L2: p<.05 and T12–L1: p<.01). An analysis of sagittal spinal profile showed a significantly flatter spine in the fathers of the AIS group (p=.01). No significant differences were observed in height, offset, and length of the backwardly inclined spinal segment. In the mothers of the AIS group, no statistically significant differences were observed in the spinopelvic parameters, spinal curvature, inclination of the vertebrae, and declive spinal segment parameters or sagittal spinal profile as compared with the mothers in the control group.ConclusionsThe sagittal spinal profile of the fathers of scoliotic children was significantly flatter than the sagittal spinal profile of fathers of nonscoliotic children. No difference was found in the sagittal spinal profile of the mothers of scoliotic children as compared with mothers of nonscoliotic children. Although it is well known that scoliotic mothers have an increased risk of having a scoliotic offspring, this study indicates that fathers may possibly contribute as well through their sagittal spinal profile to the inheritance of idiopathic scoliosis.     

Dynamic sagittal alignment and compensation strategies in adult spinal deformity during walking

BACKGROUND CONTEXTRadiographic evaluation in adult spinal deformity (ASD) offers no information on spinopelvic alignment and compensation during dynamic conditions. Motion analysis offers the potential to bridge the gap between static radiographic and dynamic alignment measurement, increasing our understanding on how ASD impacts function.PURPOSEThis study aimed to explore the changes in sagittal alignment and compensation strategies in ASD between upright standing and walking, compared to control subjects and within different sagittal alignment groups. Ten patients were measured pre- and six months postoperatively to explore the impact of surgical alignment correction on gait.STUDY DESIGNProspective study.SAMPLE SIZEFull protocol: 58 ASD and 20 controls; Spinal kinematic analysis: 43 ASD and 18 controls; Postoperative analysis: 10 ASD.OUTCOME MEASURESStanding and walking sagittal spinopelvic (thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvis), and lower limb kinematics, spinopelvic changes between standing and walking (? ie, difference between mean dynamic and static angle), lower limb kinetics, spatiotemporal parameters, balance (BESTest), patient-reported outcome scores (SRS-22r, ODI, and FES-I) and radiographic parameters.METHODSMotion analysis was used to assess the standing and walking spinopelvic and lower limb kinematics, as well as the lower limb kinetics during walking. All parameters were compared between controls and patients with ASD, divided in three groups based on their sagittal alignment (ASD 1: decompensated sagittal malalignment; ASD 2: compensated sagittal malalignment; ASD 3: scoliosis and normal sagittal alignment). Ten patients were reassessed 6 months after spinal corrective surgery. Continuous kinematic and kinetic data were analyzed through statistical parametric mapping.RESULTSAll patient groups walked with increased forward trunk tilt (?SVA=41.43 mm, p<.001) in combination with anterior pelvic tilt (?Pelvis=2.58°, p<.001) compared to standing, as was also observed in controls (?SVA=37.86 mm, p<.001; ?Pelvis=1.62°, p=.012). Patients walked with increased SVA, in combination with decreased LL and alterations in lower limb kinematics during terminal stance and initial swing, as well as altered spatiotemporal parameters. Subgroup analysis could link these alterations in gait to sagittal spinopelvic malalignment (ASD 1 and 2). After surgical correction, lower limb kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters during gait were not significantly improved.CONCLUSIONSTo compensate for increased trunk tilt and pelvic anteversion during walking, patients with sagittal malalignment show altered lower limb gait patterns, which have previously been associated with increased risk of falling and secondary lower limb pathology. Since surgical correction of the deformity did not lead to gait improvements, further research on the underlying mechanisms is necessary to improve our understanding of how ASD impacts function.