流式细胞光度术在肿瘤学几个领域的研究进展

流式细胞光度术(Flow Cytometry,FCM)是一种快速进行细胞生物化学成份定量分析和细胞分选的新技术。由于FCM具有快速、准确、可进行多参数分析等优点,已得到生物医学界的广泛重视和应用。特别是对常见肿瘤的细胞DNA含量,DNA倍体变化与肿瘤的诊断、治疗、预后判断及其与肿瘤生物学行为间的关系,进行了深入的研究,取得了可喜的成果。     

肿瘤治疗的现状与发展方向：肿瘤干细胞理论带给我们的启示

 随着肿瘤干细胞（CSC）假说的出现,肿瘤研究领域经历了一次革命,人们从新的角度认识和研究肿瘤。面对肿瘤难以根治这一难题,CSC理论带来了新的希望。目前,国内外在肿瘤分子机制方面的研究虽然取得了一些成果,但进展甚微,其根源是人们对肿瘤的起源认识不足。文章对CSC存在证据、CSC的特性以及CSC理论在未来肿瘤研究领域带给我们的启示进行了阐述。     

癌症治疗的几个问题

据1995年4月7日健康报登载，上海市肿瘤防治研究办公室抽查36家中心医院50份住院肿瘤患者的病历，请该市肿瘤专家对这些病历按照符台要求、基本符合要求、完全违反治疗原则进行评审。结果符合要求的仅占18．0％，而完全违反治疗原则的却占21．7%．专家认为，癌症的规范怡疗亟须引起医疗单位的重视。     

端粒酶研究进展及肿瘤学意义

端粒是真核线性染色体的末端结构，端粒酶是合成端粒DNA重复序列的反转录DNA合成酶。目前检测端粒酶方法分二大类；端粒重复序列延伸法和端粒重复序列扩增法及其改良方法。人体细胞端粒酶一般附件阴性，而大部分恶性肿瘤细胞阳性。端粒酶可能是研究治疗肿瘤的理想靶点。检测端粒酶活性不但是进一步研究的手段，而且有一定的诊断及预后意义。     

我国放射肿瘤学的进展与存在问题

简述我国放射肿瘤学的进展及存在的问题     

当前肿瘤内科治疗中的几个重要问题

近30年来,肿瘤内科学(Medical On-cology)已成为肿瘤学的一个重要学科。它的主要任务是应用药物、内分泌和生物反应调节剂为肿瘤病人服务。肿瘤内科治疗在综合治疗中的地位根据肿瘤的种类、性质、病期和发展趋向,有计划地综合应用现有的几种治疗手段,以期较大限度地提高治愈率,已经受到广泛重视。使许多较晚期病人的疗效得以提高。对于早期病例,在手术治疗后辅以药物或免疫治疗,也已有了一些比较重要的成果。肿瘤治疗目前已进入综合治疗的阶段,     

过度治疗与实证头颈肿瘤学

以头颈肿瘤为例,评论肿瘤的治疗不当或过度问题.     

子宫内膜癌治疗中有争议的几个问题

 子宫内膜癌的治疗涉及手术、放疗和化疗。什么是最合理的治疗模式，当前存在较大争议。文章根据国内外最新临床研究结果，分别阐述与讨论子宫内膜癌手术模式的选择、淋巴结切除的意义、放射治疗的意义与选择及化疗等问题。     

自噬与肿瘤

0引言自噬(autophagy)是真核细胞适应营养或生长因子缺乏、低氧、内质网应激等有害刺激所发生的一种应激反应,在维持蛋白代谢平衡及细胞内环境稳定中具有重要意义.与泛素-蛋白酶体介导的短寿命蛋白降解不同,自噬是溶酶体介导的长寿命蛋白或细胞器的降解.从酵母至哺乳细胞都存在自噬机制,在进化上高度保守.作为真核细胞的一条主要的代谢途径,自噬能在生物能量代谢应激(如营养缺乏或内质网、线粒体损伤)时,通过降解病损或老化的细胞质蛋白或细胞器,合成胞内营养物以维持细胞进行基本生命活动所必需的能量供应和大分子物质合成.     

过度治疗与循证头颈肿瘤学

以头颈肿瘤为例,评论肿瘤的治疗不当或过度问题。     

Pigment epithelium-derived factor as an impending therapeutic agent against vascular epithelial growth factor-driven tumor-angiogenesis

In spite of the recent epidemiological study indicating a positive decrease in cancer trends, cancer remains to be one of the major causes of deaths and there is an anticipated increase in the number of new cancer cases to be recorded in the following years to come. It is important for researchers to improve the current therapeutic agents involved against cancer, particularly targeting to inhibit tumor cell growth, survival, and metastasis. Many researchers investigate the crucial role of a proangiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the process of tumor angiogenesis, where the formation of new blood vessels carrying essential nutrients to the tumor cell becomes a critical factor for tumor growth. Since the establishment of VEGF's integral role in mediating tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell survival, current efforts are dedicated to developing therapeutic agents against VEGF and one of the emerging candidate under this category is pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF).     

叶酸及维生素B12与肿瘤治疗的关系及研究进展

叶酸和维生素B12是人体必需的维生素,参与人体细胞的增殖。叶酸和维生素B12因其对细胞增殖和甲基化的影响,在肿瘤发生与治疗的过程中发挥着一定作用。本文概述了其延缓肿瘤发生,作为特异性靶点识别和治疗肿瘤,增强现有化疗效果,改善化疗药物所致毒副反应等方面的研究进展。     

Quality of Life of Women Undergoing Chemotherapy for a Gynaecological Oncological Disease in Turkey

Aim: Studies have shown effects of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy on quality of life in cases ofgynaecological cancer. Very few studies are available examining the quality of life of individuals in Turkey whohave been diagnosed with gynaecological cancer and undergoing treatment. Method: This study was performedto evaluate the quality of life of such patients using the EORTC-QLQ-C30 Quality of Life Index. Chi-squareYates, Mann-Whitney-U tests and variance analysis used for statistical analizing. Results: The EORTC-QLQ-C30Quality of Life Index mean points for “general well-being and quality of life” of the patients were found to be60.5±25.0. In the sub-groups of the Quality of Life Index determined fatigue (60.1±24.8), economic difficulties(46.9±33.3), pain and loss of appetite (42.9±27.8; 42.9±34.0) and insomnia (40.1±34.0) were the symptoms mostreported to have a negative effect on quality of life. Statistical significance was noted for marital status andincome status (p<0.05) but not educational level. Conclusion:Determination of quality of life of women with adiagnosis of gynaecological oncological disease who are undergoing chemotherapy enables provision of a morecomprehensive and higher quality of care.     

Therapeutic implications of bioactive sphingolipids: A focus on colorectal cancer

Therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC), especially a subset known as locally advanced rectal cancer, is challenged by progression and recurrence. Sphingolipids, a lipid subtype with vital roles in cellular function, play an important role in CRC and impact on therapeutic outcomes. In this review we discuss how dietary sphingolipids or the gut microbiome via alterations in sphingolipids influence CRC carcinogenesis. In addition, we discuss the expression of sphingolipid enzymes in the gastro-intestinal tract, their alterations in CRC, and the implications for therapy responsiveness. Lastly, we highlight some novel therapeutics that target sphingolipid signaling and have potential applications in the treatment of CRC. Understanding how sphingolipid metabolism impacts cell death susceptibility and drug resistance will be critical toward improving therapeutic outcomes.     

Polipharmacy and Multimorbity in Oncological Patients: An Open Challenge

Kirkham and colleagues presented an original study about cancer survivors in Canadian population and reported that the odds of several cardiovascular disease risk factors are higher among middle-aged. Several risk factors are connected to a toxic lifestyle and are associated with cardiovascular diseases and general health status. The paper is very relevant in managing oncological patients. A particular attention should be given to some anamnestic data about the presence of other pathologies (as self-reported diabetes and hypertension) and drug therapy with particular consideration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that present a protective action against cardiovascular events and reduce the incidence of type II diabetes. In order to identify and intervene on risk factors, clinicians should depict the pharmacological therapy taken by the study population, assuming that in the elderly this may be potentially protective on cardiovascular risk profile compared to younger cancer survivors.     

Esophagin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are biomarkers of human esophageal neoplastic progression

PCNA and esophagin have been implicated in the multistep process of carcinogenesis, but simultaneous characterization of these proteins in the early stages of esophageal neoplastic progression has yet to be undertaken. In morphologically normal esophageal epithelium, esophagin stains the granular layer cells, principally in their cell membrane portions. PCNA, in contrast, stains the nuclei of cells in the parabasal and basal layers. We examined 201 regions from 47 patients that represented different stages of esophageal neoplasia, comprising 34 areas of normal mucosa, 18 of dysplasia in squamous epithelium (DYS/SC), 39 squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA), 29 areas of Barrett's esophagus, 48 of Barrett's dysplasia (DYS/BAR) and 33 areas of adenocarcinoma (AC). The immunostaining patterns of esophagin and PCNA were evaluated and graded for level of expression. There was loss of esophagin expression in the high- and low-grade dysplasias compared to normal epithelia. In the squamous dysplasias, there was more intense staining (of esophagin) in the atypical nuclei and superficial squamous epithelial cells than in the basal cells. PCNA staining was increased in intensity in the high-grade dysplasias relative to normal basal layer cells. Combined analysis of esophagin and PCNA appears to reveal an inverse relationship between proliferation and differentiation during esophageal neoplastic progression. Moreover, this combined staining approach also offers promise for detecting esophageal cancer in early, precancerous stages.     

即刻乳房再造肿瘤学安全性的研究进展

乳房再造是乳腺癌综合治疗的一部分。即刻乳房再造具有更好的美学效果,并且避免了患者二次手术的痛苦。由于对乳腺癌术后即刻乳房再造的适应证、肿瘤学安全性等问题心存疑虑,许多医生和患者尚未接受这一手术。本文从乳腺癌术后即刻乳房再造的适应证及其对乳腺癌术式的影响、对乳腺癌术后辅助治疗的影响、对肿瘤演变过程的影响以及对复发检查的影响几方面,将近几年的研究进展综述如下。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+回肠原位新膀胱术疗效分析

目的:回顾分析腹腔镜下全膀胱切除+回肠原位新膀胱术的临床疗效与经验.方法:随访了2006年1月-2012年2月采用腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术+回肠原位新膀胱术治疗的87例患者,手术方法为腹腔镜下膀胱全切术+开放新膀胱构建及吻合,并对随访3年的临床数据进行总结分析.结果:大多数患者恢复良好,所有的新膀胱漏尿并发症均被有效处理;仅有1例患者因肠瘘行肠造口,3个月后行肠回纳;术后3年整体生存率为88.5％(77/87),无瘤生存率为92.2％ (71/77);整体控尿功能及肾功能保护方面取得良好效果.结论:腹腔镜下根治性膀胱全切+回肠原位新膀胱术,具有良好的控尿功能和较好的保肾功能,可以明显提高患者生活质量.     

Targeting Toll-like receptor 2 inhibits growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Infection-driven inflammation has been proposed to be involved in the tumorigenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Oral HNSCC is often colonized with microbes such as gram-positive bacteria and yeast, where ligands derived from their wall components have been shown to specifically bind to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Although TLR2 has been described to be expressed in oral HNSCC, its function has not been well characterized. Here, we show the expression of TLR2 in both HNSCC cell lines and primary patient-derived HNSCC xenograft tumors. Activation of TLR2 with a yeast-derived ligand of TLR2, zymosan, promoted organoid formation in an ex vivo model of tumor growth, while blockade with anti-TLR2 antibodies inhibited organoid formation. Zymosan also induced phosphorylation of ERK and the p65 subunit of NF-κB, which was inhibited in the presence of anti-TLR2 antibodies, indicating that this receptor is functional in HNSCC and that the signaling through these pathways is intact. TLR2 blockade also inhibited growth of human xenografted tumors in immunodeficient mice. In summary, our data show that TLR2 is a functional receptor expressed in human HNSCC that plays a direct pro-tumorigenic role, and that it can be therapeutically targeted with blocking antibodies to reduce tumor growth.