股骨干骨折--逆行穿钉与顺行穿钉的探讨

在对股骨骨折进行逆行和顺行置入髓内钉治疗时,两种治疗方法产生很高的愈合率和相近的畸形愈合率。虽然未经过一致的认定,但那些接受顺行穿钉治疗的患者愈合较快。患者在接受逆行穿钉治疗后膝关节疼痛频繁出现,然而髋关节疼痛和异位骨化现象却在接受顺行穿钉治疗的患者中存在。患其它并发症的几率也无显著增长。因此不能决定功能结果。     

股骨干骨折--扩髓和不扩髓髓内钉比较

治疗股骨干骨折，采用不扩髓髓内钉比扩髓髓内钉手术时间明显缩短，而且失血也少。但是，扩髓钉的骨愈合更快，延迟愈合更少。两者都没有显著增加包括肺损害等其它并发症的风险。功能结果不能确定。     

Humeral shaft fractures Intramedullary nail versus plate fixation

AelectronicsearchwasperformedtoidentifystudiespublishedfromMay1998toOctober2003comparingintramedullarynailingtoplatefixationforfracturesofthehumeralshaft.Fromalistof17articlesidentifiedfromthesearchstrategy,fourcomparedintramedullarynailingtoplatefixation.Twowererandomizedclinicaltrials,onewasacohortstudy,andonewasacaseserieswithahistoricalcontrol.Allareincludedinthisappraisal.Weexcludedstudiesevaluatingthesetreatmentsindelayedornonunions.StudiesforthiscaseStudy1McCormackRG,BrienD,Buckley…     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部C型骨折

目的：对应用髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁C型骨折的临床经验进行总结。方法：应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折14例。采用AO分类，其中C1型骨折6例，C2型5例，C3型3例。结果：随访时间6－24个月，无近晚期并发症，骨愈合良好，骨折平均愈合时间为16周。结果：优4例，良8例，可1例，差1例，总优良率为85．7％。结论：采用逆行交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨髁C型骨折的理想方法。     

闭合复位逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折

目的探讨临床应用闭合复位逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效。方法笔者自2002年6月～2005年5月,采用闭合复位逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折28例。结果获得随访28例,时间4～20个月,平均11个月。骨折平均愈合时间5个月,根据HSS膝关节临床功能评定：优12例,良11例,优良率82．2％,可5例（17．8％）,无术后感染及内固定断裂。结论闭合复位逆行交锁髓内钉能提供坚强内固定,出血少,创伤小,有利于骨折的愈合和膝关节功能的恢复,是治疗股骨远端骨折的较理想方法。     

Ender钉治疗儿童股骨干骨折

目的探讨Ender钉治疗儿童股骨干骨折的疗效. 方法对24例儿童股骨干骨折采用小切口Ender钉内固定,术后单侧髋人字石膏固定患肢4周. 结果随访 6个月～2年,无一例出现骨折不愈合、延迟愈合 .有4例出现双下肢不等长,均小于1 cm.无明显跛行,下肢功能完全正常. 结论只要严格掌握其适应证和禁忌证,Ender钉治疗5～10岁儿童股骨干骨折具有切口小,解剖复位,不破坏骨膜、利于骨折修复,住院时间短,功能恢复快等优点.     

Antegrade Versus Retrograde Locked Intramedullary Nailing for Femoral Fractures: Which Is Better?

Abstract Background: Locked intramedullary nailing or interlocking nailing (ILN) is a proven mode of treatment for femoral shaft fractures. It can be inserted via the antegrade or retrograde approach. Retrograde approach is technically less demanding especially if the patient is overweight. But there are concerns with regard to the violation of the knee and its effect on subsequent knee function. Methods: We studied consecutive cases of femoral shaft fractures treated with locked intramedullary nailing at the Penang General Hospital, from 1st June 2004 to 1st June 2005. We looked at radiological and clinical union rates, union of fractures, alignment of the operated limb, and the knee function, using the Thoresen scoring system. Results: There were a total of 77 cases of femoral interlocking nails during the study period. Forty-two cases were antegrade nails and 35 cases were retrograde nails. Both groups of patients eventually achieved union of the fracture and retrograde nailing group showed significantly earlier union rate (p = 0.032). There is no significant difference between both groups, in regards to knee pain, swelling, and range of motion as well as postnailing femoral alignment. Conclusions: Both methods of nailing achieved excellent union rates with good alignment of the limb. Contrary to popular belief, we found that retrograde nailing does not give rise to a higher rate of knee complications. Therefore, we strongly recommend this approach of nailing as it is technically less demanding.     

锁定加压钢板与顺行磁力导航带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效分析

目的探讨锁定加压钢板（locking compression plate,LCP）与顺行磁力导航带锁髓内钉固定技术治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。 方法选取2013年8月至2017年10月,北京大学人民医院接受内固定手术治疗的肱骨干骨折患者56例,其中男35例,女21例;年龄18~70岁,平均42岁。交通事故致伤11例,摔伤36例,高处坠落伤9例。骨折采用AO分型：A型19例,B型24例,C型13例。根据治疗方法将56例患者分为两组,应用顺行磁力导航带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折患者25例,为髓内钉组;应用LCP治疗肱骨干骨折患者31例,为LCP组。髓内钉组：取沙滩椅位,于肩峰外侧作纵行直切口4~5 cm,于肱骨大结节内侧1 cm、肱二头肌沟后方0.5 cm处用骨锥开口,插入导针,并与髓腔轴向一致,X线透视下复位,穿入髓内钉,磁力导航引导下锁入螺钉;LCP组：近、中段骨折取前外侧切口,远段取上臂后正中切口,找到并保护桡神经,清理骨折断端,复位骨折,克氏针临时固定。将LCP预弯后放置,视情况打入皮质骨螺钉及锁定螺钉固定骨折。对两组患者进行门诊随访,回顾性对比分析两组疗效。 结果术后56例患者均得到随访,随访时间10~26个月,平均（18.7±3.6）个月。手术时间45~110 min,平均手术时间（74±14）min。2例发生浅表伤口感染,经清创换药后恢复良好。1例发生术中医源性桡神经损伤,经神经电刺激及联合神经营养药物治疗,术后6周完全恢复腕关节及拇指背伸功能。骨折8~24周达到临床愈合,平均（13±4）周,无延迟愈合或不愈合,愈合率达100％。肩关节外展95°~170°,平均151°±11°;前屈100°~175°,平均153°±12°。肘关节伸直0°~10°,平均5°±2°;屈曲122°~145°,平均131°±5°。在本组患者的随访中,肩关节功能依据美国加州大学洛杉矶分校评分标准:优53例,良3例。肘关节功能依据Mayo评分标准:优55例,良1例。对比髓内钉组与LCP组,两组性别比例、年龄、手术时间、住院时间、骨折类型分布未见显著差异。对比两组预后,髓内钉组无一例感染、神经损伤发生,而LCP组发生了2例浅表伤口感染及1例桡神经损伤,但组间比较差异无统计学意义。除髓内钉组术后肩峰撞击比率显著高于LCP组,肩关节前屈外展活动范围显著低于LCP组外,其余预后指标差异均无统计学意义。 结论LCP固定有着较高的伤口感染及桡神经损伤发生率,但与髓内钉系统相比差异无统计学意义。髓内钉固定的患者术后肩峰撞击的发生率较高,显著高于LCP组,同时肩关节活动度也显著下降。     

肱骨干骨折--髓内钉与钢板固定的比较

总体而言，这些报道提示：采用髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折较采用钢板带来更多的并发症，尤其是采用顺行人路。同时，这些报道没有提供确切的证据证明何种方法在骨折愈合、减少感染或上肢总体功能上优于另一种。     

A new modular nail for the diaphyseal fractures of the humerus

Over a period of 5 years, 63 traumatic and eight pathological diaphyseal humeral fractures were treated with a new modular humeral nail. The nail is cannulated, square in shape - with concave sides - and has two different extensions that can be used with either the antegrade or the retrograde approach. Adequate rotational and axial stability is provided without the need for distal locking screws in the majority of fractures, while the need for proximal locking screws during the antegrade procedure is abolished. This study aims to present the ‘Garnavos’ nail and the results of its use, along with proposals and guidelines that should be considered whenever intramedullary nailing is selected for the treatment of diaphyseal humeral fractures.     

经膝关节逆行穿钉治疗股骨干骨折

目的探讨经膝关节逆行穿钉治疗股骨干骨折适应证及手术方法,丰富股骨干骨折的治疗手段。方法12例病人均在能透视的普通手术台进行,膝关节屈曲30°～40°于髌韧带内侧缘做5cm的切口,经股骨髁间窝逆行穿入带锁钉。闭合复位7例,开放复位5例。结果经平均1年的随访,所有病人均骨性愈合,膝关节功能良好。结论经膝关节逆行穿钉治疗股骨骨折是可行的,具有操作简单,固定牢固,能早期进行膝关节功能锻炼等特点,早期对膝关节功能无影响,但远期影响有待长期随访。     

髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折扩髓与不扩髓的比较研究

目的探讨非扩髓钉是否比扩髓钉操作简单、迅速、安全。方法用前瞻性随机研究方法将100例单纯股骨干骨折随机分为扩髓组与非扩髓组,比较二组的手术时间、失血量、手术中意外情况的发生。结果扩髓组37例手术时间138min,失血量278ml,6例术中发生意外情况。非扩髓组63例,手术时间108min(P=0．012),失血量186ml(P=0．034)。17例术中发生意外情况,2例需二次手术。结论非扩髓钉操作步骤少,手术时间及失血量少于扩髓组,但非扩髓组手术中意外情况发生较多,虽然统计学差异不显著。     

Antegrade nailing of femoral shaft fractures combined with neck or distal femur fractures

Introduction Complex femoral fractures pose considerable therapeutic challenges to orthopedic surgeons. We present a retrospective review of 25 patients with complex femoral fractures treated with intramedullary locked nailing and supplemental screw fixation.Materials and methods Fifteen patients with ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures (group 1) and 10 patients with ipsilateral femoral shaft and distal femur fractures (group 2) were treated from 1990 to 1998. High-energy injuries occurred in all patients. There were 4 open fractures. Antegrade, locked nailing of diaphyseal fractures was performed in all cases. Supplemental screws for the neck were used in all patients in group 1 and in 3 patients in group 2.Results All of the fractures united during the follow-up. Five patients in group 1 underwent reoperation (33.3%): one due to a delayed union, the second due to an implant failure, the third due to a nonunion of a neck fracture, and the last two because of an initially missed femoral neck fracture. None of the patients in group 2 underwent reoperation. Angular malalignment of the shaft was found in 6 fractures in group 1 (average 4.8^o, range 3^o–11^o) and in 4 fractures in group 2 (average 6^o, range 3^o–12^o). Shortening of the limb occurred in 3 patients in group 1 (average 1.4 cm, range 1–1.8) and in 1 patient in group 2 (2 cm). Loss of fixation was seen in 1 patient in each group. Avascular necrosis and infection were not seen in any case in both groups.Conclusion Femoral intramedullary nails with antegrade or retrograde options for insertion and different locking possibilities have extended the indications to include both diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures. New nail designs, usually more expensive than the conventional nails, have been introduced into the market for this purpose. One has to keep in mind that antegrade, locked nailing of femoral shaft fractures combined with neck or distal femur fractures is a technically demanding but efficacious procedure. The success rate is high when the technique is meticulously implemented.     

侧卧位闭合复位交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折

目的探讨普通透视床侧卧位下应用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折的手术技巧及疗效。方法自2010-09--2012-09采用侧卧位交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折24例,术后疗效按Klemm功能恢复分级标准评定。结果本组手术平均时间58（45—80）rain,术中出血量平均83（50—200）ml,术后隐性失血量平均296（200-450）IIll。术中透视时间平均60（40—80）s。无中途转为切开复位内固定的患者,平均住院时间9（6—14）d。所有患者术后获平均9（5—12）个月随访,骨折临床愈合时间为平均8（6-12）个月,延迟愈合l例。术后疗效根据Klemm功能恢复分级标准评定：优19例,良5例,优良率100％。结论普通透视床下侧卧位闭合复位交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折是一种良好的手术方法。     

股骨干骨折闭合复位髓内钉内固定术中利用小粗隆-股骨干切线控制股骨旋转

目的探讨闭合复位髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折术中利用股骨小粗隆-股骨干切线控制股骨旋转的可行性及准确性。方法选择志愿者20名,行CT扫描并分别测量两侧股骨小粗隆-股骨干切线与股骨后髁连线夹角,并比较两侧股骨该夹角的差异。采用C型臂X线机对20具股骨标本于截骨前后分别测量股骨小粗隆-股骨干切线与股骨后髁连线夹角及股骨颈前倾角,比较2种方法的测量结果。结果志愿者左侧股骨小粗隆-股骨干切线与股骨后髁连线夹角为(65.9±7.5)°,右侧为(64.9±7.2)°;两侧间差值为1.2°~8.7°(3.9±2.2)°,差异无统计学意义(t=0.927,P=0.365)。20具股骨标本股骨小粗隆-股骨干切线与股骨后髁连线夹角为50.5°~80.0°(65.7±8.0)°,股骨颈前倾角为9.0°~19.5°(9.0±8.4)°。股骨小粗隆-股骨干切线法残留旋转移位为1.0°~7.0°(3.7±1.9)°,股骨颈前倾角法残留旋转移位为1.0°~8.5°(4.4±2.1)°,二者间差异无统计学意义(t=1.113,P=0.279)。结论股骨小粗隆-股骨干切线法依靠确切的测量点来测量,准确性较高;此外,旋转程度可以量化,便于矫正;无需特殊投照体位,简便易行。     

Retrograde versus antegrade nailing of femoral shaft fractures

OBJECTIVES: To compare union rates and complications of retrograde intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures with those of antegrade intramedullary nailing. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: Two hundred eighty-three consecutive adult patients with 293 fractures of the femoral shaft who underwent stabilization with antegrade or retrograde inserted femoral nails were studied. There were 140 retrograde nails and 153 antegrade nails. Twelve fractures in twelve patients were excluded (three in patients who died early in the postoperative period, three in patients because of early amputation, four in patients who were paraplegic, and two in patients who fractured through abnormal bone owing to metastatic carcinoma), leaving 134 fractures treated with retrograde nails and 147 treated with antegrade nails. One hundred four femurs treated with retrograde nails (Group R) and ninety-four femurs treated with antegrade nails (Group A) had sufficient follow-up and served as the two study groups. The average clinical follow-up was twenty-three months (range 6 to 66 months) for Group R and twenty-three months (range 5 to 64 months) for Group A. Both groups were comparable with regard to age, gender, number of open fractures, degree of comminution, mode of interlocking (i.e., static or dynamic), and nail diameter (p > 0.05). INTERVENTION: Retrograde intramedullary nails were inserted through the intercondylar notch of the knee, and antegrade nails were inserted through the pirformis fossa using standard techniques. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Union, delayed union, nonunion, malunion, and complication rates. RESULTS: After the index procedure there were no significant differences in healing or incidence of malunion between Group R and Group A (p > 0.05). Healing after the index procedure occurred in ninety-one (88 percent) of the femurs in Group R and in eighty-four (89 percent) of the femurs in Group A. In Group R, there were seven delayed unions (7 percent) and six nonunions (6 percent). In Group A, there were four delayed unions (4 percent) and six nonunions (6 percent). Healing ultimately occurred in 100 (96 percent) femurs from Group R and in ninety-three (99 percent) femurs from Group A. In Group R, there were eleven malunions (11 percent), and in Group A, there were twelve malunions (13 percent). When patients with ipsilateral knee injuries were excluded, the incidence of knee pain was significantly greater for Group R patients (36 percent) than for Group A patients (9 percent) (p < 0.001). When patients with ipsilateral hip injuries were excluded, the incidence of hip pain was significantly greater for Group A patients (10 percent) than for Group R patients (4 percent) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde and antegrade nailing techniques provided similar results in union and malunion rates. There were more complications related to the knee after retrograde nailing and more complications related to the hip after antegrade nailing.     

Expandable nailing system for tibial shaft fractures

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and present our current clinical experience in the treatment of closed and open tibial shaft fractures using the expandable intramedullary nailing system. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: One level-1 trauma centre. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six patients with acute tibial shaft fractures with at least 10 cm of intact cortex on both sides of the fracture. INTERVENTION: Internal fixation using the Fixion expandable intramedullary nail (Disc-O-Tech Medical Technologies Ltd., Herzliya, Israel). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Operative and fluoroscopy time, healing time and perioperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-six tibial fractures were treated (OTA classification: 3 type A1, 8 A2, 8 A3, 3 B1, 3 B2, and 1 B3), six of which were open. All fractures healed by week 18.5 with an mean of 12.8+/-3.8 weeks. The operating time ranged from 20 to 50 min with an mean of 40+/-12.17 min. The fluoroscopy time ranged from 6 to 22s with a mean of 10+/-5s. In one case the nail failed to expand, as detected by X-ray control, and had to be exchanged intraoperatively. Two patients reported anterior knee pain during the follow up, but did not wish any further treatment. In a low demanding patient rotational malalignment was noted and no further action needed. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the use of the Fixion nailing system, where indicated, is associated with minimal complications and very good functional outcomes in fractures OTA types A and B. The advantages of the expandable nail include the decrease in the operating and fluoroscopy time and the simplicity of its application.     

Supracondylar Femoral Nail in the management of non-union of humeral shaft fractures

We reviewed seven patients with established non-union of a shaft of humerus fracture, treated by locked intramedullary nailing using the Intramedullary Supracondylar Nail (IMSC Nail; Smith & Nephew Richards, Memphis TN). The mean age of the patients was 65 years (range 48-78 years). Three of the fractures involved the proximal third of the diaphysis while the remaining four involved the middle third. Six of the original fractures were closed and one was an open fracture. The time interval between the original injury and final surgery averaged 9.3 months. All the nailings were done by the ante-grade approach with static locking. Six of the patients had closed nailing and one had open nailing with bone grafting. The mean follow-up was 8 months and osseous union was achieved in all seven cases at a mean of 5.6 months. We conclude that the Supracondylar Femoral Nail is a useful alternative implant in the management of non-union of fractures of the humeral shaft with wide medullary canals.     

The effectiveness of the antegrade reamed technique: the experience and complications from 415 traumatic femoral shaft fractures

This retrospective study presents the experience gained through use of reamed femoral nails and reports results and respective complications. This study included 415 femur fractures (312 men and 101 women with a mean age of 27.8 years) that were treated from 1993 to 2004. The fractures were classified according to AO, and 74 open fractures were included and typed according to the Gustilo classification. Dynamic nailing was performed for nearly all type A fractures and static nailing for types B and C. After a mean follow-up of 1.5 years, union rate was 97.8%. The complications were: 9 non-unions, 14 delayed-unions, 4 torsional malunions, 6 limb length discrepancies (shortening) and 30 nerve pareses due to traction. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurred below the knee in 4 patients, while there were recorded 3 pulmonary and 2 fat embolisms, 1 superficial and 1 deep infection. There were 28 broken screws identified postoperatively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that type B and C were associated with increased risk of complications, with respective odds ratios of 3.1 (95% CI = 1.3–7.2, P = 0.011) and 4.3 (95% CI = 1.8–10.3, P = 0.001) when compared to type A patterns. All patients returned to their activities in a mean time of 10 months. Intramedullary nailing is still the treatment of choice for femoral shaft fractures, but knowledge of potential complications and their association with certain fracture patterns is needed.     

联合应用带锁髓内钉及西脉TiNi记忆合金骨卡环治疗股骨干粉碎骨折

目的 观察联合应用带锁髓内钉及西脉TiNi记忆合金骨卡环治疗股骨干粉碎骨折的疗效。方法 本组股骨干粉碎骨折35例，均为AO分型中的B型和C型。其中B型25例，C型10例。全部病例采用开放复位带锁髓内钉加记忆合金骨卡环内固定治疗，5例行植骨。结果 经12～24个月随访(平均18．5个月)，除1例因骨卡环脱落而行手术外，全部病例骨折二期愈合。术后18～24个月取出带锁髓内钉。按Klemm功能恢复分级标准，总体优良率98．2％。结论 带锁髓内钉加记忆合金骨卡环内固定治疗股骨干粉碎骨折可互相取长补短、稳定固定，是一种可行有效的方法：