Preventing nosocomial bloodstream infection in very low birth weight infants

Nosocomial sepsis is a frequent complication of caring for very low birth weight infants and incidence varies substantially among centres. Many cases are preventable. An organized approach to understanding the epidemiology of nosocomial sepsis within a unit, and implementing evidence-based practices can successfully reduce the incidence. Diagnostic accuracy is important to limit excess empiric antibiotic therapy. Instituting a hand hygiene program of education, monitoring, and consideration of waterless hand disinfectants to avoid hand transmission of organisms is essential. An emphasis on early achievement of enteral nutrition, preferably with human milk is important to reduce unnecessary exposure to central catheters and parenteral nutrition. Use of maximum sterile barrier precautions by personnel trained and skilled in central catheter insertion, followed by meticulous care in preventing catheter hub contamination will reduce the incidence of catheter related sepsis. Ultimately, the culture of the NICU needs to shift from a focus on early detection of infection to one of prevention.     

Nosocomial bacterial infections in very low birth weight infants

The occurrence of congenital and nosocomial bacterial septicaemia has been documented by identifying the number of positive blood cultures by reviewing the laboratory and clinical records of 394 very low birth weight infants who were consecutively admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit over a 40-month period. The incidence of congenital septicaemia was 6% and of nosocomial septicaemia 17%. The commonest causes of congenital infection wereStreptococcus agalactiae Staphylococcus epidermidis andEnterococcus faecalis (each in 18% of cases). The commonest cause of nosocomial infection wasS. epidermidis (51% of cases), except in infants of birth weight less than 750 g. Risk factors for nosocomial infection were extremely low birth weight, very preterm birth and prolonged ventilation. Nosocomial infection was associated with significantly lengthened hospital admission.     

极低及超低出生体重儿的预后因素分析

目的 分析极低及超低出生体重儿（出生体重≤ 1 200 g）的临床资料,为其预后及临床干预提供预警指标。方法 回顾性分析108 例极低及超低出生体重儿的母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后,采用非条件logistic 回归分析筛选预后的影响因素。结果 108 例极低及超低出生体重儿,出生体重范围在结论 极低及超低出生体重儿的病死率较高,且随着日龄的增加,影响早产儿生存的预后因素不同,临床上应针对这些因素制定合理的管理方案,提高早产儿生存率。     

Propranolol for infantile hemangiomas: a preliminary report on efficacy and safety in very low birth weight infants

Despite the relatively recent introduction of propranolol in the treatment of infantile hemangiomas, there can be little doubt of its efficacy. With regard to safety issues, there are no prior data for very low weight infants. In this study, we used propranolol in preterm and very low weight infants. We used clinical criteria to assess the response to the therapy. We noted all side effects expected from beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, and followed the patients' weight gain during propranolol treatment. Objective, clinical evidence of hemangioma regression was seen after two months in all patients. None of the patients required treatment discontinuation due to adverse side effects. During the propranolol treatment, weight gain was normal in all patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of propranolol in preterm and very low weight infants, and also the first report from Turkey on the use of propranolol in infantile hemangiomas.     

捐献母乳喂养对极低出生体重儿院内感染发生的影响

目的 探讨捐献母乳在预防极低出生体重儿院内感染中的作用。方法 将105例极低出生体重住院早产儿纳入研究,根据其所接受的喂养方式分为亲母母乳、捐献母乳、早产儿配方奶喂养组,每组各35例。比较3组院内感染发生率、坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率、喂养不耐受发生率以及达到全肠道喂养时间、早期生长指标。结果 与配方奶组比较,捐献母乳组和亲母母乳组患儿院内感染及坏死性小肠结肠发生率明显降低,且捐献母乳组和亲母母乳组达到全肠道喂养的时间短于配方奶组,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。3组患儿头围、身长、体重增长速率比较差异无统计学意义。结论 极低出生体重儿在亲母母乳不足时可以采用捐献母乳替代喂养,有助于降低院内感染的发生。     

Postprandial thermogenesis in human milk-fed very low birth weight infants

Postprandial thermogenesis in 10 human milk-fed very low birth weight infants was studied by indirect calorimetry at thermoneutrality. Throughout a period of 5-6 weeks each infant was tested once weekly which enabled the authors to explore the relationship between postprandial metabolism and postnatal age as well as growth rate. A feed of human milk caused, on the average, a 15% increase in metabolism. The effect reached its peak value between 50 and 80 min; thereafter it began to fall and approached the preingestion level at 120 min. The response obtained in the 4th, 5th and 6th postnatal week was more pronounced than in the first 3 weeks. Analysis based on growth rate showed that infants exhibiting a rapid weight gain responded by a larger increase in postprandial metabolism than the non- or slow-growing infants.     

Fortified preterm human milk for very low birth weight infants.

We studied the nutritional effects of two types of human milk fortifiers for very low birth weight infants. These studies suggest that fortified human milk provides nutritional advantages for very low birth weight infants. However, providing calcium and phosphorus with supplementation is necessary for the improvement of bone density.     

Randomized indomethacin trial for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants

We admitted 48 preterm neonates (600 to 1250 gm birth weight, normal 6-hour echoencephalograms) to a randomized prospective indomethacin or placebo trial for the prevention of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Beginning at 6 postnatal hours, indomethacin or placebo was administered intravenously every 12 hours for a total of five doses. Cardiac ultrasound studies to assess the status of the ductus arteriosus were performed at 6 postnatal hours and on day 5. Urinary output, serum electrolytes, and renal and clotting functions were monitored. No differences in birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores, or ventilatory needs were noted between the two groups. Six infants given indomethacin had intraventricular hemorrhage, compared to 14 control infants (P = 0.02). The indomethacin-treated group had significant decreases in serum prostaglandin values 30 hours after the initiation of therapy. The overall incidence of patent ductus arteriosus was 82% at 6 postnatal hours; 84% of the indomethacin-treated infants experienced closure of the ductus, compared to 60% of the placebo-treated patients. Closure of the ductus was not related to incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage. We speculate that indomethacin may provide some protection against neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage by acting on the cerebral microvasculature.     

氟康唑预防极低出生体重儿侵袭性真菌感染疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价使用氟康唑预防极低出生体重儿（VLBWI）侵袭性真菌感染的疗效和安全性,为临床更好地预防性使用氟康唑提供依据。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、万方数据库、中国科技期刊数据库（维普）和中国知网,纳入VLBWI预防性使用氟康唑的随机对照试验（RCT）研究。采用Review Manager 5.3统计软件对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入12篇RCT研究,合计1 679例VLBWI。Meta分析结果显示：试验组（使用氟康唑）侵袭性真菌感染的发生率显著低于安慰剂对照组（RR=0.44,95% CI：0.27~0.71,P < 0.001）;真菌定植率低于对照组（RR=0.31,95% CI：0.24~0.40,P < 0.001）;住院期间病死率低于对照组（RR=0.74,95% CI：0.58~0.94,P=0.01）。使用不同预防剂量氟康唑的两组侵袭性真菌感染发生率和真菌定植率比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;耐药情况及并发症发生率在试验组和对照组组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 氟康唑预防VLBWI侵袭性真菌感染有效且相对安全。小剂量给药可取得类似预防效果。     

氟康唑预防极低出生体重儿真菌感染有效性和安全性的Meta分析

目的 对NICU高危极低出生体重儿预防性应用氟康唑的有效性及安全性的研究进行Meta分析,为更好地预防性使用氟康唑提供依据.方法 制定原始文献的纳入标准及检索策略,检索Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验数据库、PubMed、EMBASE、Ovid全文数据库、近3年有关新生儿感染和抗生素应用的国际儿科会议、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库、中国期刊全文数据库和中国维普数据库中的文献,收集有关对极低出生体重儿预防性应用氟康唑的随机对照临床研究,剔除不符合要求的文献,应用RevMan4.2软件进行Meta分析,采用异质性检验(齐性检验),然后统计合并效应量(加权合并,计算效应尺度及95%CI),得出合并后的RR值及其95%CI.结果 共5篇文献符合纳入标准进入Meta分析.数据合并分析结果显示,预防性应用氟康唑可以明显降低极低出生体重儿的真菌定植率,从48%降低到11%,RR值(95%CI)为0.32(0.23 to 0.44),P<0.000 01;明显降低真菌感染率,从15%降低到6%,RR值(95%CI)为0.44(0.29 to 0.65),P<0.0001;病死率差异性无统计学意义,RR值(95%CI)为0.68(0.43 to 1.07),P=0.09;预防性使用氟康唑没有增加对极低出生体重儿的肝脏和胆红素等不良反应,对念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度也没有影响,但对是否增加氟康唑耐药菌的发生率结论不同.结论 对NICU中高危的极低出生体重儿预防性使用氟康唑可以明显降低真菌的定植率和感染率,但有可能增加氟康唑耐药菌株的发生.不同的NICU是否采用氟康唑预防用药,需要仔细评估,要根据不同NICU的真菌感染率制定不同的预防政策,需要定期随访真菌的感染率,动态观察氟康唑耐药菌株的发生率,随时对预防政策进行调整.     

经外周静脉置人中心静脉导管在极低出生体质量儿中的应用

目的 评估经外周静脉置人中心静脉导管(PICC)在极低出生体质量儿(VLBWI)救治中的作用.方法 选取2004年6月至2008年5月入住我院的VLBWI 86例,分为PICC 46例和外周静脉穿刺(PIV)组40例,观察患儿住院期间静脉穿刺次数、呼吸暂停发生次数、体质量增长情况、低血糖持续时间和感染指标.结果 PICC组静脉穿刺次数为1.4±0.2,呼吸暂停发生次数为61.2±8.7,恢复到出生体质量的时间为(12.8±2.8)d,低血糖持续时间为(1.9±1.4)h,与PIV组比较均明显减少,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);而感染指标阳性率和静脉炎发生率两组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 PICC是一种安全可靠的静脉置管术,是有效地应用于VLBWI的长期通畅的静脉通道.     

Pharmacokinetics of intravenous immunoglobulin in very low birth weight neonates

We studied the pharmacokinetics of single doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) of 1000, 750 and 500 mg/kg administered to 21 neonates with birth weights from 750 to 1500 g. No adverse effects were detected. Mean pharmacokinetic values for the large, intermediate and small dose groups, respectively, were: elimination half-life, 19.6, 28.7 and 22.1 days; clearance, 5.2, 5.6 and 3.7 ml/kg/day; volume of distribution, 151, 255 and 130 ml/kg. Mean peak IgG concentrations in serum were 1826, 1476 and 1257 mg/dl for the large, intermediate and small dose groups, respectively. Mean IgG on post-infusion Days 1 to 28 were similar for the intermediate and small dose groups but were higher in the larger dose group. Both large and intermediate doses achieved larger increases in IgG over preinfusion values (delta IgG) than the small dose. The differences in delta IgG between the large and intermediate doses were less notable. The wide variability observed indicates that individualization of intravenous immunoglobulin dosage will be required in these patients.     

Evaluation of postnatal weight growth in very low birth weight infants

There is general agreement about the need for longitudinal studies of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) to evaluate their postnatal growth and to generate distance and velocity charts that allow neonatologists and pediatricians to detect earlier whether a child is not growing adequately. There are no satisfactory growth charts for VLBWI. We analyzed the weight growth of 262 VLBWIs from birth to 2 years of corrected age. Individual growth profiles were fitted with a 7-constant exponential-logistic function suitable for modelling weight growth pattern. After a postnatal weight loss, all VLBWIs showed a late neonatal peak of velocity between the seventh and 21st weeks; the large majority of them also experienced an early neonatal peak between the second and the sixth weeks. Small-for-gestational-age VLBWIs with major morbidities grew less than reference appropriate-for-gestational-age VLBWIs without major morbidities: at 2 years, the difference in weight was about 860 g. The more severe growth impairment in VLBWIs with major morbidities was almost entirely due to the reduced height of the late neonatal peak of velocity. The mathematical function used in this study is expected to be a useful tool to trace model-based longitudinal distance and velocity charts specific for VLBWIs. Moreover, this function also could be used to evaluate to what extent different pathological conditions or nutritional and medical care protocols affect growth kinetics.     

影响极低出生体重儿体重增长的多因素分析

目的探讨影响极低出生体重儿(VLBW)体重增长的相关因素。方法对1998年7月—2004年3月重庆医科大学儿童医院新生儿病房收治的51例VLBW进行回顾性分析。结果单因素分析发现,早开奶、热卡摄入量和蛋白质摄入量对体重增长有显著性影响(P<0·05)。多元逐步回归分析结果示,热卡摄入量和蛋白质摄入量是影响体重增长的显著因素,回归方程为Y(体重增长)=-6·426+0·120X1(热卡摄入量)+3·737X2(蛋白质摄入量)(P<0·01)。达到体重增长目标对象中单纯胃肠内营养组和部分胃肠外营养组热卡摄入量分别为(520·62±21·59)kJ/(kg·d)[(124·43±5·16)kcal/(kg·d)]、(451·49±68·41)kJ/(kg·d)[(107·98±16·35)kcal/(kg·d)],差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。早开奶组出生体重恢复时间、住院时间和胃肠外营养液体量占总液量比例>75%时间平均秩分别为18·58、20·24、20·11,晚开奶组分别为33·00、32·48、31·83,差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。结论VLBW在生后应保证足量热卡和蛋白质的供给,对于小于胎龄儿和有严重并发症的患儿更应该加强营养的补充,对VLBW应尽早喂养,同时需要胃肠外营养作为肠内营养的补充。