Expression and significance of tumor infiltrating dendritic cells in renal cell carcinoma

Dendritic cells(DCs) are considered to be the most effective antigen-presenting cells(APCs) that play a major role in initiating the antitumor immune response. Tumor infiltrating dendritic cells(TIDCs) are DCs that exist in microenviroment of tumors. Although the function and significance of TIDCs in the immune response to tumor have never been clearly demonstrated, their location suggests that they play a critical role in the presentation of tumor antigen to specific T cells[1]. For the…     

DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF ADHESION MOLECULES （CD44，CD29，ICAM-1 AND E-CADHERIN）IN OVARIAN CANCER SK-OV-3ip1 CELLS GROWN AS MONOLAYER AND MULTICELLULAR AGGREGATES

Multidrug resistance (MDR) -whether intrinsic or acquired- remains one of the most significant obstacles to survival improvement for patients with advanced ovarian cancer[1]. Solid tumors are composed of many microregions divided by angiogenesis. Multicellular aggregates (MCA) are cell aggregates formed by growing tumor cells three-dimensionally and characterized by solid tumor microenvironment and therefore can exactly stand for a microregion in vitro[2]. Our previous research has found inc…     

INFLUENCE OF NEOADJUVANT INTRAARTERIAL INFUSION CHEMOTHERAPY ON APOPTOSIS AND MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED GENES OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER

Many researches have proved that neoadjuvantintraarterial infusion chemotherapy (NIAC) is a useful method for the treatment of uterine cervical cancer[1, 2]while there are few reports about endometrial cancer[3Apoptosis has been shown to occur in various tumors in response to chemotherapeutic agents. It is not only related to the tumor response to chemotherapy, but also closely associated with the multidrug resistance[4, 5]. To date, no data have become available that shed light on the timin…     

DYNAMIC PARAMETER OF MEMBRANE LIPID IN LUNG CANCER CELL LINES, CARCINOGENESIS CELLS AND CANCER CELLS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER

With the aid of the Fluorescent lipophilic probe DPH (1, 6- diphenyl- 1, 3, 5- hexatriene ), the degree of microviscosity (η) and lipid fluidity (LFU) obtained from lung cancer lines and carcinogenesis cells induced by irradiation as well as the patients with lung cancer were quantitatively monitored by Fluorescence polarization. The results have shown a marked decreased in η and a significant increase in LFU in various tumor cells as compared to normal cells. Sometime, the degree of fluidity in carcinogenesis cells Induced by radiation and the patients with lung cancer have shown to be similar pattern. The possibility that these dynamic parameter may serve as a diagnostic tool for an early detection of lung cancer is discussed.     

The VEGF signaling pathway in cancer: the road ahead

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of soluble protein growth factors consists of key mediators of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the context of tumor biology. The members of the family, VEGF-A (also known as VEGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and placenta growth factor (PlGF), play important roles in vascular biology in both normal physiology and pathology. The generation of a humanized neutralizing antibody to VEGF-A (bevacizumab, also known as Avastin) and the demonstration of its benefit in numerous human cancers have confirmed the merit of an anti-angiogenesis approach to cancer treatment and have validated the VEGF-A signaling pathway as a therapeutic target. Other members of the VEGF family are now being targeted, and their relevance to human cancer and the development of resistance to anti-VEGF-A treatment are being evaluated in the clinic. Here, we discuss the potential of targeting VEGF family members in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.     

BIO-CHARACTERISTICS OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN THE STOMACH： HYPERPROLIFERATIVE AND USUAL TYPE

The intestinal metaplasia (IM) is an important precancerous lesion in the multistep process of gastric carcinogenesis[1]. Traditionally, IM was classified into complete or incomplete type according to the histological characters and different mucus substances[2]. It has been proposed that the incomplete IM carries a higher risk ofgastric cancer than the complete form[3-5]. In addition, the presence of sulfomucins and absence of mature absorptive cells are observed in epithelium of incomplete…     

Human papillomavirus-associated diseases and cancers

Human papillomaviruses(HPVs) have been detected in cervical cancer cells and skin papilloma cells, which have a variety of types, including low-risk and high-risk types. HPV genome replication requires the host cell’s DNA synthesis machinery, and HPVs encode proteins that maintain differentiated epithelial cells in a replication-competent state. HPV types are tissue-specific and generally produce different types of lesions, either benign or malignant. This review examines different HPV types and their associated diseases and presents therapeutic options for the treatment of HPV-positive diseases.     

Signal mechanism of inhibition of bifidobacteria on growth of colon cancer

Bifidobacteria, a physiologically beneficial organism in intestinal tract of human body, are the most in number with the most important function. It can prevent occurrence and evolution of a great variety of tumors in human body. We have proved that the bifidobacteria adolescence could inhibit the growth of colon cancer significantly in vivo and explored its antitumor mechanisms from the angle of cellular apoptosis[1,2]. Nowadays it has been known that in colon cancer there exists a high-level…     

Inhibition of human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas by targeted silencing of tumor enhancer genes： an overview

Esophageal cancer has been reported as the ninth most common malignancy and ranks as the sixth most frequent cause of death worldwide. Esophageal cancer treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or combination therapy. Novel strategies are needed to boost the oncologic outcome. Recent advances in the molecular biology of esophageal cancer have documented the role of genetic alterations in tumorigenesis. Oncogenes serve a pivotal function in tumorigenesis. Targeted therapies are directed at the unique molecular signature of cancer cells for enhanced efficacy with low toxicity. RNA interference（RNAi） technology is a powerful tool for silencing endogenous or exogenous genes in mammalian cells. Related results have shown that targeting oncogenes with siRNAs, specifically the mRNA, effectively reduces tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death. This article will briefly review studies on silencing tumor enhancer genes related to the induction of esophageal cancer.     

The 150 most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology series:questions 57-66

Since the beginning of 2017,Chinese Journal of Cancer has published a series of important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology,which sparkle diverse thoughts,interesting communications,and potential collaborations among researchers all over the world.In this article,10 more questions are presented as followed.Question 57.What are the major stresses that drive the formation,progression,and metastasis of a cancer? Question 58.What is the mechanism responsible for altering an acidic intracellular pH and a basic extracellular pH in normal tissue cells to a basic intracellular pH and an acidic extracellular pH in cancer cells,a fundamental and yet largely ignored phenomenon? Question 59.Where are the tumor-associated plasma microRNAs from in cancer patients? Question 60.Can we identify mechanisms employed by tumor subpopulations to evade standard therapies and seed relapse/metastatic tumors before treatment? Question 61.Why are mutation rates in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) higher in lung cancer from never smokers than that from smokers? Question 62.Does tumor vasculogenic mimicry contribute to the resistance against antiangiogenic therapy in renal cancer? Question 63.What molecular targeted drugs would be effective for non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC),especially metastatic papillary RCC and chromophobe RCC? Question 64.Can it be more effective by targeting both the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and MET signaling pathways in sporadic metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC)? Question 65.What are the predictive biomarkers that may be used to identify the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients who can benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment? Question 66.How do we identify predictive molecular biomarkers to stratify clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients for tarqeted therapies?     

CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER IN THE HIGH INCIDENCE AREA

Since 1984, mass screening for cancer and chemopreventive trials in the two high incidence areas of lung cancer have been carried out. Chemo preventive trials on the subjects having moderate or severe atypical hyperplasia cells in the sputum were done by treatment with R1 [N-(p-ethoxycarbophenyl) retinamide] and R2 [N-(p-carboxyphenyl) retina-mide]. Results showed that the general status of the patients had improved. IgA and IgM in the serum were increased and the arsenic skin lesions were relieved after the treatment with Rl and R2. The ratio of the incidence of lung cancer for the treated group and the control group was 1:4, and the mean degree of hyperplasia in the sputum had dropped. It is suggested that these drugs are both safe and effective in the chemoprevention of lung cancer.     

Carcinoid of the Esophagus Concomitant with Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus: One Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction Neuroendocrine tumor covers a wide range of neoplasms that originate in the neuroendocrine cells which spread throughout the body.Carcinoid tumor, and neuroendocrine tumor are low-grade malignant tumors, their growth is slow, and mainly in the gastrointestinal epithelium. Esophageal adenocarcinoma tumor is a big problem in esophageal cancer. Combined esophageal adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor both as primary tumors is very rare[1]. Neuroendocrine tumors of the esophagus are derived from the diffuse neuroendocrine system in the gastrointestinal tract. Neuroendocrine tumors in the esophagus can be distinguished from other mesenchymal tumors by immunostaining for synaptophysin and chromogranin-A. Both carcinoid of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus are malignant tumors and considered to have a specifi c molecular pathogenesis. This paper presents a rare case diagnosed as carcinoid of the esophagus concomitant with an adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, a review of the literature is also presented here.     

P16 methylation of the colorectal cancer and association with dukes stages

Since its discovery as a CDKi (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) in 1993, the tumor suppressor p16(INK4/MTS1/CDKN2A) has been found to play animportant role in carcinogenesis[1,2]. A high frequency of p16 gene alterations were observed in many tumors. P16 gene alterations have at least three ways: homozygousdeletion, point mutation and methylation of thepromoter[3]. The first two mechanisms have never been found in colorectal cancer[3-5]. The role of p16 gene methylation in tumorigenesi…     

Nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and the correlation with angiogenesis

It is now well established that tumor growth and metastasis are angiogenesis dependent[1]. Since Weidner reported microvessel density (MVD) was useful in prognosis of patients with breast cancer[2], the prognostic value of MVD have been certified in several tumors including primary liver cancer[3]. The increasing activity of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) correlated with tumor angiogenesis[4]. We examined HCC tissue sections immunohistochemically for expression of iNOS, eNOS, VEGF, and …     

Resistance to apoptosis should not be taken as a hallmark of cancer

In the research community, resistance to apoptosis is often considered a hallmark of cancer. However, pathologists who diagnose cancer via microscope often see the opposite. Indeed, increased apoptosis and mitosis are usually observed simultaneously in cancerous lesions. Studies have shown that increased apoptosis is associated with cancer aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, is linked with better survival of cancer patients. Conversely, Bax, CD95, Caspase-3, and other apoptosis-inducing proteins have been found to promote carcinogenesis. This notion of the role of apoptosis in cancer is not new; cancer cells were found to be short-lived 88 years ago. Given these observations, resistance to apoptosis should not be considered a hallmark of cancer.     

Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells Loaded with Antigens from Apoptotic Cholangiocarcinoma Cells Caused by γ-Irradation

Objective:To investigate the induction cytotoxic T cells(CTLs) with antitumor activity and therapeutic efficacy after dendritic cells(DCs) acquired antigen from apoptotic cholangiocarcinoma cells caused by γ-irradiation. Methods:DCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that maintain the antigen capturing and processing capacity charateristic of immature cells have been established in vitro, using granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Then, in cholangiocarcinoma cells apoptosis was induced by γ-irradiation. The experimental groups were as follows:(1)coculture of DCs and apoptotic cancer cells and T cells;(2)coculture of DCs and necrotic cancer cells and T cells;(3)coculture of DCs, cultured cancer cell and T cells. They are cocultured for 7 days.DCs and T cells were riched, isolated and their antitumor response was tested. Results:The cells had typical dendritic morphology, expressed high levels of CDla and B7, acquired antigen from apoptotic cells caused by γ-irradiation and induced an increased T cell stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Conclusion:DCs obtained from PBMCs using GM-CSF and IL-4 can efficiently present antigen derived from apoptotic cells caused by γ-irradiation and efficiently induce T cells.This strategy, therefore, may present an effective approach to transduce DCs with antigen.     

miR-218与宫颈癌关系的研究进展(英文)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs which can specifically silence gene expression, and thereby alter cell and organism phenotype. Deregulation of miRNA expression has been discovered in a variety of tumors and it is now clear that they contribute to cancer development and progression. Previous studies have indicated that miRNAs are involved in developmental timing, cell proliferation, apoptosis, morphogenesis [1] , antiviral defense [2] , and tumorigenesis [3] . In cancer pathways, altered expression of tumor suppressive or oncogenic miRNAs can disrupt regulatory mechanisms normal. Altered miRNAs expression patterns have been observed in a variety of diseased tissues. Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumor in female reproductive tract. Recently more and more study showed a large number of miRNAs were down-regulated or up-regulated in cervical cancer. Recent data revealed that miRNA-218 (miR-218) played important roles in tumor initiation and development. This review focuses on analysis of miR-218 and will provide some insight into the progress of cervical cancer.     

Radiotherapy among nonagenarians with anal or rectal carcinoma:should we avoid or adapt treatment?

Dear editor, Radiotherapy is a cornerstone in the management of anal or rectal cancer. Because elderly patients are often excluded from clinical trials, little is known about radi-otherapy's therapeutic index (efficacy/toxicity ratio) in the geriatric population [1]. Still, the ageing of popula-tion imposes the challenge to treat older cancer patients and probably to adjust their treatment [2]. A few studies reported data on radiation-induced toxicities in nonage-narian patients, but data on efficacy are still scarce.