Protective effects and mechanism of Panax Notoginseng saponins on oxidative stress-induced damage and apoptosis of rabbit bone marrow stromal cells

Objective: To investigate the effects and possible mechanism of Panax Notoginseng saponins (PNS) on oxidative stress-induced damage and apoptosis in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs).Methods: BMSCs were isolated and cultured from 2-month-old New Zealand rabbits by the density gradient centrifugation combined with adherent method.The third passage cells were used for subsequent experiments.Oxidative stress was induced in cultured BMSCs by H2O2 (0.1 mmol/L).BMSCs were pretreated with 25-200 μg/mL PNS for 4 h before H2O2 treatment.Proliferation of BMSCs was observed using MTT assay.Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity,as an index of early osteoblastic differentiation,was determined with an ALP assay kit.Flow cytometry was used to observe the apoptosis of BMSCs by staining with annexinV-FITC/ propidium iodide.Oxidative stress level was examined by reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay.The protein expressions of Bax,Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 in BMSCs were analyzed by Western blotting.Results: PNS had different concentrationdependent effects on proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs induced by H2O2.A PNS concentration of 100 μg/mL was determined as the optimal effective concentration.PNS markedly attenuated H2O2-induced apoptosis rate from 41.91% to 14.67% (P0.01).PNS significantly decreased ROS level induced by H2O2 (P0.01).Furthermore,pretreatment with PNS significantly reversed H2O2-induced inhibition of Bcl-2 expression and augmentation of Bax and Caspase-3 expression (P0.01).Conclusion: PNS had a protective effect on oxidative stress-induced damage and apoptosis in cultured rabbit BMSCs through scavenging ROS and regulating the Bcl-2/Bax pathway.     

三七总皂苷对过氧化氢诱导的骨髓基质细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：观察三七总皂苷（Panax notoginseng saponins,PNS）对过氧化氢诱导的兔骨髓基质细胞（bone marrow stromal cell,BMSC）凋亡的影响。 方法：从2月龄新西兰兔获得原代BMSC,给予不同浓度PNS处理后,通过检测BMSC增殖能力和碱性磷酸酶活性观察BMSC早期成骨分化能力,筛选出PNS对BMSC作用的最佳浓度。采用过氧化氢（100 μmol/L）诱导BMSC凋亡。PNS对过氧化氢诱导前的BMSC进行预处理后,应用2′,7′-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐法检测细胞活性氧水平,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,免疫印迹法检测BMSC内Bax蛋白水平,荧光分光光度计检测BMSC内半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶3（caspase-3）活性。 结果：PNS作用的最佳浓度是0.1 g/L。与单纯过氧化氢处理组相比,0.1 g/L PNS预处理能减少过氧化氢诱导后BMSC内的活性氧含量的升高,降低BMSC凋亡率,减少Bax蛋白表达,并降低caspase-3活性（P〈0.01）。 结论：PNS可能通过减少氧化应激反应、Bax表达及caspase-3活性发挥其对过氧化氢诱导BMSC凋亡的保护作用。     

三七总皂苷对脑出血患者血肿吸收及血浆基质金属蛋白酶-9的影响

目的 探讨三七总皂苷（PNS）对患者脑出血后基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）表达及脑水肿的影响,为PNS临床治疗脑出血提供依据。方法 将脑出血患者分为对照组和PNS治疗组,对照组给予脱水、营养神经、对症、支持等基础治疗,PNS治疗组在同对照组治疗的基础上于发病1 d后静脉滴注三七总皂苷注射液。于发病1、3、15 d抽取静脉血,检测MMP-9水平,同时测定脑血肿体积。结果 治疗15 d,PNS治疗组血肿体积明显小于对照组（P＜0.01）;治疗3 d,两组患者血浆MMP-9蛋白水平均升高,与各自发病第1天比较差异显著（P＜0.01）;治疗15 d,两组患者血浆MMP-9蛋白水平均降低,与发病第3天比较有显著差异（P＜0.01）,即PNS治疗组MMP-9水平低于对照组（P＜0.01）。结论 PNS能降低脑出血患者血浆中MMP-9蛋白的表达,抑制脑水肿的形成,减轻神经损伤。     

大鼠心肌组织提取物抑制缺氧和无血清诱导的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡

目的：观察大鼠心肌组织提取物抑制以缺氧和无血清方法诱导的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡现象并初步探讨其机制。方法：原代培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,建立缺氧和无血清诱导细胞凋亡模型,超速离心法提取大鼠心肌组织提取物,以CCK8法检测缺氧和无血清条件下不同浓度心肌组织提取物作用后的细胞数量,筛选适宜提取物作用浓度;相差显微镜下观察正常对照组、凋亡模型组和心肌组织提取物组细胞凋亡情况,进一步以Hoechst染色法检测细胞核形态变化,计数染色质浓缩细胞所占比例,Westernblot法检测各组caspase-3蛋白表达量。结果：随着心肌组织提取物浓度的升高,缺氧和无血清条件下细胞存活的数量也随之增加,心肌组织提取物的最佳作用浓度为100μg／mL。心肌组织提取物组、正常对照组与凋亡模型组比较,细胞凋亡数明显减少,caspase-3蛋白裂解活化程度显著降低。结论：大鼠心肌组织提取物能够抑制缺氧和无血清诱导的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡,其浓度超过100μg／mL时抑制细胞凋亡作用明显,caspase-3参与了该现象的调控。     

Effects of endothelin-1 on differentiation of cardiac myocyte induced from rabbit bone marrow stromal cells

Background Cardiomyocyte transplantation for the therapy of myocardial ischaemia is being paid close attention. However, how the microenvironment controls the differentiation of transplanted bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） is unknown. Endothelin-1 （ET-1）, a cytokine, increases during myocardial infarction, but it is not known whether ET-1 is responsible for the fate of transplanted BMSCs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ET-1 on differentiation and maturation of induced rabbit BMSCs, in vitro, to elucidate the cellular biological mechanisms.     

Effects of Panax Notoginseng Saponins on Homing of C-kit~+ Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells to the Infarction Heart in Rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of panax notoginseng saponins(PNS) on homing of C-kit+ bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) to the infarction heart.Methods:The acute myocardial infraction(AMI) model was established in 140 Wistar rats,105 model rats survived after operation,and the model rats were randomly divided into five groups,21 rats in each group:Western medicine group mobilized by subcutaneous injection of human granuloctye colony stimulating factor(G-CSF) 50 μg·kg-1·d-1;sham operation group and a model group treated by subcutaneous injection of normal saline 50 μg·kg-1·d-1;Chinese medicine group mobilized by intraperitoneal injection of Xuesaitong(血塞通)(ingredients of PNS) 150 mg·kg-1·d-1;integrative medicine group mobilized by subcutaneous injection of G-CSF 50 μg·kg-1·d-1 and intraperitoneal injection of Xuesaitong 150 mg·kg-1·d-1.Except for the sham-operated group,each group was divided into three sub-groups by three time points of 1 d,7 d and 14 d.G-CSF was injected once a day for 7 d.Xuesaitong was injected once a day until the rats were killed.The flow cytometry was used for detection of C-kit + cells in the peripheral blood in different time points,and immunohistochemical method was used for detection of the changes of C-kit + cell and Ki-67+ cell numbers in the marginal zone of AMI.Results:Twenty-four hours after the operation,C-kit + cells had a slight increase in the model group compared with the sham operation group(P>0.05).The peripheral blood C-kit+ cells in the integrative group increased significantly compared with the other groups on 7 d and 14 d(all P<0.05).Meanwhile the expression of C-kit + cells and Ki-67+ cells in the marginal zone of AMI in the integrative group increased significantly compared with the Chinese medicine group,the western medicine group and the model group on 1 d,7 d and 14 d(all P<0.05),and the cells in the integrative group decreased significantly on 14 d compared with that on 7 d(P<0.05).Conclusion:PNS can cooperate with G-CSF to mobilize C-kit+ BMSCs from the marrow into the peripheral blood and promote them "homing" to the infarction heart.     

低氧预处理对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)增殖、凋亡和坏死的影响

 目的 探讨低氧预处理对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)增殖、凋亡和坏死的影响及其可能机制。方法 采用全骨髓细胞贴壁法分离培养BMSCs,通过细胞成脂、成骨分化诱导及流式细胞仪检测其表面标志物(CD29、CD90、CD45)鉴定BMSCs;运用siRNA干扰技术沉默低氧诱导因子 1α(hypoxia inducible factor,HIF 1α)基因。将细胞分成6组:正常培养组、正常培养+转染阴性对照组、正常培养+HIF 1α RNA干扰组、低氧预处理组、低氧培养+转染阴性对照组及低氧培养+HIF 1α RNA干扰组,分别采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法、流式细胞仪和乳酸脱氢酶(lactic acid dehydrogenase,LDH)活力测定等方法,检测各组BMSCs的增殖、凋亡和坏死情况;Western blot和real time PCR 检测各组BMSCs中HIF 1α、葡萄糖转运子 1(glucose transporter,GLUT 1)及血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的mRNA和蛋白的表达。 结果 培养的BMSCs具有成脂、成骨等多向分化潜能;流式检测呈现CD29和CD90高表达,CD45低表达;低氧预处理可促进BMSCs增殖,减轻坏死,对细胞凋亡无明显影响;低氧预处理组HIF 1α、GLUT 1及VEGF的蛋白及mRNA表达明显高于常氧培养组(P<0.05);给予低氧预处理组siRNA HIF 1α后其HIF 1α、GLUT 1及VEGF的蛋白及mRNA表达均明显低于未干扰前(P<0.05),且细胞增殖受抑制,细胞凋亡和坏死加重(与未干扰前相比,P<0.05)。 结论 低氧预处理可促进BMSCs的体外增殖,减轻坏死,其机制可能与低氧预处理后HIF 1α表达增加及上调其下游基因GLUT 1和VEGF表达有关。     

脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞移植对大鼠局灶性脑缺血细胞凋亡及Caspase-3蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞移植对大鼠局灶性脑缺血细胞凋亡及Caspase-3蛋白表达的影响.方法 线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)2 h再灌注模型.60只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常组(6只),假手术组(6只),缺血对照组(24只)和移植治疗组(24只).后两组又分为缺血2 h再灌7、14、21和28 d组(各6只).体外培养脂肪基质细胞,诱导分化为神经干细胞.造模成功后24h,移植治疗组经尾静脉移植人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞悬液(细胞浓度为2×106/mL),缺血对照组经尾静脉注射生理盐水,假手术组不做任何处理.TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,免疫组化SABC法检测Caspase-3表达.结果 与缺血对照组比较,移植治疗组各时间点(7、14、21和28 d)的细胞凋亡数均明显减少(均P<0.01),Caspase-3蛋白表达均明显减少(均P<0.01).结论 脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞可能通过下调Caspase-3蛋白表达,减少局灶性脑缺血细胞凋亡,对脑缺血再灌注损伤后的神经细胞起保护作用.     

柚皮苷对兔骨髓基质细胞成骨分化、增殖和迁移及对OPG/RANKL信号通路的调节作用

目的 探讨柚皮苷对兔骨髓基质细胞成骨分化、增殖和迁移及对OPG/RANKL信号的调节作用.方法 选用2～3月龄新西兰大白兔提取兔骨髓基质细胞,用不同浓度(0～1000μM)的柚皮苷处理细胞48 h,CCK-8试剂盒测量细胞活力.后续采用柚皮苷(0、10、25、50μM)处理细胞48 h,碱性磷酸酶(A L P)活性测量...     

脑脉通联合骨髓干细胞动员对脑缺血大鼠神经细胞凋亡相关蛋白Fas、FasL及caspase-3表达的影响

目的：观察脑脉通联合骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, BMSC）动员对脑缺血大鼠神经细胞凋亡和凋亡相关蛋白Fas、FasL及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶3（caspase-3）表达的影响。 方法：202只SD大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、人重组粒细胞集落刺激因子（recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, rG-CSF）组、脑脉通组和脑脉通联合rG-CSF组（联合组）。采用改良线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉制备局灶性脑缺血动物模型。rG-CSF组和联合组大鼠分别于术前3 d和术后2 d皮下注射10 μg/（kg·d） rG-CSF,脑脉通组和联合组灌胃脑脉通。术后早期（2 d和3 d）和后期（7 d和14 d）观察大鼠神经功能变化;腹主动脉取血,流式细胞仪测定外周血CD34阳性细胞数量;原位末端标记法观察神经细胞凋亡情况;免疫组织化学法检测脑组织CD34、caspase-3、Fas和FasL蛋白表达情况。 结果：模型组大鼠外周血和脑组织CD34阳性细胞增加,分别于3 d和7 d时达到峰值;各治疗组尤其联合组脑组织CD34表达增强明显。各模型组大鼠神经功能评分降低,rG-CSF组7 d和14 d时的神经功能评分增加,联合组较rG-CSF组的变化显著。模型组脑组织2、3和7 d时的Fas、FasL及caspase-3蛋白表达增强;rG-CSF组2 d时FasL,各联合组Fas、FasL及caspase-3表达均减弱;联合组7 d和14 d时的Fas、FasL及caspase-3表达较rG-CSF组减弱;各实验组14 d时Fas、FasL及caspase-3表达较3 d时减弱。 结论：脑脉通和BMSC动员在改善大鼠脑缺血中、后期神经功能和抑制细胞凋亡方面存在交互效应,其作用可能与脑脉通使BMSC动员后早期的Fas和FasL表达下调,以阻抑caspase-3引起的凋亡瀑布反应,进一步抑制促凋亡基因Fas和FasL的表达有关。     

活血解毒中药含药血清对氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的内皮细胞损伤和凋亡的影响

目的：比较单纯活血中药含药血清与活血解毒中药配伍含药血清对氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL）刺激的人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical veinendothelial cell,HUVEC）活力、氧化损伤及凋亡的影响。方法：32只Wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组（蒸馏水）、阳性对照组（辛伐他汀1.8mg/kg）、活血组（芎芍胶囊0.135g/kg）和活血解毒组（芎芍胶囊合用黄连胶囊,各0.135g/kg）。连续灌胃7d,末次给药后1h,腹主动脉采血制备含药血清。胶原酶消化法制备HUVEC,将ox-LDL（100μg/L）和（或）相应含药血清作用于HUVEC,24h后倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,四氮唑蓝比色法观察含药血清对HUVEC活力的影响,乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）漏出率检测法观察细胞膜损伤,比色法检测细胞内超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性,硫代巴比妥酸法检测细胞丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）水平,流式细胞仪结合Annexin V异硫氰酸荧光素/碘化丙啶双染色法测定HUVEC凋亡率。结果：与空白对照组比较,ox-LDL刺激24h后HUVEC活力和SOD活性降低,细胞内MDA含量升高,HUVEC早、晚期凋亡比例增加（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。与单纯使用ox-LDL刺激相比,活血药、活血解毒药和辛伐他汀含药血清均能明显减轻ox-LDL对HUVEC的损伤,抑制HUVEC早期凋亡（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）,但对LDH漏出无明显抑制作用;活血中药和辛伐他汀含药血清可明显降低HUVEC内MDA含量,提高SOD活性（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）,活血解毒中药含药血清对上述指标无明显影响。活血药物血清与活血解毒药物血清比较差异无统计学意义。结论：活血及活血解毒中药配伍对ox-LDL导致的HUVEC氧化损伤和早期凋亡均具有一定的保护作用。