Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions targeting personality risk factors for youth alcohol misuse.

Sensation seeking, anxiety sensitivity, and hopelessness are personality risk factors for alcohol use disorders, each associated with specific risky drinking motives in adolescents. We developed a set of interventions and manuals that were designed to intervene at the level of personality risk and associated maladaptive coping strategies, including alcohol misuse. Manuals contained psychoeducational information on the target personality risk factor and how it is associated with maladaptive coping, as well as exercises targeting maladaptive cognitions and behaviors specific to each personality type. We tested the efficacy of these novel interventions on reducing drinking behavior by randomly assigning 297 Canadian high school students (56% girls, mean age 16, mean grade 11) to personality-targeted interventions (group format; 2 sessions) or to a no-treatment control group. Intent-to-treat analyses indicated beneficial effects of the intervention and Intervention x Personality interactions on drinking rates, drinking quantity, binge drinking, and problem drinking symptoms at 4-month follow-up.     

医学生应对方式与人格特征的相关分析

目的探讨医学生应对方式的特点及与其人格特征的关系。方法采用应对方式评定问卷和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对石河子大学医学院学生采取分层整群抽样的方法进行测试、分析。结果应对方式测试结果,女生求助因子得分高于男生,男生合理化因子得分高于女生。EPQ问卷评定,男生的P因子得分高于女生,女生的L因子得分高于男生。应对方式因子分与EPQ各维度存在不同程度的相关。结论建议高校管理者应了解学生的这些心理特点,有针对性地进行心理健康教育。     

大学生人格特征、父母教养方式与其成就动机关系的研究

目的了解大学生成就动机状况,探讨父母教养方式、人格特征对大学生成就动机的影响。方法采用成就动机问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克人格问卷对150名大学生进行调查。结果①艾森克人格问卷的精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与大学生的成就动机存在显著的相关。②精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与父母教养方式量表的各维度存在不同程度的相关。③大学生成就动机与父母教养方式大部分维度不存在显著的相关。④大学生人格特征,尤其是神经质、内外向两个维度是预测其成就动机的关键变量,父母亲情感温暖理解和过分干涉以及父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉、母亲过度保护是预测个体人格特征的关键变量。结论大学生父母教养方式对其人格特征有显著影响,大学生人格特征对其成就动机有显著影响。     

Social anxiety and drinking in college students: a social cognitive theory analysis.

Evidence is reviewed that indicates that social anxiety is a significant motivation for drinking among college students. Although the link between social anxiety and alcohol consumption has been studied from a variety of perspectives, there has been little integration of data. Drawing from the alcohol and anxiety literature, the relationship between social anxiety and heavy drinking in college students is examined. Findings indicate a clear relationship between social anxiety and drinking that may be moderated by alcohol expectancies and self-efficacy beliefs specific to socially anxious situations. A social cognitive model is proposed to guide future research and intervention efforts. A better understanding of college students' reasons for drinking offers the possibility of improving prevention and treatment efforts designed to reduce excessive drinking.     

Personality and Coping with a Common Stressor: Cardiac Catheterization

The association between coping and personality was examined in a sample of 204 cardiac catheterization patients who were asked to evaluate the use of specific coping strategies used to deal with their cardiac catheterization. Personality, as measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (FFI), was moderately correlated with coping measures. In multivariate analyses, after considering confounding factors, Neuroticism was positively and Extraversion was negatively related to avoidance coping and Neuroticism was negatively associated with counting one's blessings as a coping strategy. Personality was not related to either problem solving or seeking social support coping strategies for individuals experiencing a cardiac catheterization. However, important covariates were associated with coping strategies. Not being married was negatively correlated with use of seeking social support and not having a confidant was negatively related with seeking social support and positively with avoidance. These results suggest that there are specific relationships between personality and coping, but these relationships are, for the most part, moderate in persons coping with a cardiac catheterization, and that coping processes are associated with individual differences in available social resources.     

大学生D型人格与应对方式的相关性

目的:探索大学生D型人格与应对方式的相关性。方法:分层随机抽取397名大学生使用D型人格量表(DS14)和特质应对方式问卷进行施测,以SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果:(1)大学生D型人格检出率为32.75%,其中男大学生D型人格检出率为16.62%,女大学生D型人格检出率为16.12%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。大三学生D型人格检出率最高为10.08%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.528,P0.001);(2)大学生D型人格组的积极应对分数明显低于非D型人格组,差异有统计学意义(t=-7.442,P0.001),大学生D型人格组的消极应对分数明显高于非D型人格组,差异有统计学意义(t=9.163,P0.001);(3)Pearson相关分析显示,大学生D型人格的负性情感(NA)因子与积极应对呈负相关(r=-0.400,P0.01),与消极应对呈正相关(r=0.551,P0.01);社交抑制(SI)因子与积极应对间呈负相关(r=-0.419,P0.01),与消极应对呈正相关(r=0.454,P0.01)。结论:D型人格的大学生更容易采用消极应对方式。     

大学生家庭环境、一般自我效能感和应对方式的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生的家庭环境、一般自我效能感和应对方式之间.的关系.方法 以223名大学生为被试施测家庭环境量表、应对方式问卷和一般自我效能感量表.结果 ①家庭环境和应对方式均不存在性别差异,但是男生的自我效能感高于女生(t=2.186,P=0.3);②高自我效能感、良好家庭环境的大学生更容易选择适应性应对方式(F=13...     

警校大学生应对方式及影响因素研究

目的了解警校大学生应对方式状况及其影响因素。方法采用简易应对方式量表,对154名警校大学生进行测评。结果被试在遭遇应激性事件时采用积极应对方式的机率多于消极应对方式;警校大学生样本得分显著高于全国样本得分(积极应对t=5.92,P<0.001;消极应对t=-8.64,P<0.001);而影响警校大学生应对方式的主要因素有两个方面,即个人的人格特征和部分背景情况。结论警校大学生在遭遇应激性事件时采用积极应对方式多于消极应对方式,影响应对方式的主要因素是人格特征及个人背景情况。     

Effects of a brief motivational intervention with college student drinkers

This study consisted of a randomized controlled trial of a 1-session motivational intervention for college student binge drinkers. Sixty students who reported binge drinking 2 or more times in the past 30 days were randomly assigned to either a no-treatment control or a brief intervention group. The intervention provided students with feedback regarding personal consumption, perceived drinking norms, alcohol-related problems, situations associated with heavy drinking, and alcohol expectancies. At 6-week follow-up, the brief intervention group exhibited significant reductions on number of drinks consumed per week, number of times drinking alcohol in the past month, and frequency of binge drinking in the past month. Estimates of typical student drinking mediated these reductions. This study replicates earlier research on the efficacy of brief interventions with college students and extends previous work regarding potential mechanisms of change.     

Reciprocal Influences of Drinking Motives on Alcohol Use and Related Consequences: A Full Cross-Lagged Panel Study Among Young Adult Men

Using a full cross-lagged model, this study investigates the extent to which drinking motives predict alcohol use and related consequences, and vice versa. At baseline and 15 months later, 4575 men (mean age = 19.4 years) in Switzerland completed a questionnaire assessing drinking motives, average weekly consumption, risky single-occasion drinking, and alcohol-related consequences. Results indicated that social and enhancement motives more strongly influenced alcohol use over time than the other way round. Coping motives predicted an increase in alcohol-related consequences, and vice versa. Higher social motives predicted an increase in coping motives while higher coping motives predicted a decrease in enhancement motives. These results suggest that social and enhancement motives amplify each other in early adulthood and predict increases in risky drinking. Structural measures aimed at reducing opportunities to engage in heavy drinking are recommended. Additionally, the detection of young adult men vulnerable to maladaptive coping behaviors appears important for alcohol prevention strategies.     

大学生人格障碍症状水平与家庭环境的相关研究

目的:探讨大学生人格障碍症状水平、家庭环境以及两者的关系.方法:随机整群抽取320名大学生被试,采用人格障碍诊断问卷第四版(PDQ-4+)和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)作为测量工具.结果:除控制性和知识性2个因子外,大学生家庭环境其余各因子与人格障碍各亚型之间不同程度的显著相关.人格障碍阳性组在家庭环境的亲密度因子得分显著低于正常组.而家庭矛盾性得分显著高于正常组.结论:人格障碍症状水平与家庭环境之间存在一定相关.     

河南省高校大学生心理健康水平及其相关因素分析

近年来许多研究表明 ,大学生中较普通地存在一些心理健康问题 ,且心理健康水平与种族、文化背景、地域及经济发展水平有一定关系[1] 。河南地处中原 ,经济发展相对滞后 ,为了了解河南省大学生的心理健康状况及其相关因素 ,我们对河南省五所高校的在校大学生的心理健康水平进行了随机抽样调查 ,现将初步结果报告如下。1　对象和方法1.1　对象在河南省五所高校随机抽取不同专业、不同地区的在校大学生 6 36名 ,其中男 340名 ,女 2 96名 ;城市学生 2 4 9名 ,农村学生 387名 ;工科学生 35 6名 ,理科学生 10 5名 ,文科学生 12 9名 ;大专学生 4 6…     

Beliefs about the causes of alcohol-related problems among alcoholic and nonalcoholic women.

Both problem drinker and non-problem drinker college students and adult women assigned major responsibility for problem drinking internally to the problem drinker (N = 479). A distressing event and present or past environment received the next highest responsibility ratings in all groups. Actor-observer differences predicted by Jones and Nisbett (1971) did not occur. However, persons were likely to rate several causes as responsible for drinking problems. Female college students were more likely to perceive drinking problems as due to external factors and less likely to believe them due to heredity than were older women.     

The role of anxiety sensitivity and drinking motives in predicting alcohol use: a critical review

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a cognitive, individual difference variable that refers to the fear of arousal-related bodily sensations. Persons with high AS fear these sensations because they believe the sensations are signs of impending catastrophic events. AS has been linked to increased alcohol consumption and also risky drinking motives, including coping and conformity motives. This paper summarizes statistical modeling studies and experimental research on the functional relationships between AS and drinking motives and alcohol consumption. AS functions as a risk factor that sets the stage for negative reinforcement by alcohol use. Whether alcohol use becomes a method of coping with AS depends on multiple risk factors and motivations. We propose an integrated model to account for the observed relationships and to guide future research. In addition, we identify key methodological limitations and directions for future research.     

Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives

This article reviews evidence of adolescent and young adult drinking motives and their relation to possible consequences over the last 15 years. To this end, a computer-assisted search of relevant articles was conducted. Results revealed that most young people reported drinking for social motives, some indicated enhancement motives, and only a few reported coping motives. Social motives appear to be associated with moderate alcohol use, enhancement with heavy drinking, and coping motives with alcohol-related problems. However, an enormous heterogeneity was found in terms of how motives were measured: 10 to 40 items were grouped into between 2 and 10 dimensions and sometimes the same items occurred under different dimensions. Future studies should therefore use well-defined, theoretically based, homogenous instruments to disentangle cultural from measurement differences across surveys.     

Young women’s alcohol expectancies for sexual risk-taking mediate the link between sexual enhancement motives and condomless sex when drinking

Alcohol use is prevalent among young women. Alcohol expectancies for sexual risk-taking and sexual enhancement motives have been associated with decreased condom use. This study investigated whether alcohol expectancies for sexual risk-taking mediated the association between sexual enhancement motives and condom use. Young women (N = 287, M age = 20.1) completed a survey assessing alcohol expectancies for sexual risk-taking, sexual enhancement motives, and characteristics of their most recent sexual encounter involving alcohol. Most participants (66.9 %) reported unprotected sex during their last sexual encounter involving alcohol. Higher sexual enhancement motives (OR = 1.35, p = .019) and alcohol expectancies for sexual risk-taking (OR = 1.89, p < .001) were associated with increased likelihood of condomless sex. Alcohol expectancies for sexual risk-taking mediated the association between sexual enhancement motives and condomless vaginal sex. Within the context of sexual encounters involving alcohol, expectancies that drinking may result in sexual risk-taking may account for why sexual enhancement motives relate to decreased condom use.     

大学生社交焦虑易感性的回归分析

目的：探讨大学生社交焦虑易感性与各种可能因素之间的关系。方法：对200名大学本科生施测了社交焦虑量表、羞耻量表、艾森克人格问卷简式量表、应付方式问卷、贝克抑郁量表、特质焦虑问卷。结果：大学生的社交焦虑易感性主要与羞耻感、人格中的精神质、内外向等因素相关；社交焦虑易感性高的个体更易对自己的行为感到羞耻，且缺乏消极的应对方式；而易感性低的个体在人格的精神质、外向方面表现更明显、突出。结论：羞耻感和人格因素中的精神质、内外向是对大学生个体的社交焦虑易感性产生影响的主要因素，对自己行为的羞耻，且不善于使用消极的应对方式，加剧了个体的焦虑体验；个性中的精神质、外倾的特征可以降低大学生的社交焦虑易感性。     

中国道家认知疗法对大学生心理健康的预防干预

目的：研究中国道家认知疗法对神经质倾向人格的大学生的心理保健作用。方法：63名大学生（EPQ量表测评其N量表粗分≥17分）随机分为干预组（32名）、对照组（31名），随机选取大学生（N量表粗分在11－13分之间）作为正常对照组（30名）。干预组给予道家认知疗法，另两组不予处理，标准干预期2个月，跟踪随访一年。结果：道家认知疗法提高了干预组大学生的心理健康水平，可降低其N分，改善其应对方式。结论：中国道家认知疗法有助于改善大学生的心理健康。     

An investigation of psychological sense of community in relation to Big Five personality traits

In this study we examine the relationship between psychological sense of community (PSC) and Big Five personality traits as well as absences from school. Based on samples of 646 high school students and 355 undergraduate college students, PSC was significantly related to Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism in both samples and to Openness and Absences in the high school sample. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the Big Five variables accounted for 25% of the variance in PSC for the high school sample and 21% for the college sample. Openness, PSC, and Neuroticism significantly entered a regression equation to predict Absences. These findings indicate substantial overlap between PSC and Big Five personality traits, raising the question of whether there are any community‐level effects for PSC above and beyond personality. Our results are discussed in terms of consistency with sense of community definitions, person‐environment issues, and directions for future research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 531–541, 2003.