Scalp infiltration with bupivacaine in pediatric brain surgery.

To evaluate whether local anesthetic scalp infiltration blunts hemodynamic responses to craniotomy in anesthetized children (age, 2-18 yr), two concentrations of bupivacaine (0.125% and 0.25%) with vasoconstrictor (epinephrine 1:400,000) were compared with control data when a solution of vasoconstrictor alone was injected. Arterial plasma levels of bupivacaine were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Statistically significant increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate above baseline measurements occurred in the control group during the period between scalp incision and dural reflection (P less than 0.05). Both concentrations of bupivacaine prevented these increases. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate during scalp incision and scalp reflection were significantly higher in the control group than in both bupivacaine groups (P less than 0.05). Peak bupivacaine plasma levels (mean +/- SD) occurred either 5 or 10 min after infiltration and were significantly higher in the 0.25% group (0.48 +/- 0.31 microgram/mL) than the 0.125% group (0.14 +/- 0.13 microgram/mL) (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that bupivacaine infiltration blocks the hemodynamic response to craniotomy. A concentration of 0.125% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine is as effective as 0.25% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine at reducing the hemodynamic response to craniotomy. Because the lower concentration of bupivacaine produces lower blood levels, we recommend 0.125% bupivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine as a useful, safe adjunct to general anesthesia in children undergoing craniotomy.     

往返吸注给药法对布比卡因蛛网膜下隙阻滞的影响

目的：探讨往返吸注给药法（barbotage,Bbt)对蛛网膜下隙阻滞的调控作用，方法：160例随机等分四组，I组（对照组），单次慢注；Ⅱ组，慢注加Bbt 2次，Ⅲ组，快注加Bbt 2次，Ⅳ组，快注加Blt4次。结果：慢Bbt组比对照组感觉阻滞起效（达标）快，作用持续时间（持效）短（P＜0．05），运动事达标快，持效短（P＜0．001），阻滞平面固定虽快及其持时虽长，但无明显差异，两快Bbt组比对照组感觉和运动阻滞达标更快，持效更短，平面固定更快及其持时更长（P＜0．0001），两快Bbt组比慢Bbt组感觉和运动阻滞达标快，持效短（P＜0．05），阻滞平面固定快（P＜0．001），而其持时长（P＜0．05），两快Bbt 组间比较无明显差异。结论：（1）Bbt法阻滞起效快，持效短，而感觉平面固定较快，持效较长；（2）注药速度比Bbt次数的作用明显。用Bbt法腰麻施行下肢手术是安全可行的。     

Potassium channel agonists modify the local anaesthetic activity of bupivacaine in mice

Purpose

The mechanisms of action of local anaesthetics and potassium channel agonists (PCAs) may interfere by acting in a direct or indirect manner on the same ion channels. In a previously reported study, the bupivacaine-induced mortality was shown to be modified in different ways by four PCAs tested (diazoxide (D), levcromakalim (L), nicorandil (N) and pinacidil (P)) since bupivacaine-induced mortality was increased by high doses of P and L, decreased by N and stayed unchanged by D. The present study was designed to document the changes in bupivacaine (B) local anaesthetic activity in mice after a single injection of one of the four PCAs (D, L, N and P).

Methods

Each PCA was tested at three different dosages. Controls received saline. The local anaesthetic activity was evaluated using sciatic nerve blockade. After injection of bupivacaine in the region of the sciatic nerve, the local anaesthetic activity was estimated as the loss of motor control of the injected limb.

Results

PCA treatment increased (P = 0.0001) the time needed for recovery from bupivacaine-induced local anaesthesia. The area under the effect vs time curve, assessing the total anaesthetic effect, was greater for N (P = 0.0016) and P (P = 0.038) but not for L (P = 0.11). Compared with controls, the maximal effect (Emax) was less for D (P = 0.009) and N (P = 0.038) but not for L (P = 0.185) or P (P = 0.45) treated groups. The injection of the PCA in the region of the sciatic nerve of the right hindlimb did not induce any alteration of the motor activity of the injected limb.

Conclusion

The four PCAs decreased the maximal local anaesthetic effect and increased the duration of action of bupivacaine.     

Comparison of bupivacaine and alkalinized bupivacaine in brachial plexus anesthesia

To define the effect of alkalinization of bupivacaine 0.5% in subclavian perivascular brachial plexus blockade, the time to onset, time to peak effect, and 6-hour regression of sensory and motor blockade were determined. Sixty physical status ASA I and II patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups and a double-blind design was used: group I (n = 30) received bupivacaine 0.5% (pH, 5.5) 3 mg/kg, while group II (n = 30) received alkalinized bupivacaine 0.5% (pH, 7.05-7.15) 3 mg/kg. Onset and regression of sensory blockade were determined by pinprick in the C4-T2 skin dermatomes, while motor blockade was assessed using a scheme of proximal to distal muscle group paralysis. Time to onset of sensory blockade (group I, 4.0 +/- 1.2 min; group II, 3.6 +/- 0.9 min) and time to peak sensory effect (group I, 17.7 +/- 1.8 min; group II, 16.3 +/- 1.8 min) did not differ significantly between the groups. Similarly, no difference in time to onset of motor blockade (group I, 6.9 +/- 1.7 min; group II, 6.3 +/- 1.5 min) or time to peak motor effect (group I, 18.1 +/- 1.9 min; group II, 15.1 +/- 1.9 min) was observed. Regression of postoperative sensory and motor blockade was similar in both groups. It is concluded that alkalinization of bupivacaine 0.5% solutions does not confer any added clinical advantage in subclavian perivascular brachial plexus blockade when compared with commercially available bupivacaine.     

Effect of preoperative skin infiltration with 0.5% bupivacaine on postoperative pain following cesarean section under spinal anesthesia

Recent work suggests that preoperative skin infiltration with local anesthetic may lead to reduced postoperative pain. We have studied this in a randomised, prospective, double-blind trial of 40 women having cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. After establishment of the spinal block, the incision line was infiltrated in 20 women with 30 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and in 20 with 30 ml normal saline. There was no difference in pain scores between the 2 groups on any of the 3 postoperative days, perhaps due to the high quality analgesia provided by supplemental subarachnoid morphine.     

硫酸镁对布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的影响

目的 研究术前单次静脉注射硫酸镁对布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞效果的影响.方法 择期妇科手术患者45例随机均分为三组,术前分别静注生理盐水50 ml(A组)、硫酸镁15 mg/kg(B组)及硫酸镁25 mg/kg(C组).5 min后进行布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞.记录用药后蛛网膜下腔阻滞效果及循环变化,同时检测用药前后的血清镁(Mg2+)浓度.结果 A组7例、B组6例、C组5例因硬膜外追加药物被排除出本研究.三组患者静脉用药前血清Mg2+浓度差异无统计学意义.术毕A、B组血清Mg2+浓度较术前均明显降低(P＜0.01),且明显低于C组(P＜0.01).三组患者蛛网膜下腔阻滞起效时间差异无统计学意义,痛、温觉阻滞持续时间差异无统计学意义;C组运动阻滞持续时间明显长于A、B组(P＜0.05).结论 术前单次静脉注射硫酸镁25 mg/kg可延长布比卡因脊麻运动阻滞的持续时间.     

Intraoperative wound infiltration with bupivacaine in patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy.

In a double-blind randomized trial, 50 patients scheduled for elective cholecystectomy received 50 mL of either 0.25% bupivacaine hydrochloride or physiologic saline by wound perfusion at the end of the operation before wound closure. The duration of incisional infiltration, total amount of postoperative analgesics administered, and total hospital stay were recorded. Pulmonary function tests were performed the day before surgery and 1 day after surgery. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to duration of analgesia, the amount of analgesics administered, or the total hospital stay. Both groups also had similar decrements in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume on the first postoperative day. We conclude that wound infiltration with 0.25% bupivacaine after elective cholecystectomy is not effective in reducing postoperative pain. Lung function disturbances cannot be prevented.     

布比卡因局部浸润对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后切口疼痛的影响

目的探讨不同时点布比卡因切口局部浸润对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后四个切口疼痛的镇痛效果。方法60例择期行LC患者随机均分为三组,损伤前组(A组)在麻醉后切皮前用3ml 0.25%布比卡因分别对四个切口(分别为剑突下、右腋前线肋缘下、右锁骨中线肋缘下以及脐孔)进行全层浸润,总共12 ml;损伤后组(B组)在手术结束后患者清醒之前进行全层浸润;对照组(C组)不予局麻药。术后采用VAS分别记录四个切口疼痛,所有患者术后均不用镇痛药。结果对于剑突下切口,B组的静态VAS在术后8 h内显著小于C组(P<0.05),B组的动态VAS在术后24 h内显著小于C组(P<0.05)。术后24 h内,三组患者其他三个切口的静态和动态VAS均小于1,且各组之间差异均无统计学意义。结论手术前或术后患者清醒前用0.25%布比卡因局部浸润可以显著减轻剑突下切口术后疼痛,而另外三个切口因基本无痛,可以不行局部浸润。     

Influence of anesthesia on the localization of Schistosoma mansoni. Intestinal schistosomiasis in white mice

General anesthetics or hypnotics (ketamine, propanidid, thiopental, althesin, halothane, enflurane, ether), were tested on white mice infested with Schistosoma mansoni to study possible changes in the migration of this trematode from the mesentery to the liver. With this in mind, populations of 25 mice of the same sex and age were chosen at random; they were divided into a control group and a group submitted to an anaesthetic agent. The mice were perfused after dissection and catheterization of the abdominal aorta. A vacuum-pump was used to collect separately the parasites from the mesenteric and portal vessels and those from hepatic vessels. The parasite counts in the hepatic vessels of the mice which had received an anesthetic were compared with those found in the vessels of the control group; they were found to be significantly raised. It would appear that anesthetic agents altered the neuromuscular function of the parasite which was thus carried away towards the liver. This massive migration of the parasites would deprive the hepatic lobules of portal blood by worsening the already existing obstruction at the precapillary level caused by the schistosomiasis.     

Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine following caudal anesthesia in infants

Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of bupivacaine were studied after caudal injection of 2.5 mg/kg in 13 ASA PS 1 infants (1-6 months of age) scheduled for elective hernia repair. Blood was sampled at frequent intervals from 5 min to 600 min in all but one patients. Additional samples were taken at 720 and 840 min in five patients. Bupivacaine concentration was measured using gas chromatography. Protein binding was measured using ultrafiltration. Peak serum concentrations ranged between 0.55 and 1.93 micrograms/ml. The time to reach the peak ranged from 10 to 60 min. Terminal half-life (T1/2 beta) was 7.7 +/- 2.4h (mean +/- SD), the volume of distribution (Vss) was 3.9 +/- 2.01.kg, and the total body clearance (CL) was 7.1 +/- 3.2 ml.min.kg-1. The free fraction was markedly increased (0.16 +/- 0.07) when compared with published adult values, and showed a highly significant negative correlation with age. Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein measured in the same infants correlated significantly with age. In conclusion, pharmacokinetics of caudal bupivacaine in infants are characterized by Cmax of total drug similar to those observed in adults after epidural injection. The free fraction is increased at least until 6 months of life. This suggests caution in the use of bupivacaine in infants until we understand the clinical significance of this increased free fraction.     

咪唑安定对布比卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉效果的影响

目的观察咪唑安定加入布比卡因对蛛网膜下腔麻醉维持时间和麻醉效果的影响。方法40例ASAⅠ级子宫切除病人随机分为咪唑安定组（试验组，11=20）和对照组（n=20）。咪唑安定组蛛网膜下腔注入0．5％重比重布比卡因2．5ml加咪唑安定1mg（0．2m1），对照组注入0．5％重比重布比卡因2．5ml加生理盐水0．2ml。观察运动神经阻滞（改良Bromage）、感觉神经阻滞（针刺法）、镇痛时间（VAS）、术者和患者对麻醉的满意率。结果咪唑安定组感觉和运动神经阻滞时间显著延长（P〈0．01），术者和患者对麻醉的满意率提高（P〈0．05）。咪唑安定组有效镇痛时间也显著延长（P〈0．001）。两组血流动力学、不良反应情况差别无显著性。结论咪哗安定加入布比卡因能显著延长麻醉作用时间，麻醉效应增强，而不良反应未见增加。     

布比卡因硬膜外阻滞对凝血功能的影响

目的　研究硬膜外阻滞时布比卡因对血液凝固的影响。方法　 4 0例病人随机分成0 75 %布比卡因组 (A组 ,n =2 0 )和 1%利多卡因、0 2 5 %丁卡因复合液组 (B组 ,n =2 0 )。分别于麻醉前 (T1)、用药后 30分钟 (T2 )、用药后 3小时 (T3 )测定激活部分凝血活酶时间 (APTT)、血浆凝血酶原时间 (PT)、凝血酶时间 (TT)、血小板聚集率 (PAgT)。 结果　A组中APTT、PAgT不同时点存在显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ,PT、TT之间无显著差异。B组中APTT、PT、TT、PAgT不同时点之间均无显著差异。结论　布比卡因用于硬膜外阻滞时可显著延长APTT ,抑制血小板聚集