支撑捆扎法在腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除超低位结肠-直肠/肛管吻合术中的应用

目的 介绍支撑捆扎法在腹腔镜下对低位直肠癌进行全直肠系膜切除(TME)超低位结肠．直肠／肛管吻合的手术方法。方法 应用超声刀在腹腔镜下对11例低位直肠癌患实施TME原则的根治性切除，用支撑捆扎法完成超低位结肠．直肠／肛管吻合术。结果 11例患术中直肠系膜切除完整。超低位结肠-直肠／肛管吻合成功，吻合时间15—30min；吻合口距齿状线小于2cm8例。结肠与齿状线处肛管吻合的3例。术后恢复顺利。肛门括约肌功能、排尿功能良好，未发生吻合口瘘与吻合口狭窄。结论 腹腔镜结合支撑捆扎法可以对低位直肠癌行TME切除后进行超低位结肠-直肠／肛管吻合术。     

直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的影响因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的相关影响因素.方法 对2005年1月至2007年12月施行直肠癌前切除手术的738例连续患者的临床资料行回顾性研究.分析影响吻合口漏发生的相关因素.结果 单因素分析显示低位直肠癌(肿瘤距肛缘≤7cm)、非结直肠专科术者和放置肛管与吻合口漏发生率相关.低位直肠癌的吻合口漏发生率显著高于高位直肠癌(5.9%vs.0.9%.P=0.003).结直肠专科术者手术吻合口漏发生率显著低于非专科术者(3.9%vs.11.3%.P=0.031).结直肠专科术者手术的患者中低位直肠癌比例也明显高于非专科术者(72.1%vs.52.8%,P=0.003).放置肛管组的吻合口漏发生率反而明显高于未放置组(14.5%vs.3.6%.P<0.001).多因素分析显示除低位直肠癌、非结直肠专科术者和放置肛管外,糖尿病(P=0.027)、远端切缘肿瘤距离<1 cm(P=0.009)和预防性造口(P=0.031)也与吻合口漏的发生相关.在522例低位直肠癌中进一步分析发现,预防性造口组的吻合口漏发生率明显低于未造口组(2.9%vs.8.5%,P=0.007);而由于保护作用较差及选择偏倚存在,肛管放置组的吻合口漏发生率仍显著高于未放置组(15.1%vs.4.9%,P=0.008).结论 低位直肠癌、非结直肠专科术者以及糖尿病是直肠癌术后吻合口漏的危险因素,而预防性造口能有效预防低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生.     

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近年来,随着吻合器,尤其是双吻合技术在结直肠手术中的广泛应用以及手术理念的不断改进,愈来愈多的低位直肠癌病人采用保肛手术。然而虽然保肛率上升,但是与低位或超低位吻合相关的一系列问题却在一定程度上影响了治疗的质量,包括发生率较高的吻合口漏以及直肠低位前切除术后综合征等。低位直肠癌术后吻合口漏的发生率约在 10% ~20%之间 [1],主要与吻合口与肛缘的距离有关, 5cm以内的发生率为 5cm以上病人的 6倍 [2],而>8cm的结直肠吻合,一般很少发生吻合口漏。一旦术后发生吻合口漏,常常出现程度不等的吻合口周围炎、盆腔感染或弥漫性…     

直肠癌TME低位保肛术后的CT评价

目的 探讨CT检查在直肠癌全系膜切除(total mesorectal excision,TME)低位保肛术后复查中的应用价值.方法 对2009年5月至2010年5月期间在我院接受TME低位保肛术的直肠癌患者行CT复查,分析术后直肠吻合口漏和周围感染、吻合口周围复发、淋巴结转移情况.结果 共计82例TME术后患者纳入研究,其中男52例,女30例;年龄25～74岁,平均57.8岁.82例患者中术后平均随访10个月,随访期间出现吻合口漏8例(9.8％),吻合口肿瘤局部复发6例(7.3％),盆腔及远处淋巴结转移4例(4.9％).吻合口漏经引流和保守治疗后好转,局部复发和淋巴结转移得到病理证实.结论 TME低位保肛术后适时CT检查(包括基线CT检查、随访和复查),有助于对吻合口漏、肿瘤局部复发及淋巴结转移的发现与早期诊断.     

肛门外结直肠手法吻合治疗中低位直肠癌146例分析

目的：探讨中低位直肠癌非吻合器吻合保肛手术方法的效果。方法：采用结直肠肛门外低位手法吻合的方法,对146例中低位直肠癌行保肛手术,直肠肿瘤远端及其系膜的切除范围为3～6cm。结果：手术成功145例,并发吻合口瘘11例,仅1例行肠造口;2年内复发和转移13例,其中吻合口复发2例;术后肛门对成形粪便控制力良好,无大便完全失禁者。结论：肛门外结直肠低位手法吻合是中低位直肠癌行保肛手术既可靠又经济的方法。     

直肠末端系膜解剖在直肠癌根治术中的意义

目的　了解直肠末端系膜附着缘的解剖标志及其形态分布对全直肠系膜切除 (TME)手术的影响。方法　收集由同一组医师连续手术切除的 2 2 0例中、低位直肠癌大体标本 ,分为两组。Ⅰ组 (保肛组 ) :又分为Ⅰa组 ,低位直肠前切除术 (LAR术 ) ,81例 ,限直肠癌下缘距肛缘 5～ 6cm者 ;Ⅰb组 ,直肠前切除术 (AR术 ) ,68例 ,限直肠癌下缘距肛缘 7～ 8cm者。Ⅱ组 (切肛组 ) :腹会阴联合直肠切除术 (APR术 ) ,71例 ,限直肠癌下缘距肛缘<5cm者。结果　①直肠末端系膜环形附着缘位于肛提肌的肛缝以上 1 .0cm肠壁上 ,但该水平恰好与低位直肠癌下缘齐平。因此 ,为了满足 2～ 3cm下切端 ,在肛缝以下分离直肠肌性管道行LAR术时 ,要小心避免损伤肠壁。②直肠末端系膜附着于肠壁上呈环形片状 ,而非环形线状 ,与直肠后壁间仅有少量脂肪组织 ,其纵向附着长度约为 (1 .2 69± 0 .1 71 )cm(LAR组 81例 +APR组 71例 ) ,当行AR术时 ,其下切缘恰好位于系膜的片状附着区内 ,在裸化直肠时 ,要小心谨慎 ,以免损伤肠壁。结论　直肠末端系膜呈环形片状附着于肛提肌的肛缝上 1 .0cm处 ,在行低位或超低位直肠前切除 ,裸化直肠壁时要仔细分离 ,以免损伤肠壁 ,导致术后肠瘘     

中低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口瘘的危险因素分析

目的探讨中低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(TME)术后吻合口瘘发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2004年6月至2014年6月期间我院行TME手术的446例中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,TME术后发生吻合口瘘患者36例。采用χ2检验对危险因素进行单因素分析,采用logistic回归分析进行多因素分析。结果 36例TME术后发生吻合口瘘患者,其中22例行保守治疗后痊愈,14例患者行横结肠造瘘术后痊愈。单因素分析结果显示,患者年龄60岁、吻合口距肛门距离5 cm、术前血红蛋白110 g/L、术前白蛋白35 g/L、合并糖尿病、新辅助放化疗、未手工加强缝合是TME术后发生吻合口瘘的危险因素(P0.05);进一步的多因素分析结果显示,术前血红蛋白110 g/L、白蛋白35 g/L、合并糖尿病、新辅助放化疗及吻合口距肛门距离5 cm是中低位直肠癌TME术后发生吻合口瘘的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论中低位直肠癌TME术后发生吻合口瘘的风险较高,患者的基础状态、吻合口局部情况、术中操作等因素均可影响吻合口瘘的发生,应给予足够的重视。一般而言,大部分的吻合口瘘可通过保守治疗治愈,在保守治疗无效的情况下,可行结肠造瘘进行处理。     

腹腔镜下低位直肠癌保肛术中支撑吻合管的应用价值

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌保肛术中支撑吻合管的应用价值。方法〓腹腔镜下对14例低位直肠癌病人实施全直肠系膜切除(TME)根治性切除,用支撑吻合管完成超低位结直肠-肛管吻合术。结果〓超低位结直肠-肛管吻合成功14例,吻合时间l5~30 min,直肠系膜均完整切除,其中结肠与外科肛管吻合8例,结肠与解剖肛管吻合6例。术后病人肛门括约肌功能、排尿功能良好,未发生吻合口狭窄与吻合口瘘者。术后6个月排便功能优良率为85.71%(12/14)。寿命表法计算5年生存率和局部复发率分别为78.57%(11/14)及7.14%(1/14)。结论〓腹腔镜下低位直肠癌保肛术中支撑吻合管的应用是安全可行的。     

低位直肠癌保肛手术60例治疗体会

目的探讨直肠全系膜切除联合双器械吻合在低位直肠癌保肛术中应用效果及其实用性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月我院60例用全直肠系膜切除加双吻合器行保肛根治手术的临床资料。结果 60例均保肛成功,无手术死亡病例(其中32例行预防性造瘘术)。术后共发生并发症8例(13.3%),吻合口漏2例(3.3%),均为未行预防性造瘘术患者。所有并发症经保守治疗后均治愈。术后一年内局部复发3例(5%)。结论全直肠系膜切除联合双器械吻合行低位直肠癌保肛术不仅提高了保肛率且降低了局部复发率,是一种安全有效的手术方式。     

预防性造口在低位直肠癌前切除术中应用价值的Meta分析

目的:评估预防性造口在低位直肠癌全系膜切除术中的价值.方法:检索PubMed和Embase数据库中有关低位直肠癌术中实施预防性造口的相关研究和文献,将预防性造口组与未造口组患者术后吻合口瘘的发生率和与吻合口瘘相关的再手术率进行比较.结果:5项最近的研究符合纳入标准,累计病例878例.Meta分析表明预防性造口能明显降低吻合口瘘及再手术的发生率,合并风险率分别为0.34(95％ Cl:0.22 ～ 0.53,P＜0.00001)和0.27 (95％Cl:0.16～0.48,P＜0.00001),差异有统计学意义.结论:预防性造口可有效的降低吻合口瘘的发生率和与吻合口瘘相关的再手术率,且不影响术后直肠肠管功能;但是否影响患者远期生存率和术后生活质量,目前尚无定论.     

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision

BACKGROUND: This study aims to analyze the risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection with the technique of total mesorectal excision (TME). METHODS: From September 1993 to November 1998, 196 patients with rectal cancer from 3 to 12 cm from the anal verge were treated with low anterior resection with TME. The data were entered in a prospective manner, and the factors that might affect anastomotic leakage were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean level of anastomosis was 3.6 cm from the anal verge (range 1 to 5 cm). The leakage rate was 10.2%. Female gender (P = 0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 14.3; odds ratio 4.3) and presence of a diversion stoma (P = 0.01; 95% CI 1.4 to 14.2; odds ratio 4.5) were independent significant factors for lower anastomotic leakage. The absence of a stoma was associated with significantly increased leakage in male (P = 0.001) but not in female (P = 0.51) patients. CONCLUSIONS: With low anastomosis after low anterior resection with TME, diversion stoma construction should be performed routinely in men. In women, the need for diversion can be more selective.     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)后吻合口漏的危险因素.方法 对498例直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(TME)术患者的资料进行回顾性分析,应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计处理,采用x2检验.结果 36例(7.2%,36/498)术后出现吻合口漏.发生吻合口漏与患者的性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离、术前放疗密切相关(P＜0.05或0.01),而与年龄、糖尿病、高血压病、预防造瘘、脉管癌栓、吻合方式等无明显关系.37例手术同时即行预防性造瘘的患者,仍有3例发生吻合口漏,未经特殊处理后自愈.另外33例吻合口漏的患者中10例经保守治疗痊愈,23例行近端肠造瘘粪便转流术,吻合口漏愈合后二期还纳治愈.结论 直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(TME)后吻合口漏的发生与性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离、术前放疗密切相关;控制好围手术期血糖可以明显降低吻合口漏的发生.     

The indications for a diverting stoma in low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a prospective multicentre study of 222 patients from Japanese cancer centers

Aim The aim of the study was to determine the present state of diverting stoma construction in Japanese cancer centres and to investigate the relationship between symptomatic leakage and diverting stoma after low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Method Two hundred and twenty‐two consecutive patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer located within 10 cm from the anal verge were investigated in a prospective, multicenter study. Results The overall leakage rate was 9.0% (20/222). Of 31 cases with an anastomosis within 2.0 cm from the anal verge, 22 (71%) had a diverting stoma. Of cases anastomosed within 5.0 cm, the absence of a diverting stoma and tumour size were significantly related to an increased rate of leakage [leakage in 13 (12.7%) of 102 cases without a diverting stoma; in three (3.8%) of 80 cases with a diverting stoma]. Among anastomoses within 2.0 cm from the anal verge, leakage occurred in four (44.4%) of nine cases without and in none (0%) of 22 cases with a diverting stoma. Conclusion We recommend a diverting stoma for an anastomosis within 5.0 cm of the anal verge and strongly recommend it for a very low anastomosis within 2.0 cm.     

Risk of peritonitis and fatal septicaemia and the need to defunction the low anastomosis

The aim of this study was to investigate the need to defunction the low anastomosis after anterior resection of the rectum with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Two hundred consecutive patients (125 defunctioned, 75 non-defunctioned) undergoing low anterior resection for carcinoma were included in the study. Peritonitis requiring emergency laparotomy occurred in 8 per cent of the patients who did not have a defunctioning stoma compared with less than 1 per cent of those patients who had a defunctioning stoma (P less than 0.01). There was no mortality related to closure of the stoma but seven patients developed a faecal fistula and ten developed an incisional hernia. Despite current trends to avoid the defunctioning stoma, these results suggest that after total mesorectal excision the faecal stream should be temporarily diverted away from the anastomosis that is 6 cm or less from the anal verge to protect against potentially life-threatening anastomotic leakage.     

Anastomotic leakage after lower gastrointestinal anastomosis: men are at a higher risk

BACKGROUND: Anastomotic leakage is the most important complication specific to intestinal surgery. The aim of this study was to review the anastomotic leakage rates in a single Colorectal Unit and to evaluate the risk factors for anastomotic leakage after lower gastrointestinal anastomosis. METHODS: A total of 541 consecutive operations involving anastomoses of the colon and rectum that were carried out between 1999 and 2004 at a single colorectal unit were reviewed. Data concerning 35 variables, relating to patient, tumour and surgical factors, were recorded. Outcomes with respect to anastomotic leakage and mortality were recorded. Data were analysed using univariate and multivariate analyses and odds ratios (OR) calculated. RESULTS: The overall rate of anastomotic leakage was 6.5% (35 of 541). The most frequently carried out operations were right hemicolectomy and anterior resection of the rectum, with leak rates of 2.2 and 7.4%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that male gender (OR = 3.5), previous abdominal surgery (OR = 2.4), Crohn's disease (OR = 3.3), rectal cancer < or =12 cm from the anal verge (OR = 5.4) and prolonged operating time (OR = 2.8) were factors significantly associated with anastomotic leakage. Male gender, a history of previous abdominal surgery and the presence of a low cancer remained significant after multivariate analysis. The risk of anastomotic leakage increased when two or more risk factors were present (P < 0.01). The overall mortality was 3.7% and was higher in patients with anastomotic leakage (14.3%; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Male gender, previous abdominal surgery and low rectal cancer are associated with increased anastomotic leakage rates. These have important implications during preoperative patient counselling and decision-making regarding defunctioning stoma formation.     

直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素与临床对策.方法 回顾分析1997～2008年1123例女性直肠癌手术患者的临床资料,应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计处理,采用X2检验.结果 34例(3.03%,34/1123)术后出现直肠阴道瘘.直肠阴道瘘发生与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关(P<0.05),而与患者年龄、肿瘤T分期、术前放疗、预防性造口等无明显相关.34例患者中12例经保守治疗后自愈,余22例患者均在瘘后3月局部炎症消退后行修补术,在修补直肠阴道瘘的同时行近端肠造口使粪便转流.结论 直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关.熟悉其病因,加强围手术前准备,选择正确的手术时机和手术方式可降低直肠阴道瘘的发生率.     

Risk of permanent stoma after resection of rectal cancer depending on the distance between the tumour lower edge and anal verge

The distance between the anal verge and lower edge of rectal cancer is one of the most important factors affecting the feasibility of sphincter-preserving resection.The aim of the study was to assess the risk of permanent stoma after resection of rectal tumour depending on the distance between the tumour and the anal verge.Material and methods. The retrospective analysis covered 884 patients after resection of rectal cancer. The distance between the anal verge and the lowest edge of the tumour was measured during endoscopic examination. Surgical technique was similar in all cases. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used.Results. The overall rate of sphincter-preserving procedures was 71.8%, 90.1% of which were anterior resections. The greatest differences between the rate of anterior resections were noted for the segment between the 4th and the 5th centimetres: 30.1% for 4 cm vs 66.7% for 5 cm, p = 0.005. Overall, in 328 patients (37.1%) surgical treatment resulted in a permanent stoma. The number included: 246 (75.0%) patients after abdominosacral resection, 44 (13.4%) patients after the Hartmann procedure, three (0.9%) patients after proctocolectomy, and 28 (8.5%) patients after anterior resection, with a permanent stoma as a result of anastomotic leak. The overall rate of anastomotic leak was 11.7%. Formation of a defunctioning stoma in patients with a low-lying (6 cm from the anal verge) tumour reduced the risk of symptomatic anastomotic leak: 6.3% vs 20.5%; p = 0.049.Conclusions. Anterior resection of tumours located 6 cm from the anal verge is feasible in 90%. Anastomotic leak that requires reoperation increases the risk of permanent colostomy. In selected cases, formation of a defunctioning stoma after resection of low-lying rectal cancer can reduce the risk of permanent colostomy.     

Anastomotic‐vaginal fistula (AVF) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer – occurrence and risk factors

Objective The aim of the study was to assess recto‐vaginal fistula (RVF) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer with regard to occurrence and risk factors. Method All female patients [median age 69.5 years, Union Internationale centre le Cancer (UICC) cancer stage IV in 10%] who developed a symptomatic RVF (n = 20) after anterior resection of the rectum for cancer from three separate cohorts of patients were identified and compared with those who developed conventional symptomatic leakage (n = 32), and those who did not leak (n = 338). Patient demography and perioperative data were compared between these three groups. Fourteen patient‐related and surgery‐related variables thought to be possible risk factors for RVF (anastomotic‐vaginal fistula) were analysed. Results Symptomatic anastomotic leakage occurred in 52 (13.3%) of 390 patients. Twenty (5.1%) had an anastomotic‐vaginal fistula (AVF) and 32 (8.2%) conventional leakage (CL). Patients with AVF required unscheduled re‐operation and defunctioning stoma as often as those with CL. AVF was diagnosed later and more often after discharge from hospital compared with CL. Patients with AVF had lower anastomoses and decreased BMI compared with those with CL. Risk factors for AVF in multivariate analysis were anastomosis < 5 cm above the anal verge (P = 0.001), preoperative radiotherapy (P = 0.004), and UICC cancer stage IV (P = 0.005). Previous hysterectomy was a risk factor neither for AVF nor for CL. Conclusion Anastomotic‐vaginal fistula forms a significant part of all symptomatic leakages after low anterior resection for cancer in women. Although diagnosed later, the need for abdominal re‐operation and defunctioning stoma was not different from patients with CL. Risk factors for AVF included low anastomosis, preoperative radiotherapy and UICC cancer stage IV.     

我国直肠癌前切除术后发生吻合口瘘危险因素的Meta分析

目的探讨直肠癌前切除术后发生吻合口瘘的危险因素。方法对2002年6月至2012年6月国内公开发表的有关直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘发生危险因素的文献进行Meta分析。结果共纳入文献19篇,6454例患者,其中438例患者发生了吻合口瘘,发生率6.79%。男性术后吻合口瘘发生风险高于女性,OR=1.79（95%CI=1.44～2.23,P〈0.001）;术前合并糖尿病、贫血、低蛋白血症、肠梗阻都增加术后吻合口瘘发生风险,OR分别为2.41（95%CI=1.78～3.26,P〈0.001）、1.74（95%CI=1.12～2.71,P=0.01）、3.18（95%CI=1.63～6.18,P〈0.001）、4.47（95%CI=2.69～7.45,P〈0.001）;Duke＇s分期晚期（C、D）术后吻合口瘘发生风险高于早期（A、B）,OR=1.63（95%CI=1.22～2.17,P〈0.001）;肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离≥7cm者与〈7cm者相比,术后吻合口瘘发生风险也增高,OR=3.09（95%CI=1.07～8.98,P=0.04）。而年龄、吻合方式、肿瘤大小和恶性程度与术后吻合口瘘发生无关。结论性别、术前合并糖尿病、贫血、低白蛋白血症、肠梗阻,Duke＇s分期及肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离是我国直肠癌前切除术后吻合口瘘发生的主要危险因素。