AP—2在内毒素刺激大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中的动态变化及其在TNF—α表达中的调控作用

为观察内毒素刺激对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞（AM）中转录因子AP－1活性的影响，探讨AP－1在LPS刺激大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞表达TNF－α的基因调控作用，应用凝胶迁移阻滞技术（EMSA）检测LPS（E coli 026:B6)刺激大鼠AM核蛋白中AP－1的DNA结合活性的动态变化，在LPS刺激前12h，应用转基因技术将AP－1的硫代寡核苷酸圈套（S－ODN decoy)转入大鼠AM，应用ELISA法观察AP－1硫代寡核苷酸圈套对LPS刺激大鼠AM表达TNF－α的影响，结果发现，应用100ng/ml LPS刺激大鼠AM 0．5h，AP－1即迅速出现活化并达到峰值，在1h活性略有下降，3h活性又逐渐回升，5h,8h又迅速回落，AP－1的活化状态至少可以持续8h，且与LPS刺激呈明显的量效关系；AP－1的S－ODN圈套能明显抑制但不能完全阻断LPS诱导的TNF－α表达，说明LPS刺激可使大鼠AM内AP－1活化，其在LPS介导的炎症反应中可能发挥重要作用，AP－1在LPS诱导的大鼠AM表达TNF－α中可能起重要的调控作用，但TNF－α表达可能还与其他核转录因子有关。     

杀菌性/通透性增加蛋白模拟肽与LPS/Lipid A的亲合力测定

为测定杀菌性／通透性增加蛋白（BPI）模拟肽BNEP与LPS／LipidA结合的亲合力，以探索BNEP中和LPS／Lipid A的作用机制，应用光学生物传感顺技术测定BNEP与LPS／Lipid A结合的亲合力，采用定量鲎基质显色法测定BNEP体外中和LPS的能力，结果发现，BNEP与LPS和Lipid A均具有高亲合力结合的能力，与LPS结合的Kd值为25．8－48．8nmol/L,与LipidA者为11．8－21．8nmol/L，体外中和LPS的结果显示，8ug/ml的BNEP可完全中和2ng/ml的LPS，说明BNEP与LPS和Lipid A均具有高亲合力的结合，结合位点为LPS的活性中心Lipid A亲水和二糖母核骨架，BNEP对LPS的结合作用与其发挥对LPS的中和作用是一致的。     

LPS诱导肺微血管内皮细胞ICAM-1的表达及核调控机理的实验研究

目的：研究细胞脂多糖（LPS）诱导的肺微血管内皮细胞（PMVEC）ICAM－1的表达及调控机制，方法：100ng.ml^-1LPS刺激PMVEC0h,2h,4h,6h,8h或10ng.ml^-1，50ng.ml^-1,100ng.ml^-1LPS刺激6h，免疫细胞化学检测PMVECICAM－1的表达，凝胶电泳迁移率变化分析检测NF－κB的活化，并通过加入活化阻断剂PDTC观察对PMVEC ICAM－1表达的影响。结果：PMVECICAM－1的表达与LPS的刺激呈时相－剂量依赖方式，LPS的刺激迅速活化NF－κB，60min达到高峰，后逐渐下降，PDTC能显著降低ICAM－1的表达（P＜0．01），结论：LPS刺激诱导NF－κB的活化，启动ICAM－1的合成表达。     

大鼠创伤后腹腔巨噬细胞亚群的变化及与IL-6、TNFα的关系

目的 探讨创伤后免疫功能紊乱状态与巨噬细胞亚群的关系。方法 采用创伤失血模型，运用流式细胞仪分析单克隆抗体ED1、ED2单克隆抗体双标记表达情况，测定腹腔巨噬细胞（pMΦ）培养上清白细胞介素－6（IL－6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNFα）含量（ELISA法）。结果 正常大鼠pMΦ分为EDI^ ED2^-亚群、ED1^ ED2^ 亚群，无单纯的ED2^ 巨噬细胞亚群，创伤后ED1^ ED2^-亚群比例增加，ED1^ ED2^ 亚群比例降低，同时TNFα、IL－6分泌增加，内毒素（LPS）刺激可增加TNFα、IL－6分泌水平。结论 创伤后细胞因子分泌紊乱可能与ED1^ ED2^-巨噬细胞亚群有关。     

ERK1/2信号通路在小鼠库普弗细胞-内毒素反应中的活化规律及其作用

目的：研究内毒素诱导下小鼠库普弗细胞（KC）ERK1／2活化规律、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）分泌规律以及ERK1／2信号通路在TNFα分泌中的作用，探讨防治内毒素血症的新方法。方法：磷酸化ERK时效组以含有100ng/mlLPS 的培养基分别培养KC0，5，10，20，30，45，60，120min；磷酸化ERK量效组分别用含有0，0．1，1，10，100，1000，10000ng/mlLPS的培养基孵育KC30min，免疫印迹杂交检测内毒素诱导KC ERPK1／2活化规律，酶联免疫分析检测内毒素诱导KC释放TNFα规律。以0，0．5，1，10，25，50μmol/L PD98059（ERK信号通路特异性阻断剂）预处理KC1h，酶联免疫分析检测PD98059对LPS诱导TNFα分泌的抑制作用。结果：100ng/ml内毒素刺激后，KC同ERK1／2被迅速活化，30min达到高峰，2h后基本恢复至正常水平；在10pg/ml-100ng/ml范围内，内毒素对ERK1／2激酶具有剂量依赖性的激活作用；内毒素诱导KC TNFα释放显著增加，呈显著的剂量依赖关系；随着PD98059剂量的增加，其对LPS诱导KC TNFα分泌的抑制作用较大。结论：内毒素可诱导KC ERK1／2活化和TNFα分泌，ERK1／2对内毒素诱导KC分泌TNFα具有显著的调节作用，ERK1／2可能是治疗内毒素血症的新靶位。     

影响内皮细胞凋亡的因素及其机制探讨

目的：观察亚砷酸钠（Ars),内毒素（LPS）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）、烧伤血清、创伤血清对内皮细胞凋亡的影响及其机制。方法：体外培养内皮细胞ECV－304,与上述物质孵育24小时后检测凋亡水平及ICAM－1.bcl-2,p53表达的变化,结果：Ars可使内皮细胞发生剂量依赖的凋亡增加（与对照相比,P＜O．01）,但是LPS、TNF烧伤血清和创伤血清对内皮细胞的作用有限,细胞凋亡率在15％以下。除10％烧伤血清外,所有处理因素都内皮细胞ICAM－1表达降低。体外诱导内皮细胞凋亡与bcl-2表达降低、p53表达增多有关,结论：Ars,LPS,TNF烧伤血清和创伤血清通过下调bcl-2表达,上调p53表达来影响内皮细胞凋亡,并且抑制内皮细胞功能。     

内毒素血症时血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白的变化及其对库普弗细胞-内毒素反应的影响

目的：探讨内毒素血症时血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白（Ox-LDL)的变化规律及Ox-LDL对库普弗细胞（KC）－内毒素（LPS）反应的影响。方法：Wistar大鼠36只，随机分为对照组（6只）和LPS组（分为1，5，10mg/kg三组，每组10只），复制大鼠内毒素血症模型，采用ELISA方法检测对照组及注射内毒素后0.5,1,3,5,8h时血浆Ox-LDL水平变化及其与LPS的量效关系。分离培养小鼠KC，分别用Ox-LDL(10-100μg/ml），抗小鼠清道夫受体（SR）单抗（10μg/ml）及抗CD14单抗（10μg/mol)＋Ox-DLD(100μg/ml）预处理KC1h后，再分别与1，10ng/mlLPS孵育3h，观察以上预处理对LPS诱导KC释放肿瘤坏死因子－α(TNF-α）的影响及其与KC表面CD14的关系。细胞上清TNF－α水平采用ELISA法检测。结果：注射LPS后，3组大鼠血浆Ox-LDL水平均显著增高，以10mg/kg组升高最明显。Ox-LDL预处理KC，能显著增强内毒素对KC的激活作用，表现为TNF－α含量明显升高，呈明显的量效关系。Ox-LDL的这种增强作用。结论：内毒素血症早期血浆Ox-LDL水平明显增高，与LPS呈明显的量效关系；Ox-LDL能明显增强LPS对KC的激活作用，其机制可能与促进LPS与细胞表面CD14结合有一定关系。     

烧伤大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞CD14蛋白表达对细胞因子的影响

目的：探讨严重烧伤对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)CD14膜蛋白(mCD14)表达变化及其对AM分泌细胞因子的影响。方法：20％Ⅲ度烧伤大鼠检测早期外周血LPS浓度。AM以烧伤血清及LPS刺激，再分别以抗CD14抗体作用，免疫组化检测mCDl4蛋白表达变化；ELISA检测培养液中川TNFα和IL—6浓度。结果：烧伤血清和LPS刺激后．mCD14蛋白表达从1h起就开始增加，2h达峰值，尔后逐渐减弱，上述改变在12h内持续，细胞因子分泌相应增加；抗CD14抗体阻断CD14作用后，mCD14的蛋白表达显著降低，细胞因子分泌亦相应减少。结论：严重烧伤后随LPS增加，激活内毒素信号传导通路，使AM分泌细胞因子增加，此作用可以被抗CDl4抗体所阻断，提示严重烧伤后可以通过调节CD14的作用而减少细胞因子的合成和分泌。     

内毒素作用下淋巴细胞中CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞变化及连翘对其的影响

目的探讨不同时间点内毒素（LPS）对CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞（CD4＋CD25＋regulatory T cell,Treg）的影响及连翘（forsythia suspensa,FS）干预后CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞的变化。方法体外培养Wistar大鼠脾脏淋巴细胞,分为对照组、LPS（10ng/ml）组、LPS（10ng/ml）＋多黏菌素B组（10ng/ml）、LPS（10ng/ml）＋连翘（12．5、25、50mg／ml）组,分别于3、6、12h收集标本．流式细胞术检测CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞在淋巴细胞中的百分比,荧光定量RT—PCR法检测Foxp3mRNA表达,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测TNF—a、IL-10分泌水平。结果脾脏淋巴细胞中CD4＋CD25＋Treg的百分比和Foxp3mRNA的表达在12h较3、6h明显升高（P〈0．01）;TNF—a、IL-10的分泌随时间点的延长均显著升高（P〈0．01）;随连翘剂量增加,TNF-a、IL-10分泌水平,Foxp3mRNA表达和CD4＋CD25＋Treg百分比均明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论内毒素参与并诱导了CD4＋CD25＋Treg在淋巴细胞中的变化,其随内毒素作用时间延长呈上升趋势。连翘能显著降低CD4＋CD25＋Treg在淋巴细胞中的百分比。     

多黏菌素B拮抗内毒素活性的实验研究

目的 探讨多黏菌素B（PMB）拮抗内毒素（LPS）生物学活性的机制。方法 观察PMB（1mg／kg）对LPS（20mg／kg）攻击的脓毒症模型小鼠的保护作用；应用生物传感器技术检测PMB与LPS和活性中心类脂A（lipid A）的亲和力，动态浊度法鲎试验观察PMB对LPS（2ng／ml）的中和能力，酶联免疫吸附分析（ELISA）法检测PMB对LPS（100ng／ml）刺激的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（PMФ）释放肿瘤坏死因子α-（TNF-α）及白细胞介素6（IL-6）的抑制作用，逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术检测PMB对LPS（100ng／m）刺激的小鼠PMФ的Toll样受体4（TLR4）、TNF-α和IL-6mRNA表达的影响。结果 PMB处理小鼠3d存活率为65％，显著高于LPS组的15％（P〈0．01）；PMB与LPS和Lipid A具有高亲和力，其与二者的解离常数分别为18、9nmol／L和11．1nmol／L，对LPS具有显著的中和作用，并在蛋白和核酸水平均显著抑制LPS诱导PMФ的TNF-α、IL-6和TLR4的释放和表达。结论 PMB可能通过抑制巨噬细胞活化实现对脓毒症小鼠的保护作用，其机制可能与PMB与Lipid A结合后中和LPS的活性有关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.