几种内镜下止血措施在非静脉曲张性上消化道出血中的选择应用

目的探讨内镜下不同止血措施在非静脉曲张性上消化道出血中的应用,评价其可行性、成功率及临床疗效。方法根据出血病因及内镜下改良Forrest分级,对112例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患苦选择性使用：注射药物、氩离子凝固术（APC）、血管夹及注射联合氲离子凝固术等4种内镜下止血措施,观察其临床疗效并进行统计分析。结果112例非静脉曲张性出血患者,总的即时止血率98．2％（110／112）,再出血率12．7％（14／112）,未见明显并发症者,无死亡病例。注射组23例,即时止血率100％,有效止血率73．9％（17／23）,再出血率26．1％（6／23）;APC组29例,即时止血率100％,有效止血率86．2％（25／29）,再出血率13．8％（4／29）;血管夹组27例,即时止血率96．3％（26／27）,有效止血率92．6％（25／27）,再出血率3．8％（1／26）,明显低于注射组及APC组（P〈0．05）;联合组33例,即时止血率96．97％（32／33）,有效止血率87．9％（29／33）,再出血率9．4％（3／32）,低于单纯注射组（P〈0．05）。各组即时止血成功率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论急诊内镜下止血起效迅速,疗效肯定,可成为非静脉曲张性出血的一线治疗方法,根据不同的出血病因选择合理的止血措施可提高止血成功率,降低再出血率。     

奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的疗效观察

目的观察奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的疗效。方法将66例肝硬化上消化道出血患者分为A组（36例）和B组（30例）,A组采用奥曲肽和奥美拉唑联合治疗,B组单用奥曲肽治疗,观察止血情况。结果A组48h再出血率（10．20％）明显低于B组（27．66％,P〈0．05）;A组住院天数5．1±2．4天,明显少于B组7．5±2．8天（P〈0．05）;A组输血量3．5±2．2U,与B组3．7±2．1U比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）;A、B两组病死率A组为2．78％,B组为3．33％,无明显差异,（P〉0．05）。结论奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血,能有效地止血,并预防再出血发生和缩短住院天数。     

国产生长抑素治疗非静脉曲张上消化道大出血的疗效观察

目的观察国产生长抑素治疗非曲张静脉上消化道大出血的疗效。方法将63例非静脉曲张上消化道大出血患者,随机分为A组（32例）和B组（31例）,A组为国产生长抑素联合泮托拉唑,B组为单用泮托拉唑,观察两组的近期止血效果。结果A组24小时止血率为90．63％,明显高于B组（64．5％）,P〈0．05。结论国产生长抑素治疗非曲张静脉上消化道出血具有止血迅速、输血量少、安全性较好的特点。     

内镜下氩离子凝固术与注射术治疗非食管静脉曲张性上消化道出血疗效分析

目的探讨内镜下氩离子凝固术（argon plasma coagulation,APC）治疗上消化道出血的临床应用价值。方法采用氩气刀对非食管静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者进行治疗（APC组）,以内镜下注射肾上腺素止血为对照组（注射组）,比较两组的有效止血率。结果注射组的患者中,112例患者未再出血。4例患者再出血,总有效率96．6％。APC组的患者中,119例患者未再出血,2例患者再出血,总有效率98．3％。结论APC组及注射组止血有效率高,无明显差异性（P〉0．05）。但内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗非食管静脉曲张性上消化道出血具有疗效确切,安全快速,并发症少,患者痛苦小等特点,临床应用价值较高。     

大黄白及粉联合奥美拉唑治疗应激性溃疡出血30例

[目的]观察大黄白及粉联合奥美拉唑治疗应激性溃疡出血的临床疗效。[方法]将入选60例患者随机分为2组，治疗组给予大黄白及粉及奥美拉唑，对照组仅用奥美拉唑。2组疗程均为5d。[结果]治疗组止血总有效率为93．55％，高于对照组的79．31％（P〈0．05），治疗组止血时间为（46．20±1．98）h，与对照组（65．70±3．20）h比较明显缩短（P〈0．01）。[结论]大黄白及粉与奥美拉唑联合治疗上消化道应激性溃疡出血具有疗程短、疗效高、不良反应少等优点。     

三腔二囊管序贯食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗肝硬化并EVH疗效观察

将234例肝硬化并食管静脉曲张破裂出血（EVH）患者分为两组,治疗组（99例）和对照组（135例）在禁食水、静脉输液基础上用三腔二囊管压迫止血,止血成功后治疗组序贯内窥镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗。结果显示,治疗组与对照组24h止血有效率分别为93．94％和94．07％,P〉0．05;两组6个月上消化道再出血率分别为8．1％和17．04％,P〈0．05。认为三腔二囊管序贯内窥镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗肝硬化并EVH十分有效,且可降低6个月上消化道再出血率,值得临床推广。     

经内镜栓塞术联合套扎术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的探讨胃底静脉曲张栓塞术联合内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的疗效。方法经急诊胃镜检查发现活动性胃底静脉曲张出血合并Ⅱ°以上食管静脉曲张且排除其他病因的上消化道出血患者共156例,分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞同时食管静脉EVL治疗;对照组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞治疗2个月后行食管静脉EVL。结果两组均未发生与治疗相关的并发症。止血成功率治疗组为96．3％（77／80）,对照组为97．4％（74／76）,（P〉0．05）;近期再出血率治疗组为6．4％（5／78）,对照组为21．3％（16／75）,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组患者随访6个月,再出血率分别为13．0％（9／69）、25．4％（17／67）,差异有统计学性意义（P〈0．05）。胃底静脉曲张改善总有效率治疗组和对照组分别为61．6％、59．1％,食管曲张静脉改善总有效率为74．0％、67．9％,差异均无统计学意义。结论胃底静脉曲张栓塞联合EVL是治疗肝硬化胃底静脉曲张出血并食管静脉曲张的安全有效方法,同时联合治疗更能降低再出血率。     

生长抑素治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血疗效观察

目的观察生长抑素治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的疗效。方法将105例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者随机分为A组（53例）和B组（52例）,A组为生长抑素联合奥美拉唑组,B组为单用奥美拉唑组,观察两组的止血效果。结果A组止血显效率和总有效率均高于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论生长抑素治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血有显著疗效,值得推广应用。     

心得安单纯或联合使用在二级预防食管静脉曲张出血中的疗效比较

目的比较单纯心得安、套扎＋心得安、硬化剂＋心得安二级预防食管静脉曲张出血的疗效,探寻心得安二级预防食管静脉曲张出血的最佳组合。方法78例食管静脉曲张出血患者随机分成3组,每组26例,止血后分别给予心得安（心得安组）、套扎＋心得安（套扎组）、硬化剂＋心得安（硬化剂组）,比较各组12个月内再出血率、死亡率,以及各组门脉高压性胃病、胃底静脉曲张发生率、食管曲张静脉复发率。结果12个月内再出血率套扎组为30．77％,明显低于心得安组（53．85％）及硬化组（42．31％）（P均〈0．05）;套扎组和心得安组门脉高压性胃病及胃底静脉曲张发生率相似,都明显低于硬化组（P均〈0．05）;而食管静脉曲张再发率高于硬化组（P〈0．05）。结论在应用心得安的基础上进行套扎治疗可能是目前食管静脉曲张出血最有效的二级预防方法。     

生长抑素与奥曲肽治疗肝硬化上消化道出血64例临床分析

目的：探讨生长抑素与奥曲肽治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法选取2011年5月至2013年5月我院消化内科收治的肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者64例,采用随机对照方法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组各32例。对照组给予奥曲肽治疗,观察组给予生长抑素,比较两组患者临床疗效、输血量、止血时间及不良反应。结果观察组总有效率为90．6％,对照组总有效率为87．5％,两组总有效率相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;观察组输血量和止血时间均显著少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;两组患者发生恶心呕吐、局部反应、头晕及心悸胸闷等并发症发生率相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论生长抑素与奥曲肽均是治疗肝硬化上消化道出血安全有效的药物,值得在临床上应用和推广。     

Circadian pattern of acute variceal bleeding among cirrhotic Egyptian patients

Background  Liver cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension which may end in serious bleeding from gastro-esophageal varices. Recent studies have demonstrated a daily pattern of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis evidenced by one or two peaks throughout the day. Aim  The assessment of the circadian rhythm of acute variceal bleeding with the possible participation of circadian changes of the fibrinolytic parameters. Patients and methods  The study included 264 patients with liver cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in addition to 20 healthy subjects as a control group. A series of hemostatic tests and parameters including prothrombin (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (Fib), Factors II, V, VII, IX, X, XI, platelets counts and fibrinolytic parameters assessement were completed in 60 patients in addition to the control group. The fibrinolytic activity was assessed by estimation of plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator antigen (tPA: Ag) and plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen (PAI-1: Ag) at hour 09:00 and hour 17:00. The hemostatic tests and liver function tests were assessed once at hour 09.00. Results  We observed statistically significant two time peaks of upper gastrointestinal bleeding at hour 04:00 and hour 17:00 with a peak of the fibrinolytic parameter, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, with the night peak of bleeding. A significant correlation between the levels of fibrinolytic parameters and hemostatic factors as well as liver function tests were detected. Conclusion  There are two time peaks of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with a temporal association between the night peak and a relative hyperfibrinolytic state.     

门-体分流程度评估血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血的应用

目的探讨门-体静脉分流程度在评估血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血中的应用。方法以金山医院经临床证实的33例血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血患者,及29例血吸虫病肝硬化非出血患者为研究对象,对其进行上腹部128层螺旋CT扫描。采用薄层块最大强度投影(TSMIP)、多平面重建(MPR)对门静脉系进行血管重建,对两组患者门-体静脉分流程度进行评分和比较,分析各侧支血管分流程度与血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血的关系。结果 33例上消化道出血患者中,侧支血管发生率如下:胃左静脉曲张86.4%、胃短静脉曲张68.2%、食管静脉曲张50.0%、食管旁静脉曲张50.0%、胃底静脉曲张37.9%、胃肾静脉69.7%、脾肾静脉51.5%、腹壁静脉曲张25.8%、网膜静脉曲张15.2%、脾周静脉曲张63.6%、附脐静脉曲张34.8%、腹膜后-椎旁静脉40.9%、肠系膜静脉曲张36.4%。出血组食管静脉、食管旁静脉、胃左静脉和胃底静脉的发生率和分流程度均明显大于非出血组(P值均0.05)。结论 CT门静脉系成像可精确显示各类侧支血管的部位、程度及走向。食管静脉、食管旁静脉、胃左静脉和胃底静脉能较准确地预测血吸虫病肝硬化上消化道出血的风险情况,上述侧支血管分流程度越高,上消化道出血危险性就越大。     

氩离子血浆凝固术治疗胃肠广基扁平息肉和出血

目的 探讨氩离子血浆凝固术（APC）对胃肠广基扁平息肉和出血的治疗作用。方法 广基扁平息肉患者13例，31枚息肉，行内镜下APC治疗；大息肉内镜切除及活检后出血5例，APC术止血治疗；对照组广基扁平息肉患者20例，28枚息肉，行内镜下热凝电极治疗。结果 APC术和张电极在广基扁平息肉治疗中疗效相同，局部疼痛的副作用相似，但APC术导管探头无粘连，明显优于热凝电极治疗组55％的发生率（P＜0．01）。APC治疗大息肉内镜切除及活检后渗血迅速有效。结论 APC术治疗胃肠广基扁平息肉及出血简便有效。     

奥曲肽治疗血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血的临床评价

[目的]探讨奥曲肽治疗血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血的临床诊治特点和治疗效果。[方法]选择我院2011年4月~2014年1月收治的符合此次研究纳入标准的血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血患者50例作为研究对象,按照随机对照原则,将患者随机分为对照组和实验组。实验组接受奥曲肽治疗,对照组进行垂体后叶素治疗,比较2组患者的临床疗效以及不良反应发生率等。[结果]实验组和对照组患者接受治疗后,实验组治疗总有效率为92.0%,对照组患者治疗总有效率为64.0%,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;实验组患者的平均止血时间、再出血率以及并发症发生率均低于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]奥曲肽在治疗血吸虫肝硬化上消化道出血方面较传统方法（垂体后叶素）临床效果显著,不良反应少,改善了患者的预后,提高了患者的生存质量,故该治疗方法值得在临床上进一步推广应用。     

Potential role of new technological innovations in nonvariceal hemorrhage

The present armamentarium of endoscopic hemostatic therapy for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage includes injection, electrocautery and clips.There are newer endoscopic options such as hemostatic sprays, endoscopic suturing and modifications of current options including coagulation forceps and over-the-scope clips. Peptic hemorrhage is the most prevalent type of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and traditional endoscopic interventions have demonstrated significant hemostasis success. However, the hemostatic success rate is less for other entities such as Dieulafoy's lesions and bleeding from malignant lesions. Novel innovations such as endoscopic submucosal dissection and peroral endoscopic myotomy has spawned a need for dependable hemostasis. Gastric antral vascular ectasias are associated with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding and usually treated by standard argon plasma coagulation(APC), but newer modalities such as radiofrequency ablation,banding, cryotherapy and hybrid APC have been utilized as well. We will opine on whether the newer hemostatic modalities have generated success when traditional modalities fail and should any of these modalities be routinely available in the endoscopic toolbox.     

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension: a reappraisal

The current medical literature states that upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension originates from a variety of sources. Although variceal bleeding has been recognized as the principal source, acute erosive gastritis and peptic ulcer are said to be the bleeding site in a large percentage of cases. In 140 consecutive patients with endoscopically documented esophageal varices who came to our service with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, varices were the source of bleeding in approximately 90%, regardless of whether the underlying liver disease was due to alcoholism or not. We conclude that: 1) patients with varices almost always bleed from varices, and 2) the incidence of erosive gastritis and peptic ulcer as a cause of bleeding in this group has been overemphasized.     

不同剂量生长抑素治疗肝硬化并发上消化道大出血的疗效分析

[目的]观察生长抑素不同剂量治疗肝硬化并发上消化道大出血的临床效果。[方法]将确诊的32例肝硬化并发上消化道大出血患者随机分为高剂量组和常规剂量组。高剂量组、常规剂量组分别采用生长抑素6mg/q12h、3mg/q12h持续静脉泵入的治疗方案,直至出血停止。[结果]高剂量组在平均止血时间、输血量、止血有效率上均明显优于常规剂量组(P0.05)。[结论]加倍应用生长抑素的止血效果优于常规剂量,在出血量较大时更显示出增加剂量的重要性。     

Efficacy of argon plasma coagulation for gastric antral vascular ectasia associated with chronic liver disease.

Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is a rare cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between GAVE with cirrhotic patients and liver dysfunction, portal hypertension and the safety and efficacy of argon plasma coagulation (APC) in treating GAVE with cirrhotic patients. Eight cirrhotic patients with the characteristic endoscopic findings of GAVE were registered. In this study, APC was performed for GAVE in all eight patients. The patients-liver function was classified by Child-Pugh classification and classifications were: two class A, five class B and one class C (mean score: 7.8). Five patients had previously received prophylactic endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices and one had esophageal varices. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) for gastric varices had been performed in other one patient. Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) was recognized in only one case. APC was performed in all eight patients and one to three treatment sessions were needed (mean: 1.8 sessions). No complications were observed in the initial treatment. During follow-up, endoscopies revealed the recurrence of GAVE in two patients requiring further treatment by APC (recurrence rate: 25%). After APC treatment, the recurrence of GAVE was not observed with endoscopy in the other six patients. The results suggest that GAVE is related to severe liver damage and portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients. APC is a safe and effective treatment against GAVE.     

Source of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with esophageal varices seen at endoscopy

Many claim that upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with varices is frequently not of variceal origin. Such teaching is contrary to our experience. We therefore reviewed the records of 127 consecutive patients with 165 episodes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding who were found to have esophageal varices by endoscopy. Varices were the only potential site of the index bleed in 101 of the 127 patients (79.5%). In addition to varices, other potential sites of bleeding were gastric ulcer in 9 (7%), Mallory-Weiss tear in 4 (3.1%), duodenal ulcer in 3 (2.3%), and multiple gastroduodenal erosions in 10 (7.8%). We used the characteristics of the clinical presentation (e.g., varix seen bleeding) and the known natural course of the variceal bleeding to attempt to define the site of bleeding in the group with more than one potential site. In 15 we could make a judgment as to the likely source: In 9 it was variceal and in 6 nonvariceal. When varices are seen at endoscopy in a patient with a major hemorrhage, they are responsible for the bleeding in greater than 80% of cases.