肝门胆管癌的CT诊断

目的:评价螺旋CT对肝门胆管癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析14例经病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的CT表现,评价其对病灶的显示情况及定性诊断的准确率。结果:平扫表现为肝门区低密度软组织肿块;增强扫描14例均有延迟强化;增强检查能更清楚显示肝内胆管扩张和胆管壁增厚。结论:螺旋CT扫描对肝门胆管癌的诊断具有重要意义。     

Biliary ductal evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: three-dimensional direct multi-detector row CT cholangiographic findings versus surgical and pathologic results--feasibility study

The study was conducted, with institutional review board approval and informed patient consent, to assess the feasibility and diagnostic effectiveness of three-dimensional direct multi-detector row computed tomographic (CT) cholangiography for determining the extent of bile duct invasion by hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Eleven patients underwent contrast material-enhanced direct multi-detector row CT cholangiography of the primary and secondary biliary confluence levels and then surgical resection. In most patients, CT cholangiography was tolerable and yielded excellent or good opacification of the biliary tree. CT cholangiography enabled a correct diagnosis of the extent of ductal involvement at all 11 primary confluence levels and at 18 of the 19 secondary confluence levels. Three secondary confluences, which could not be analyzed owing to nonopacification or poor opacification, proved to be involved by hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The authors conclude that three-dimensional direct multi-detector row CT cholangiography is accurate and feasible for defining the extent of ductal invasion by hilar cholangiocarcinoma, especially in patients with preliminary biliary drainage.     

肝门部胆管癌206例影像诊断分析

目的探讨4种不同影像检查方法对肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值.材料与方法回顾性分析206例肝门部胆管癌超声、CT、ERCP、PTC诊断结果及并发症,并与手术及病理结果对照.结果梗阻部位确诊率超声为91.1%,CT为89.6%,二者联合为97.3%.梗阻性质确诊率超声为78.7%,CT为72.8%,二者联合为94.7%.肿瘤显示率超声为60.9%,CT为30.4%,二者联合检查提高到80.5%.并发症发生率ERCP和PTC分别为11.6%及17.9%.结论超声与CT联合检查可相互弥补不足,明显提高梗阻部位及梗阻性质确诊率,满足绝大多数肝门部胆管癌诊断要求,而侵入性检查应尽可能避免使用.     

Biliary ductal involvement of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: multidetector computed tomography versus magnetic resonance cholangiography

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in evaluating the extent of biliary involvement of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: Images of 16-detector MDCT, MRC, and direct cholangiography of 33 patients with pathologically proven hilar cholangiocarcinoma were retrospectively interpreted independently by 2 radiologists according to the Bismuth classification. In the operated 14 patients, the diagnostic accuracies of MDCT and MRC were calculated according to surgical and pathological records. In nonoperated 19 patients, the agreement of MDCT and MRC with direct cholangiography was calculated. RESULTS: In the operated patients, the diagnostic accuracy of MDCT was 64.3%, and that of MRC was 71.4%, without statistical difference (P = 0.93). In nonoperated patients, the agreement of MDCT with direct cholangiography was 73.7%, and that of MRC was 94.7%, without statistical difference (P = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: In evaluating the biliary ductal extension of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, MDCT and MRC showed similar accuracies and agreements.     

肝外胆管癌的16层螺旋CT诊断

目的：探讨肝外胆管癌的16层螺旋CT征象及诊断价值。方法：对全部受检病例行16层螺旋CT平扫加动态增强扫描,然后进行多平面重组及胆管曲面重组;回顾性分析35例经手术（活检）病理证实的肝外胆管癌的各期CT表现。结果：胆总管癌19例,肝门区胆管癌16例。直接征象为胆管壁局限性不规则增厚、环状不均匀增厚、结节状或肿块状改变。胆管曲面重组可直观显示病变范围及狭窄或闭塞全貌。增强后肿瘤呈均匀或不均匀强化,以静脉期强化为主。结论：合理应用多平面重组、曲面重组等后处理技术,可以很好显示肝外胆管癌的直接征象,对确立诊断及指导临床治疗或手术具有重要意义。     

Cholangiocarcinoma – Part 2, Tumoral and Nontumoral Mimics and Imaging Features Helpful in Differentiation

Each of the 3 morphological subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma has a different set of imaging differentials. Emulators of mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma include other primary and secondary hepatic malignancies, benign tumors and tumor-like mimics such as abscess, hemangioma and confluent hepatic fibrosis. Benign inflammatory biliary strictures constitute the major differential of periductal-infiltrative type and intraductal calculi are the main consideration for intraductal-growth type. CT and MRI are the standard imaging tools for characterization of cholangiocarcinoma and differentiating it from close mimics. Here we will describe the various tumoral and non-tumoral mimics of cholangiocarcinoma and discuss specific imaging features useful in differentiation.     

胆管癌螺旋CT强化特征与病理学对照研究

目的　探讨胆管癌的螺旋CT增强扫描表现与病理学的关系 ,以及螺旋CT的诊断价值。资料与方法　 2 8例经手术及病理证实的肝门区胆管癌的螺旋CT平扫及多期增强扫描资料 ,重点观察肿块相对于肝脏的密度变化。结果　肝门区胆管癌CT主要表现为肝门区不规则低或略低密度软组织肿块 ,在动态扫描过程中相对于肝脏密度的变化趋势为高、低、高。 75 % (2 1/ 2 8)的病变于门脉期 (10例 )和延迟期 (11例 )显示最清楚 ,19例有延迟强化 ,延迟强化率为 6 7.9% (19/ 2 8) ;此外螺旋CT还清楚地显示了胆管扩张 ,肝叶萎缩 ,病变周围的异常强化区等间接征象。结论　肝门区胆管癌的CT表现与病理密切相关 ,螺旋CT多期增强扫描是诊断和鉴别诊断肝门区胆管癌的理想检查手段     

肝门部胆管癌的低场MRI诊断价值

目的:总结肝门部胆管癌的低场MRI影像表现,以提高对肝门部胆管癌的认识。方法:收集经手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌21例,均有完整的MRI影像资料。结果:MRCP对肝门部胆管梗阻水平定位准确率达100%。21例肝门部胆管癌均表现为肝内胆管不同程度"软藤样扩张",肝门部胆管狭窄、管壁增厚或软组织肿块;6例MRI肝门部可见稍长T1、稍长T2的肿块影,15例未发现明确肿块;增强扫描5例可见肿块延迟期缓慢持续强化,14例表现为管壁增厚强化、管腔狭窄。结论:低场MRI是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效方法,联合应用MRCP可显示肝门部胆管癌的特征性改变。     

胆管细胞型肝癌的CT诊断

目的探讨CT增强及延迟扫描诊断胆管细胞型肝癌的价值。方法对21例经病理证实的胆管细胞型肝癌做了CT平扫、增强及延迟扫描。结果CT平扫全部病灶为低密度,其中14例为囊性,7例为实质性且病灶内见胆管扩张。增强扫描14例囊性病变中有10例出现病灶边缘不连续的较薄环形增强,3例连续环行强化,门静脉期13例均无变化;1例无增强表现。7例实质性病变在增强1 m in后病灶轻度强化,3~8 m in后病灶出现延迟增强,密度等于或大于同层肝组织,扩张的胆管无变化。结论CT增强扫描囊性病灶边缘连续或不连续的薄环形强化且门静脉期无变化,实质性病灶延迟强化及病灶内胆管扩张是胆管型肝癌的特征性表现。     

Pitfalls and differential diagnosis in biliary sonography

Ultrasonography has a primary role in the imaging of biliary disease. Most cases are straightforward, but the authors emphasize unusual manifestations, uncommon diseases, and artifacts that may present diagnostic challenges. Issues in differential diagnosis are discussed for the following findings: internal gallbladder echoes (calculi vs tumefactive sludge, air, hematobilia, parasitic infestation, cholecystosis, neoplasia, and artifacts), gallbladder wall thickening (acute cholecystitis vs acalculous cholecystitis, artifacts, ascites, hypoalbuminemia, hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis), pericholecystic fluid (cholecystitis vs ascites, perforated ulcer, and trauma), bile duct dilatation (biliary obstruction vs sclerosing cholangitis, biliary air, anomalous portal system, biliary atresia, Caroli disease, and cholangiocarcinoma), perinatal and neonatal biliary disease, and sclerosing cholangitis.     

MRI结合MRCP诊断肝门区胆管癌(附39例分析)

目的:探讨肝门区胆管癌MRI、MRCP表现及诊断价值。方法:分析总结了39例肝门区胆管癌的MRI和MRCP表现,并与手术病理结果对比。结果:39例肝门区胆管癌中,MRI均显示肝内胆管不同程度的扩张,其中肝门区软组织肿块34例,增强扫描均呈不均匀性强化,胆管壁不规则增厚呈鼠尾状5例。MRCP显示病变部位胆管中断,梗阻近端形态截断状或圆锥状17例,鸟嘴状或鼠尾状27例,杯口状2例。结论:MRI结合MRCP是检查肝门区胆管癌的有效手段。     

Magnetic resonance in obstructive jaundice

Twelve cases of obstructive jaundice in whom ultrasound failed to demonstrate the site and/or the cause of obstruction of the biliary tract were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), correctly diagnosing the site and cause of obstruction in 10 of 12 surgically proven cases. In one case of cholangiocarcinoma, the site of obstruction was well shown on MR but a definite cause could not be ascertained. In another patient who developed intermittent jaundice following surgery for choledochal cyst, MR demonstrated a solitary stone in the common hepatic duct. Surgical confirmation could not be achieved as the patient was lost to follow up. There were 6 cases of choledocholithiasis, 3 cases of gall bladder carcinoma and one case each of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. It is believed that MRI will provide obstructive jaundice and will be able to minimize the use of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in view of its ability to perform multiplanar imaging in multiple sequences.     

肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现与误诊分析

目的：探讨肝吸虫性胆管炎的CT表现特点及误诊原因。方法：本组48例临床表现急性胆管炎的肝吸虫病例行螺旋CT检查,并对照逆行性胰胆管造影加内镜下奥狄括约肌切开术和胆总管探查术结果进行回顾性分析。结果：肝内胆管扩张48例,末梢胆管囊状扩张38例;肝外胆管扩张32例和胆总管壁增厚12例,胆总管内高密度影6例;胆囊增大20例,胆囊内団状软组织影2例。本组15例术前CT误诊,其中误诊为胆管结石8例,因胆总管壁增厚并有强化而误诊胆总管下端癌4例和壶腹癌1例,误诊为肝内周围型胆管癌2例。结论：在肝吸虫疫区,当CT表现为胆管炎征象并伴有肝包膜下小胆管囊状扩张时,需要考虑吸虫所致。     

胆管癌性阻塞姑息性T管引流术后再发梗阻的介入治疗

目的　探索胆管癌性阻塞外科姑息性T管引流术后再发梗阻的介入治疗。方法　胆管癌性阻塞外科姑息性T管引流术后再发黄疸患者 7例 ,采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术 (PTCD) 金属内支架置入术 .共使用 7枚金属内支架。结果　 7例采用经皮经肝穿刺或经T型管通路置入胆管支架均获得成功。无并发症发生。术后总胆红素、转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶和碱性磷酸酶明显下降 ,与术前比较有显著性差异 ,7例术后黄疸消退满意。结论　经皮胆管内金属支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸外科留置T管术后再狭窄 ,安全可靠 ,操作简单 ,费用低 ,治疗效果好 ,并发症少 ,为无法手术切除胆管癌而留置T管的患者提供了一种良好的治疗手段     

Cholangiocarcinoma: pictorial essay of CT and cholangiographic findings.

Cholangiocarcinomas that involve areas from the peripheral intrahepatic duct to the distal common duct have similar morphologic features, and traditional classification schemes based on the location of the involved ducts sometimes overlap. Nevertheless, cholangiocarcinoma is usually classified as either intrahepatic or extrahepatic, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is further classified as either peripheral or hilar. However, the distinction between peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma is largely based on the site of origin. Therefore, in some tumors that arise peripheral to the secondary bifurcation of one of the hepatic ducts, clear differentiation between the two types of cholangiocarcinoma is not always possible. In addition, the distinction between hilar cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is not clearly defined. The different biologic behaviors of the tumors seem to be caused by their varying locations and their size at the time of diagnosis. Further molecular or biochemical investigation is needed to support the "field theory," which states that all cholangiocarcinomas are biologically the same tumor originating from the same biliary epithelium.     

Bile duct: analysis of percutaneous transluminal forceps biopsy in 130 patients suspected of having malignant biliary obstruction

PURPOSE: To evaluate percutaneous transluminal forceps biopsy in patients suspected of having a malignant biliary obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty consecutive patients (82 men and 48 women; mean age, 59 years) with obstructive jaundice underwent transluminal forceps biopsy during or after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The lesions involved the common bile duct (n = 58), common hepatic duct (n = 39), hilum (n = 14), ampullary segment of the common bile duct (n = 11), right or left intrahepatic bile duct (n = 5), or the entire extrahepatic bile duct (n = 3). In each patient, three to five specimens (mean, 4.1 specimens) were taken from the lesion with 5.4-F biopsy forceps. The final diagnosis for each patient was confirmed with pathologic findings at surgery, additional histocytologic data, or clinical and radiologic follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed with the chi(2) test; a P value < or =.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference. RESULTS: Ninety-eight of 130 biopsies resulted in correct diagnoses of malignancy. Five biopsy diagnoses proved to be true-negative. There were 27 false-negative diagnoses and no false-positive diagnoses. The diagnostic performance of transluminal forceps biopsy in malignant biliary obstructions was as follows: sensitivity, 78.4%; specificity, 100%; and accuracy, 79.2%. Sensitivity of biopsy in the 82 patients with cholangiocarcinoma was higher than in the 43 patients with malignant tumors other than cholangiocarcinoma (86.6% vs 62.8%, P <.005). Sensitivity was significantly lower in the ampullary segment of the common bile duct than in other sites (P <.01). No major complications related to the biopsy procedures occurred. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transluminal forceps biopsy is a safe procedure that is easy to perform through a transhepatic biliary drainage tract. It provides relatively high accuracy in the diagnosis of malignant biliary obstructions.     

Comparison of three-dimensional negative-contrast CT cholangiopancreatography with three-dimensional MR cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of obstructive biliary diseases

Purpose

The purpose of our study was to compare three-dimensional (3D) negative-contrast CT cholangiopancreatography (3D-nCTCP) with 3D MR cholangiopancreatography (3D-MRCP) for the diagnosis of obstructive biliary diseases.

Materials and methods

3D-nCTCP and 3D-MRCP were performed on seventy clinically documented obstructive biliary diseases patients. The accuracy of each technique in determining the location and cause of biliary obstruction was evaluated compared with the final clinical diagnoses.

Results

Both methods achieved 100% of accuracy in the diagnosis of the presence and location of biliary obstruction, and had a similar sensitivity, specificity, accuracy in differentiating benign from malignant biliary obstruction or calculous from noncalculous biliary obstruction (p > 0.05). At 3D-nCTCP, six patients with stones were misinterpreted as cholangitis (N = 2), papillitis (N = 3), or bile duct adenocarcinoma (N = 1); two metastases were mistaken as acute pancreatitis or pancreatic head carcinomas, and one intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was misled as bile duct adenoma. At 3D-MRCP, one small stone, one ampullary adenoma, and one intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were mistaken as cholangitis, ampullary stone, and intrahepatic bile duct stone, respectively, and three gallbladder carcinomas and another intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were misdiagnosed as hilar cholangiocarcinoma (N = 3) or common hepatic duct stone (N = 1); four metastases were mistaken as pancreatic head carcinomas (N = 3) or distal cholangiocarcinoma (N = 1). The overall accuracy in making specific diagnosis of the cause of biliary obstruction was 87.1% for 3D-nCTCP and 84.3% for 3D-MRCP, respectively, (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

3D-nCTCP has the similar effects as 3D-MRCP for the diagnosis of biliary obstruction and, the location and the cause of biliary obstruction. In view of selected cases contraindications for MRI, 3D-nCTCP is a potential substitute.     

Preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma using multidetector-row CT: correlation with histopathological findings

PURPOSE: Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic reliability of multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) for preoperative assessment of local tumoral spread in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. MATEIRALS AND METHODS: Thirteen of 30 consecutive patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent surgery, excluding 17 patients who underwent biliary drainage or preoperative portal embolization, were retrospectively evaluated. Using MDCT systems of 4 detector rows or 16 detector rows, plain and dynamic contrast-enhanced images of three phases were obtained. Extent of tumor spread and lymph node metastasis were assessed with MDCT and compared with histopathological findings. RESULTS: The Bismuth-Corlette classification of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with MDCT were type I, 1 patient; type IIIa, 3 patients; type IIIb, 4 patients; and type IV, 5 patients; those with histopathological findings were type I, 1 patient; type IIIa, 2 patients; type IIIb, 4 patients; and type IV, 6 patients. One patient diagnosed as type IIIa with MDCT was pathologically diagnosed as type IV. Accuracy of MDCT in tumoral spread was 92.3%, although that of lymph node metastasis was 54%. CONCLUSION: MDCT is likely to play an important role in evaluation of focal lesion spread especially in intrapancreatic tumor invasion, although a greater number of cohort cases are necessary to clearly define its role.     

肝门部胆管癌单双侧引流介入治疗疗效对比分析

目的 分析Bismuth-Corlette Ⅱ～Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌行单侧胆管引流与双侧胆管引流的疗效,为临床选择正确的引流方法提供依据.方法 回顾性分析80例肝门部胆管癌患者经皮经肝胆道引流术的临床资料,并随访观察其引流术后近、远期疗效.将全部病例分为单侧胆管引流(52例)和双侧胆管引流(28例)两组,比较其疗效的差异.结果 两组间年龄、性别、临床分型、引流方式、术前总胆红素、直接胆红素、白细胞、总蛋白、白蛋白水平均没有显著性差异.术后两组总胆红素、直接胆红素下降值平均分别为:单侧组82.73 μmol/L和31.71 μmol/L,双侧组80.28 μmol/L和57.89 μmol/L.两样本t检验差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后1、2、4、6、8、12、16、20个月生存率分别为:单侧组为97.4%、87.2%、64.1%、49.0%、41.6%、33.8%、14.5%、7.2%;双侧组为83.3%、72.2%、55.0%、48.1%、33.0%、24.8%、16.5%、16.5%,中位生存期均为约6个月.结论 Bismuth-Corlette Ⅱ～Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者可以行单侧引流,既可有效减黄,且不影响中位生存期.     

胆管癌的CT表现及诊断价值

目的：提高胆管癌ＣＴ诊断的正确率，探讨ＣＴ及超声对胆管癌的诊断价值。材料和方法：回顾经手术病理证实的６４例胆管癌资料，包括ＣＴ６４例、Ｂ超４９例。分析病变的ＣＴ表现，评价ＣＴ和超声对胆管癌的诊断准确率。结果：按胆管癌的发生部位将其分为三类：（１）肝内胆管癌；（２）肝门区胆管癌；（３）胆总管癌。三种类型各有其ＣＴ特征。ＣＴ确诊率为８４％，超声确诊率为８６％，ＣＴ和超声作为互补的检查方法，其确诊率可达９６％。结论：ＣＴ和超声互补，可作为胆管癌尤其是肝门区胆管癌和胆总管癌术前可靠的诊断方法。