低剂量颞骨多层螺旋CT扫描技术的应用研究

目的 探讨颞骨高分辨率CT扫描时降低扫描mA值对其图像质量的影响及临床应用价值.方法 将60例颞骨高分辨率冠状面CT扫描患者根据扫描mA值设置分为100和50组.全部图像行高分辨率骨密度算法重组,并利用多平面重建（MPR）技术重建轴面图像,得到两组不同mA值的直接扫描冠状面图像和与之对应的两组通过重建的轴面图像.分别评价不同扫描mA时直接冠状面及重建轴面图像质量.结果 当扫描mA值由100减至50时单次扫描加权CT剂量指数量（CTDIw）值由42.00 mGy下降至21.00 mGy,下降幅度达50.0%.而直接扫描冠状面图像质量无明显下降（P＞0.05）;并且颞骨低剂量高分辨率CT能基本达到图像各向同性,经（MPR）重建的轴面图像能较好地显示颢骨细小解剖结构,保证病灶检出率.结论 降低扫描mA值和利用MPR重建图像来替代颞骨其他方位的直接扫描都大大减少了患者的辐射剂量,50 mA的颞骨CT扫描能够提供较好诊断质量的影像信息.     

颞骨低剂量CT扫描的应用研究

目的探讨颞骨高分辨率CT扫描时降低扫描mA值对其图像质量的影响及临床应用价值。方法将60例颞骨高分辨率冠状面CT扫描患者根据扫描mA值设置分为100mA和50mA组。全部图像行高分辨率骨密度算法重组,并利用多平面重建(MPR)技术重建轴面图像,得到2组不同mA值的直接扫描冠状面图像和与之对应的2组通过重建的轴面图像。分别评价不同扫描mA时直接冠状面及重建轴面图像质量。评价指标为:冠状面:鼓室盾板、Prussak’s腔、卵圆窗、鼓室盖、耳蜗底圈5个解剖结构。经MPR重建轴面:锤砧关节、水平半规管、鼓窦入口、锥隆起、面神经水平段5个解剖结构;评价标准为:清晰显示2分;显示、但不清晰1分;未显示0分。以左右两侧单独记分。结果当扫描mA值由100减至50时单次扫描加权CT剂量指数量(CTDIw)值由42.00mGy下降至21.00mGy,下降幅度达50.0%,而直接扫描冠状面图像质量无明显下降(P>0.05);并且颞骨低剂量高分辨率CT能基本达到图像向同性,经MPR重建的轴面图像能较好地显示颞骨细小解剖结构,保证病灶检出率。结论50mA的颞骨CT扫描能够提供较好诊断质量的影像信息。     

64层螺旋CT对指导儿童人工耳蜗植入术的临床意义

目的探讨64层螺旋CT对面神经隐窝径路解剖通道术前影像学评估在儿童人工耳蜗植入术中的临床价值。方法对49例双耳重度感音性耳聋拟行人工耳蜗植入术患儿行64层螺旋CT容积扫描,对外耳、中耳、内耳解剖结构行MPR及VR立体重建,模拟显示面神经隐窝手术路径,分别测量面神经管垂直段距外耳道后壁及面隐窝底距面神经管的距离。结果MPR清晰显示听小骨长轴,半规管、前庭、前庭窗、耳蜗、蜗窗和内听道的骨性解剖结构;MPR图像可同层显示面神经管的鼓室段和垂直段;VR三维立体图像直观显示半规管、前庭、前庭窗、耳蜗、蜗窗、面神经、面神经隐窝和内听道的膜性立体图像。在MPR图像上面神经管垂直段距外耳道后壁的平均距离左、右侧分别为4．46mm、4．53mm;面隐窝底距面神经管的平均距离左、右侧分别为1．02mm、1．03min。结论64层螺旋CT扫描可清晰显示人工耳蜗植入术面神经隐窝径路重要解剖学标志,面神经隐窝周围解剖结构测量结果可为临床手术提供重要参考数据,对人工耳蜗植入术具有极佳的临床指导价值。     

新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床应用

目的：评价新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床价值。方法：选取头颅CT检查的新生儿80例,随机等分成2组,分别使用120kV、90mAs及120kV、260mAs各扫描40例。其余扫描参数为：准直1．5mm,层厚6mm,重建间隔6mm,床速11．7mm／r,扫描时间0．75s。分别比较2种扫描剂量产生的总mAs、CT权重剂量指数（CTDIw）及剂量长度乘积（DLP）,并作t检验。由3名医师采用盲法评价CT图像。按正常图像、图像有少许伪影、图像有严重伪影的等级对每帧图像进行质量评价,并进行统计学处理。结果：90mAs、260mAs组扫描的CTDIw分别为17．28mGy、49．85mGy,DPL分别为245mGy·cm、711mGy·cm。经t检验,90mAs组的CTDIw、DLP明显低于260mAs组（P〈0．01）。满足诊断需要的低剂量扫描图像所占比例（98．6％）与常规剂量扫描（99．9％）相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的辐射剂量为常规剂量扫描的35％,而且图像不影响诊断,低剂量扫描适用于新生儿头颅CT检查。     

成人颞骨64层螺旋CT低电流扫描临床应用

目的:探讨成人颢骨64层螺旋CT低电流扫描的I临床应用.方法:东芝64层螺旋CT,其他条件相同(120kV,0.5s/rot,螺距因子HP41)时,用200mA、100mA、50mA、40mA、30mA、20mA、10mA的电流对1具成人尸体头颅标本行颞骨扫描,比较不同电流扫描的图像质量.选取能满足临床需求的最低电流mA值对多个临床中心疑耳疾的400例(800耳)成人颢骨CT检查.评价图像的质量和显示精细结构的情况.结果:标本图像质量保持为优时的最低电流为30mA.用该电流进行颞骨扫描,除4耳(2耳颞骨骨纤维异常增殖症,2耳为硬化型乳突)图像稍差,其余均合格,能满足临床需求.颞骨内各结构显示清晰.CTDIVOL平均为9.6mGy,DLP(55.0±4.5)(mGy·cm),有效辐射剂量(ED)为(0.12±0.07)mSv,仅为常规剂量(200mA)的1/5～1/6.图像噪声标准差平均(SD)132±25.结论:64层螺旋CT颞骨低电流扫描(120kV/30mA)方案能满足临床要求,可以常规用于成人颞骨检查.     

面神经管螺旋CT多平面和曲面重建成像的临床应用

目的 探讨螺旋CT多平面和曲面重建成像对面神经管显示的临床应用。方法 对1具尸体头颅标本、2个颅骨标本及43例患者进行颞骨螺旋高分辨CT扫描，层厚1．0mm、间距0．2mm、螺距为1。然后进行冠状面、矢状面及斜面的多平面重建(MPR)和面神经管全程的曲面重建成像，对尸体标本解剖面神经管，并与其断面图像对比。结果 CT图像所见与标本解剖一致，40侧正常耳的面神经管迷路段、水平段在轴面扫描图像上显示最优，面神经管垂直段在矢状面及斜面重建图像上显示最优，曲面重建能显示面神经管连续的全程。中耳乳突炎25耳中，面神经管水平段及垂直段有破坏者分别为6耳及5耳；先天性外耳道闭锁的16耳中，面神经管异常达10耳；外伤后面瘫的5耳中，3耳见有面神经管骨折。面神经管在螺旋CT多平面和曲面重建图像上的表现与临床手术所见相符。结论 螺旋CT多平面和曲面重建成像技术有利于面神经管的显示及其病变的诊断。     

螺旋CT低剂量胸部扫描技术在儿童气管病变中的应用

目的 评价螺旋CT低剂量胸部扫描技术在儿童气管病变的应用价值。方法 150例疑有气管病变的儿童,用3组不同的管电流（40、80、180 mA）行螺旋CT胸部扫描。记录单次加权CT剂量指数（weighted CT dose index,CTDIw）、扫描长度,计算出平均剂量长度乘积（dose-length produce,DLP）。由专家对不同扫描参数的气管后处理所显示的病变与支气管镜检结果进行比较,按Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级图像等级评判图像质量,并进行统计学处理。结果 40、80 mA的CTDIw及DLP与180 mA的比值分别为20.5%、41.0%。各组可符合临床诊断要求的后处理图像差异无统计学意义。40和80 mA扫描诊断的准确性分别为98.3%、100%。结论 螺旋CT低剂量胸部扫描不影响小儿气管图像后处理效果,可清楚显示病变,适用于儿童气管疾病的检查。     

肺部低剂量螺旋CT放射剂量的研究

目的 :评价低剂量与常规剂量螺旋CT扫描的X线放射剂量比。方法 :对肺内结节用 2 0 0mAs行常规剂量螺旋CT扫描 ,扫描参数为 :12 0kV ,层厚 10mm ,扫描间隔 10mm ,螺距 1 5。选取不同层厚 (5mm、10mm)分别用 2 0 0mA、4 0mA、30mA、2 0mA、10mA扫描 ,记录各组每次扫描的单次CT剂量加权指数CTDIw(mGy)及mAs。对所有数据进行统计学处理 ,P <0 0 5时差异有统计学意义。结果 :2 0 0mA常规剂量组之CTDIW及毫安秒值与低剂量各组 (40mA、30mA、2 0、10mA)值比较差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;以 2 0 0mAs常规剂量为标准 ,其余低剂量组 4 0mA ,30mA ,2 0mA ,10mA毫安秒及CTDIw分别降低了 80 %、90 %、95 %。结论 :用 2 0mAs低剂量螺旋CT扫描毫安秒及CTDIW仅仅相当于用 2 0 0mAs的 1/10 ,辐射剂量降低了 90 %。 2 0mA是肺部扫描的最佳剂量 ,具有辐射量小、敏感性强、性价比高的特点 ,值得推广应用。     

儿童人工耳蜗植入术作CT扫描时眼球的放射防护

目的优化儿童人工耳蜗植入术前、后作颞骨CT扫描的曝光参数，减少其辐射危害。方法对疑有颞骨内耳病变者87例（其中人工耳蜗植入手术接受者31例），行颞骨薄层高分辨CT扫描（HRCT），以成人扫描参数为标准，适当调整扫描曝光量及扫描角度，直至图像符合诊断的要求，并分析其曝光量及单次扫描的加权CT剂量指数（CTDIw）和剂量长度乘积（DLP）。结果儿童颞骨CT扫描曝光量及单次扫描的CTDIw值可降低到成人曝光量的66．67％～83．33％，DLP也可降低到66．67％～83．33％，且内耳及植入电极三维重建图像质量优良。结论儿童人工耳蜗植入术前、术后作CT扫描曝光量的适当降低，以及扫描角度的适当调整，可有效地降低颞骨局部的辐射剂量，且有效地避免了儿童眼晶体的直接辐射伤害。     

正常颞骨斜矢状面CT扫描的解剖学表现

目的 探讨听骨,内耳骨迷路及面神经骨管等结构在CT斜矢状面的影像学表现,方法 利用自制木架固定器对63只正常耳行直接斜矢状面扫描,所得影像与尸体颞骨解剖相对照。结果 显示外耳道,上鼓室,乳突窦,听小骨,面神经管乳突段及内耳骨迷路63只耳（100％）,面神经管鼓室段42只耳（66．7％）,面神经管膝部55只耳（87．3％）,前庭导水管58只耳（92．1％）,结论 直接斜矢状面扫描是继横,冠状面扫描之后的一个重要扫描方法 对耳疾病的诊断和临床手术有重要意义。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.