早期黏膜下胃癌微转移和微浸润的临床意义

目的 探讨临床早期黏膜下胃癌的淋巴结微转移和原发灶微浸润的临床意义。方法 对79例早期黏膜下胃癌患者手术切除的1945个淋巴结及68例肿瘤原发灶分别进行连续超薄切片,并应用抗细胞角蛋白(CK)单克隆抗体(CAM5．2)进行免疫组化检测并结合临床病理学指标及患者预后进行综合分析研究。结果 常规HE染色时,淋巴结转移率为13％(10／79),而CK染色为34％(27／79)。早期黏膜下胃癌的微转移发生率为25％(17／69)。68例早期黏膜下胃癌患者中,微浸润的发生率为16％(11,／68)。淋巴结微转移分别多发于肿瘤直径大于2cm(43％),凹陷型(48％),淋巴管侵犯(73％)和深度黏膜下侵犯(53％)的肿瘤。微浸润多发于低分化癌(33％)和深度黏膜下侵犯(31％)的肿瘤。5年生存率在没有微转移的患者为100％,有微转移的患者为82％,有微浸润的患者为73％。结论 CK免疫组化检查在诊断微转移和微浸润上明显优于常规HE检查。淋巴结的微转移和原发灶的微浸润明显影响黏膜下胃癌患者预后。     

Occurrence and prognostic implications of micrometastases in lymph nodes from patients with submucosal gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to assess the incidence of micrometastases of lymph nodes in patients with early gastric cancer invading the submucosal layer and to investigate the correlation between nodal micrometastases and malignancy potential to determine whether micrometastases of lymph nodes have prognostic significance, by use of an anticytokeratin immunohistochemical technique. METHODS: A total of 2272 lymph nodes taken from 88 patients (25.8 per case) were assessed by immunohistochemical technique by use of monoclonal anti-human cytokeratin 8 antibodies. Clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis were compared between patients with and without micrometastases. RESULTS: The incidence of nodal involvement by tumor cells in 88 patients with submucosal gastric cancer increased from 19.3% (17 patients) by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining to 31.8% (28 patients) by cytokeratin immunostaining. The rate of positive node in this study increased from 1.0% (23 of 2272 nodes) by H&E staining to 2.5% (57 of 2272 nodes) by immunostaining (P = .0002). No correlation was observed between the incidence of lymph node micrometastases and various clinicopathologic parameters, including tumor site and size, histological differentiation, Lauren classification, gross tumor type, vascular and lymphatic invasion, and perineural invasion. There was no difference in disease-free survival, estimated by the Kaplan-Meier life-table method, between the micrometastasis-negative and -positive groups (95% and 92.9%, respectively). Multivariate analyses showed that tumor size and diffuse subtype by the Lauren classification were significant factors for survival time (P = .0042 and .014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical staining with an anticytokeratin antibody seems to be of little prognostic value in patients with submucosal gastric carcinoma. Thus, this immunostaining technique does not offer a significant benefit of different strategies for additional therapy or follow-up over conventional pathologic staging with H&E staining.     

Distribution of Lymph Node Metastasis Including Micrometastasis in Gastric Cancer with Submucosal Invasion

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the distribution of lymph node metastases, including micrometastases, according to the location of the gastric cancer with submucosal invasion. A total of 118 patients with submucosal gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. The distribution of lymph node metastases was examined according to tumor location. Immunohistochemical examination using anti-cytokeratin antibody was performed to examine nodal micrometastases in 118 patients. Lymph node metastasis was found in 19.5% (23/118) of the patients. Significant differences were found for tumor size and depth, lymphatic invasion, and venous invasion for patients with and without nodal metastasis. The distribution of lymph node metastasis for tumors at upper or middle portions of the stomach was mainly found along the left gastric artery. The distribution of lymph node metastasis for tumors in the lower and lesser curvature varied. Immunohistochemical analysis found that 15 of 23 patients with lymph node metastasis found by histologic examination had micrometastases. The presence of two or more lymph node micrometastases was found in these 15 patients, and they were distributed in another stations, including distant nodes. The incidence of micrometastasis was 24.2% (23/95) in pN0 patients. Lymph node micrometastases were confined to regional nodes near the primary tumor. When planning minimally invasive treatment for submucosal gastric cancer, it is important to understand the distribution of lymph node metastasis, including micrometastasis, according to tumor location.     

Clinical significance of molecular biological detection of micrometastases in gastric carcinoma]

Micrometastases are considered to be a cause of recurrence after curative surgery for gastric cancer. It is important to clarify the clinicopathologic characteristics of micrometastases in the lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity to determine the treatment options in gastric cancer. Two consecutive sections of lymph nodes from patients with various cancers were examined by simultaneous staining with ordinary hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and immunostaining with anti-cytokeratin antibody, respectively. Micrometastases in the lymph nodes were found in 18% of mucosal cancer, 25% of submucosal cancer, and 65% of T3 (serosal) cancers pecimens, with cancer-free nodes examined by H & E staining. A reduced 5-year survival rate was demonstrated in patients with nodal micrometastases among those with submucosal cancer and those with T3 cancer and cancer-free nodes examined by H & E staining. Molecular biological detection (MBD) of micrometastasis in lavage cytology specimens was performed by RT-PCR of carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA or telomerase activity assay. MBD protocols revealed micrometastases in cases with negative cytology results. Survival analysis demonstrated peritoneal recurrences in MBD-positive cases, whereas there was no recurrence in MBD-negative cases. Peritoneal micrometastases detected by MBD protocols appear to be a significant risk factor for recurrence. Therefore indications for lymph node dissection and postoperative chemotherapy should be determined based on the findings of micrometastases in gastric cancer.     

实时荧光定量PCR检测胃癌淋巴结微转移及其临床意义

目的使用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法检测胃癌淋巴结的微转移情况,并探讨微转移的临床意义。方法收集我院2010年1～6月期间40例行胃癌根治术切除的281枚和10例行胃十二指肠溃疡手术切除的39枚,共计320枚淋巴结标本,以CEA、CK-19和CK-20为引物进行qRT-PCR检测其微转移情况,并分析微转移的临床病理特点。结果 40例胃癌患者中有28例(70.00%)、31枚(15.35%,31/202)淋巴结检测出有微转移。10例胃溃疡的39枚淋巴结标本,HE染色检测和qRT-PCR检测均为阴性。淋巴结微转移的阳性率与肿瘤分化程度、浸润深度和临床分期有关(P<0.05)。结论 qRT-PCR是检测胃癌淋巴结微转移敏感且特异的方法,对胃癌临床分期、判断预后以及治疗方案选择具有重要意义。     

Clinical and prognostic characteristics of papillary clear carcinoma of stomach

Papillary clear carcinoma (PCC), a variant of gastric papillary adenocarcinoma, demonstrates the histologic features of cancer cells with clear cytoplasm and no nuclear polarity, resembling the primitive gut epithelium of the fetus. To clarify the clinical and prognostic characteristics of PCC, we examined operative specimens from 73 patients with gastric papillary adenocarcinoma. Light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections of specimens from 15 patients revealed the features of PCC. The patients with PCC demonstrated a higher incidence of Type 3 gross appearance, tumor invasion into the muscularis propria or beyond, involvement of distal lymph nodes, liver metastasis, elevated serum AFP concentrations, and palliative resections. In two subsets of patients who underwent curative resections of tumors invading the muscularis propria or beyond, those with PCC were found to have a significantly lower survival rate than those with other types of papillary adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). PCC histology was a significant prognostic determinant according to multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model. We conclude that this subclassification of papillary adenocarcinoma, based on the cellular findings, is a useful prognostic indicator, and that intensive adjuvant therapy may be indicated for patients with the features of PCC, even if they have undergone curative resections.     

Predictors of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer.

Data were analysed on 396 patients with early gastric cancer who underwent resection in this department; special reference was made to lymph node metastasis. Metastases were present in the dissected lymph nodes of 47 patients (11.9 per cent). The survival rate for patients with metastasis to lymph nodes was lower than for those without such metastasis (P less than 0.05). Lymph node metastasis was associated with larger tumour, a higher incidence of submucosal invasion, a higher rate of lymphatic vessel involvement, an advanced stage of disease and a non-curative resection rate of 6.4 per cent. Multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with early gastric cancer were large tumour size, lymphatic vessel involvement and invasion into the submucosal layer. In patients with these risk factors, lymph node dissection and postoperative adjuvant therapy should be performed in an attempt to prevent recurrence in the form of lymph node metastasis.     

Clinical impact of micrometastasis of the lymph node in gastric cancer

Micrometastasis in regional lymph nodes has been observed immunohistochemically, but the biological and clinical roles of minute nodal invasion of carcinoma in gastric cancer remain unclear. We used the anti-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) antibody to immunohistochemically detect nodal micrometastatic lesions that could not be identified by routine pathological examination. A total of 4203 lymph nodes were examined in 180 gastric cancer patients. Lymph node metastasis was found in 36 of the 180 patients by routine pathological evaluation. Immunohistochemically micrometastasis was detected in the lymph nodes of 19 node-negative patients. Micrometastasis was not detected in any of the mucosal gastric cancer patients who underwent lymph node dissection. Gastric cancer patients with more than six metastatic lymph nodes all had nodal micrometastasis. Patients with micrometastasis had a significantly poorer survival rate than those without micrometastasis (P < 0.05). Based on the present results the presence of lymph node micrometastasis may provide a more accurate indication for surgical outcome in gastric cancer patients at the same clinical stage.     

Strategy for lymphadenectomy of gastric cancer

To determine the extent of lymphadenectomy necessary to cure early gastric cancer, the relationship between the frequency of nodal involvements and the extent of the primary invasion was examined in 274 patients with primary cancer of the stomach. We also evaluated the relationship between the number of metastatic lymph nodes, the pattern of metastases to the nodes, and the histologic type of the primary tumor. In early gastric cancer, lymph node metastasis was more frequent in protruded-type cancer with invasion into the submucosa more than 3 cm in diameter and located in the lower third of the stomach, but was limited to the group 1 lymph nodes, which were defined as being anatomically located nearest to the cancer. In cancer invading into the muscularis propria, metastasis to the group 2 or 3 lymph nodes, which were defined as being anatomically located farther from the cancer than group 1, was found. The number of lymph nodes involved and extent of cancer metastasis in these lymph nodes metastasis, differentiated early gastric cancer had more lymph node involvement and wider extent of metastases than undifferentiated cancers. The cancer cells sometimes replaced most of the node and invaded the perinodal fatty tissue, even in early gastric cancer. In addition, it is occasionally difficult to distinguish macroscopically early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion from cancer invaded into the muscle layer. In conclusion, group 1 and 2 lymph nodes, including perinodal fatty tissue, should be removed completely, even in early gastric cancer, except for carcinoma in situ, particularly when the cancer is of the differentiated type.     

Is lymphadenectomy needed for all submucosal gastric cancers?

OBJECTIVE: To find out if it is feasible to extend the indication for local resection of submucosal gastric cancer without increasing the risk of lymph node metastases. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital, Japan. SUBJECTS: 104 patients with gastric cancer confined to the submucosal layer who underwent conventional gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy. INTERVENTIONS: The risk of nodal metastases was analysed retrospectively depending on the depth of submucosal invasion, size of the tumour, and other clinicopathological findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The degree of submucosal invasion, size of the tumour, and incidence of lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: 15/104 patients (14%) had lymph node metastases. No patient in whom submucosal invasion was less than 500 microm or tumour was less than 15 mm in diameter developed lymph node metastases. Fewer patients had lymphatic permeation (37/89) and venous involvement (21/89) in the group without lymph node metastases. CONCLUSION: These data seem to support the hypothesis that early, minimally invasive, gastric cancer measuring < 15 mm in diameter could be treated by endoscopic mucosal or local resection, and gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy might be unnecessary.     

Carcinomatous Lymphatic Invasion in Early Gastric Cancer Invading Into the Submucosa

Background: Lymphatic invasion is a risk factor for lymph node metastases in patients with gastric cancer. No studies have been reported, however, on the correlation between lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer invading into the submucosa.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of lymphatic invasion in 170 patients with early gastric cancer invading into the submucosa.Results: Lymphatic invasion was found in 76 patients. Lymphatic invasion correlated significantly with the presence of lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion (P < .05) and with the degree of cancerous submucosal involvement (P < .05). The presence of lymph node metastasis also correlated with the grade of submucosal invasion and lymphatic invasion. The 5-year survival of patients with lymphatic invasion was poorer than that of patients without lymphatic invasion (P < .05). Node-negative patients had similar survival, regardless of the presence of lymphatic invasion. All patients with severe lymphatic invasion had sm3 invasion and lymph node metastases.Conclusion: Although lymphatic invasion is the first stage of lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion in itself does not have clinical importance except for severe invasion in early gastric cancer. It is possible to predict lymph node metastases from the combined evaluation of degree of lymphatic invasion and submucosal involvement of the tumor in patients with early gastric cancer invading into the submucosa.     

Rational management of malignant colon polyps based on long-term follow-up

We reviewed the long-term results of management of 38 patients with carcinoma in colorectal polyps. Of these, 16 patients demonstrated malignant invasion of the lamina propria but not the muscularis mucosa (group I), and 22 patients showed malignant invasion of the muscularis mucosa (group II). Primary therapy for group I patients consisted of polypectomy in 12, local excision in one, and colonic resection in three. One patient had a subsequent abdominal-perineal resection and was found to have no residual disease and no lymph node involvement. Follow-up of the group I patients showed that 11 were alive and well (mean 5.8 years) and five died of unrelated causes (mean 5.2 years). Of group II patients, 12 underwent polypectomy, six local excision, and four colectomy. Of these 22 patients, 11 underwent further operation, including nine major bowel resections and two local re-excisions. None of these 11 patients had either residual tumor or lymph node metastases. One patient died of complications after abdominal-perineal resection. Follow-up showed that 18/22 group II patients were alive and well 5 to 15 years later (mean 7.5 years); four died of unrelated causes (mean 3.2 years). We then reviewed another group of 220 patients who had undergone resection for invasive colon cancer to relate the presence or absence of lymph node metastases to the depth of malignant invasion in the bowel wall. We found that 44% of this entire group had lymph node involvement. Of 36 patients with tumor confined to the bowel wall, nodal metastases occurred in only 22%. Of eight patients with malignancy superficial to the muscularis propria, only one had nodal involvement. We conclude that colon cancer tends to progress in an orderly fashion and the risk of nodal metastases increases with the depth of invasion. Carcinoma in a polyp represents a very early stage of colon cancer. We therefore recommend polypectomy as primary treatment for pedunculated polyps containing carcinoma either superficial to or invading muscularis mucosa. If histologic review demonstrates incomplete excision, lymphatic invasion, or poor differentiation, patients with lesions invading the muscularis mucosa should undergo formal colonic resection.     

Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion: analysis of a single institutional experience

OBJECTIVE: An accurate assessment of a potential lymph node metastasis is an important issue for the appropriate treatment of early gastric cancer. Minimizing the amount of invasive procedures used in cancer treatment is critical for improving the patient's quality of life. Therefore, this study analyzed the predictive risk factors for a lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with a submucosal invasion. METHODS: The data from 1043 patients surgically treated for early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion between 2002 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 layers according to their depth: SM1, SM2, and SM3. The clinicopathological variables predicting a lymph node metastasis were evaluated. RESULTS: A lymph node metastasis was observed in 19.4% of patients. The tumor size, histologic type, Lauren classification, tumor depth, and perineural invasion showed a positive correlation with the rate of lymph node metastasis and N category by univariate analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed the tumor size (>or=2 cm) and lymphatic involvement to be significantly and independently related to lymph node metastasis. The presence of lymphatic involvement was the strongest predictive factor for a lymph node metastasis, being observed in 43.8% of cases in which a lymph node metastasis had been revealed. No lymph node metastasis was observed in the 12 cases with no lymphatic involvement, SM1 invasion, and tumor size <1 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphatic involvement and tumor size are independent risk factors for a lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion. Minimal invasive treatment, such as endoscopic mucosal resection, may be possible in highly selective submucosal cancers with no lymphatic involvement, SM1 invasion, and tumor size <1 cm.     

Clinical Significance of Lymph Node Micrometastasis in Ampullary Carcinoma

Background This study aimed to clarify the clinical significance of lymph node micrometastasis in ampullary carcinoma. Materials and Methods Pancreaticoduodenectomy with regional lymphadenectomy was performed for 50 consecutive patients with ampullary carcinoma. A total of 1,283 regional lymph nodes (median, 25 per patient) were examined histologically for metastases. Overt metastasis was defined as metastasis detected during routine histologic examination with hematoxylin and eosin. Micrometastasis was defined as metastasis first detected by immunohistochemistry with an antibody against cytokeratins 7 and 8. The median follow-up period was 119 months after resection. Results Overt metastasis was positive in 90 lymph nodes from 27 patients. Micrometastasis was positive in 33 lymph nodes from 12 patients, all of whom also had overt nodal metastases. Patients with nodal micrometastasis had a larger number of lymph nodes with overt metastasis (median, 3.5) than those without (median, 0; P < 0.001). Overt metastasis to distant nodes (superior mesenteric nodes, para-aortic nodes) was more frequent (P = 0.001 and P = 0.038, respectively) in patients with nodal micrometastasis. Nodal micrometastasis was found to be a strong independent prognostic factor on univariate (P < 0.0001) and multivariate (relative risk, 5.085; P = 0.007) analyses. From among the 27 patients with overt nodal metastasis, the outcome after resection was significantly worse in the patients with nodal micrometastasis (median survival time of 11 months) than in those without (median survival time of 63 months; P = 0.0009). Conclusions Immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastasis indicates intensive lymphatic spread, and thus adversely affects the survival of patients with ampullary carcinoma.     

Perinodal involvement of cancer cells in gastric cancer patients

BACKGROUND: En-bloc resection for cancer has been a standard procedure based on the concept that there may be a small number of "invisible" cancer cells around the primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes. However, there are few histopathologic studies of this issue. METHODS: Perinodal involvement of cancer cells, defined as existence of cancer cells in the attached fatty tissue around the dissected lymph nodes, was assessed in 123 node-positive and 15 node-negative gastric cancers by both hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Perinodal involvement was found in 79 (57%) of the 138 patients. The incidence was higher in patients with tumors invading the deeper layer, the macroscopic diffuse type, the presence of lymphatic or vascular invasion (P<.05), and advanced disease (stage I, 17%; II, 62%; III, 67%; IV, 80%). Survival of patients with perinodal involvement was less than that of patients without perinodal involvement (46% vs 87%; P<.005). Perinodal involvement was found, by multivariate analyses, to be a significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Perinodal cancer cells are observed frequently in gastric cancers with lymph node metastases, and the involvement appears to be a reliable prognostic factor for gastric cancers.     

Port Site Metastasis After Laparoscopic-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy (LADG)

This report describes a case of port site metastasis after laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. A 57-year-old man with clinical cTNM stage II (T2 N0 M0) gastric cancer was admitted to our hospital. After administration of an oral fluoropyrimidine drug (S-1) for 2 weeks, he underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG). On hematoxylin and eosin staining, the pTNM stage was IA (T1b N0 M0). Eighteen months later, the patient developed a subcutaneous metastasis at the trocar site. A second operation was performed, and the abdominal wall mass was resected. The histological finding confirmed a diagnosis of metastatic gastric carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed micrometastasis in fat tissue adjacent to the lymph node near the left gastric artery. Surgeons should be aware that port site metastasis can occur in patients undergoing LADG for gastric cancer with lymphatic micrometastasis, which is undetectable on routine hematoxylin and eosin staining.     

EMA在pT1-3N0胃癌淋巴结微转移检测中的意义

目的pT1-3N0期胃癌术后临床病理因素（性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、大体分型、浸润胃壁深度、分化程度、血管侵润和淋巴管浸润）和淋巴结微转移对术后5年无瘤生存率的影响。方法纳入研究对象为pT1-3N0期胃癌共有108例,均为胃肠组医师行胃癌根治术。术后平均随访65.12个月（22～120个月）,每位患者淋巴结9枚至28枚不等,将所有淋巴结用EMA指标进行免疫组化染色。临床病理因素及微转移对5年无瘤生存率的影响进行统计分析。结果“肿瘤直径”（P=0.033）,“浸润胃壁深度”（P=0.024）和“是否有淋巴管浸润”（P=0.005）与淋巴结的上皮膜抗原（EMA）表达有正相关性,而其他临床病理因素与淋巴结EMA表达无明显相关性。临床病理因素对5年无瘤生存率无明显影响。淋巴结EMA表达阴性,孤立肿瘤细胞巢（Isolated Tumor Cells,ITCs）和微转移（Micrometastasis,MCM）的患者,5年无瘤生存率分别为88.50%,75.60%和44.40%。ITCs与EMA（-）的患者5年无瘤生存率无显著差别（P=0.360）,而MCM与EMA（-）的患者5年无瘤生存率出现明显差别（P=0.002）。结论对于pT1-3N0期胃癌,若淋巴结中检测出微转移,其预后较差,术后复发率较高,术后应予以积极的辅助治疗。     

Lymph Node Status in Patients with Submucosal Gastric Cancer

Background The aim of this study was to clarify the lymph node status in patients with submucosal gastric cancer.Methods Between April 1994 and December 1999, 615 patients with histologically proven submucosal gastric cancer who underwent curative resection were included in this study. The results of the surgery and predictive factors for lymph node metastasis were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. The accuracy of the predictive factors was assessed in a second population of a further 186 patients.Results Lymph node metastasis was observed in 119 patients (19.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that pathologic tumor diameter (≥20 mm) and lymphatic invasion were independent predictive factors for lymph node metastasis. The incidence of lymph node metastasis without these 2 predictive factors was 1.8% (2 of 113), and it was 51.2% (85 of 166) with the 2 predictive factors, 9.5% (14 of 148) in tumors <20 mm in diameter, and 5.3% (22 of 414) in tumors without lymphatic invasion. Among patients with a tumor <20 mm in diameter, the incidence of lymph node metastasis was significantly reduced in those with a differentiated tumor: 4.2% (4 of 95). These results were almost identical to those observed in the second population.Conclusions Lymph node status can be accurately predicted on the basis of pathologic tumor diameter <20 mm, lymphatic invasion (absence), and histological type (differentiated) in patients with submucosal gastric cancer. Less extensive surgery for these patients might be reconsidered after confirmation of the reproducibility of the results of this study by an appropriately designed prospective clinical trial.     

远端胃癌淋巴结转移规律与淋巴结清扫方式的探讨

目的 探讨远端胃癌的淋巴结转移规律和合理的淋巴结清扫方式.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2010年12月间福建省立医院接受根治性手术的545例远端1/3胃癌患者的临床资料.按不同浸润深度进行分层,分析各组淋巴结的转移率.结果 全组患者淋巴结转移率为38.2％（208/545）.黏膜癌的淋巴结转移率为2.0％（2/99）,且均局限于第1站淋巴结.黏膜下癌淋巴结转移率为18.9％（18/95）,明显高于黏膜癌（P＜0.01）;其中第2站淋巴结中No.7,8,9组转移率分别为5.3％（5/94）、3.2％（3/94）和1.1％（1/89）;此外,有3.2％（3/95）的患者出现除No.7,8,9组之外的第2站淋巴结转移,包括No.1,11p,No.12淋巴结.当肿瘤浸润至肌层或更深层时,淋巴结转移率显著升高（P＜0.01）.结论 对于远端1/3胃黏膜癌,D1清扫即可;对于浸润肌层或更深层的肿瘤,应行标准D2清扫;而对黏膜下癌,需要扩大D1＋清扫的范围.