三维电解剖标测系统指导下射频消融治疗右室流出道室性早搏的研究

目的：探讨三维电解剖标测系统（CARTO）指导下右室流出道（RVOT）室性早搏导管消融治疗的临床应用价值。方法选择15例药物治疗无效的频发 RVOT室性早搏患者,自发或药物及心室程序刺激诱发室性早搏频繁发作后,在 CARTO指导下重建右室流出道,构建三维电激动图并指导消融,观察消融即刻成功率、手术时间、消融时间和 X线曝光时间及并发症情况,并通过随访评价导管消融后的远期疗效。结果15例患者均完成 CARTO指导下右室流出道电解剖重建,室性早搏的解剖部位主要位于RVOT间隔面,少数起源于肺动脉瓣上和游离壁,消融放电（2.4±1.2）次,累计放电时间（120±23）s,手术时间（1.62±0.35）h,X线曝光时间（8.8±2.6）min,所有患者术中即刻均达到消融终点。随访3个月~6个月无复发病例。结论 CARTO三维电解剖标测指导下消融频发 RVOT室性早搏安全有效,同时消融手术时间短,曝光时间少,远期疗效好。     

常规标测与球囊电极三维标测指导右室间隔部室性早搏射频消融比较

目的：比较常规电生理标测与Ensite array球囊标测指导下对特发性右室间隔部室性早搏导管射频消融的效果。方法将88例右室间隔部室早患者分为2组,39例室早采用常规电生理标测、49例室早采用Ensite array球囊标测。比较射频消融治疗时2组靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间、消融时间、手术总时间,观察随访疗效。结果与常规电生理标测相比, Ensite array 球囊标测室早靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间、消融时间、手术总时间均显著缩短（P＜0．01）;2组的即刻成功率均为100％;术后1个月随访时,常规电生理标测组有5例室早复发;Ensitearray球囊标测组有1例复发。结论 Ensitearray球囊标测可缩短手术时间、降低术后复发率。     

两种标测方法指导特发性右室流出道室性早搏射频消融的比较

目的比较常规电生理标测与心内非接触式(EnSite)标测指导下对特发性右室流出道室性早搏(简称室早)导管射频消融的有效性和安全性。方法36例室早患者采用常规电生理标测、13例室早采用EnSite标测指导射频消融。比较两组靶点标测时间、消融时间、X线曝光时间、手术总时间;检测两组术前及术后1,7天C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)和磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的变化,观察随访疗效。结果与常规电生理标测比较,EnSite标测指导下,室早靶点标测时间、消融时间、X线曝光时间、手术总时间均明显缩短(P<0.01);心肌损伤指标CRP、cTnT和CK-MB均明显降低(P<0.01);两组的即刻成功率均为100%;术后1个月随访时,常规电生理标测组3例室早复发;EnSite标测组无复发病例。术后3个月时,两组均无复发病例。结论EnSite标测缩短手术时间、减轻心肌损伤、降低术后复发率。     

多电极高密度标测在右室流出道室性心律失常中的临床应用

目的探讨多电极高密度标测结合三维标测系统定位在右室流出道(RVOT)来源室性早搏(PVC)/室性心动过速(VT)中临床应用的可行性和有效性。方法回顾2015年1月至2016年7月期间来本院接受导管射频消融手术的RVOT来源PVC/VT患者。按照标测方式分为多电极高密度标测(HDM)组,和逐点标测(PBP)组。每例患者均使用EnSite Velocity三维标测系统对临床PVC或VT进行标测。HDM组使用20极多电极标测导管Livewire DuoDeca进行高密度激动顺序标测,PBP组使用4极消融导管进行逐点激动顺序标测。两组均在寻找到起源点后进行导管射频消融治疗,观察手术即刻成功率和术中参数。结果共入选266例,HDM组161例,PBP组105例。两组手术成功率无差异[97.7%(260/266)vs 98.8%(159/161),P=0.168]。总体手术时间、标测时间HDM组显著低于PBP组[(29.2±4.4)min vs(61.6±17.8)min,(6.3±2.2)min vs(20.3±5.4)min,P0.000 1]。采集激动标测点数目HDM组显著多于PBP组[(465±113)个vs(46±18)个,P0.000 1]。X线曝光时间HDM组显著低于PBP组[(6.6±1.9)min vs(11.7±4.2)min,P=0.000 3]。X线曝光剂量HDM组显著低于PBP组[(6.4±2.4)mGy vs(8.7±1.6)mGy,P=0.004]。靶点电位领先体表QRS起始时程两组无差异。结论使用多电极高密度激动顺序标测指导RVOT起源的PVC/VT可以显著缩短手术时间,减少X线曝光,且手术即刻成功率不劣于常规逐点标测。     

采用心内非接触式标测的右心室流出道室性心动过速的射频消融

目的 右心室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT)的解剖结构使得对该部位的室性心动过速(ventricular tachyeardia,VT,室速)标测定位的难度较大,远期成功率也较低,为此,采用心内非接触式标测指导导管消融。方法 20例患者(男性12例,女性8例),年龄14～59(35.1±12.3)岁。其中6例有晕厥或黑矇史,7例既往曾接受射频消融未获成功。全部患者均在RVOT内放置EnSite3000标测导管,在窦性心律下进行疤痕标测和心动过速时进行最早激动标测,并根据标测结果使用EnSite 3000导管的导航功能指导消融定位。消融前并进行起搏标测。结果 20例患者共诱发出22种RVOT室速,其中3例还伴其它起源的室性早搏(室早)。疤痕标测提示,13例患者有电学意义上的疤痕区域,且有11例室速起源于该疤痕区域。25个室速或室早起源点中1例起源于近肺动脉瓣口部,10个位于间隔侧,其余均偏游离壁,其中7个偏RVOT后壁中、下部,4个偏前壁中、下部,3个位于游离壁侧;病变基质的直径为6～42 mm,平均(16.8±9.2)mm。非接触式标测所确定的最早激动处电位平均领先体表20～62(41.0±13.8)ms;与自发的室性心动过速相比,起搏标测下14例的12个导联QRS形态完全一致,11/12个导联一致的为10例,1例有10/12导联一致。全部室速和室早均消融成功。在标测确定的     

Carto系统与常规方法指导消融频发右室流出道室性早搏的比较

目的通过对应用Carto电解剖标测系统(Carto系统)与常规方法指导射频消融治疗频发右室流出道室性早搏(RVOT-PVCs)的比较,评价其临床应用。方法 68例频发RVOT-PVCs患者,其中Carto组36例,运用Carto系统重建右室流出道三维电解剖图后行电解剖标测靶点并予冷盐水灌注电极进行消融;另32例在X线下常规标测和消融,为常规组。比较两组的手术时间、靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间、总放电次数及有效放电率、消融成功率、并发症和随访复发结果。结果手术时间、即时成功率两组无差别(P0.05)。与常规组相比,Carto组靶点标测时间明显缩短(50.8±10.2minvs71.9±20.9min),X线曝光时间缩短(15.5±3.8minvs27.0±7.1min),总放电次数减少(5.8±1.2次vs9.4±1.8次),有效放电率增高(48.1%±12.2%vs31.5%±7.9%),复发率降低(2.8%vs9.4%),P均0.05。两组均无并发症。结论两种标测方法消融频发RVOT-PVCs均有效,安全。但Carto系统对复杂的多源多形早搏有明显的优势。     

20极标测电极指导左室乳头肌起源室性期前收缩射频消融的初步应用

目的：探讨应用20极标测电极（DD电极）指导左室乳头肌起源室性期前收缩（室早）射频消融的可行性及有效性。方法：回顾性收集阜外医院2019年5月至2019年12月间11例左室乳头肌起源的频发室早患者，按照标测方法分为DD标测组（6例）和传统4极消融导管逐点（PBP）标测组（5例），确定理想的室早起源靶点后进行放电消融。收集两组患者临床资料、心电图资料以及术中参数，观察两种标测方法随访期的消融成功率。结果：本研究共纳入11例左室乳头肌频发室早患者，年龄41±18岁，男性5例(45.5%)，平均24h室早负荷18.6%±8.2%。与PBP标测组相比，DD标测组总手术时间（95.8±7.4 vs. 141.2±12.3min）、消融时间（6.1±3.0 vs. 15.8±4.7min）、射线曝光时间（14.2±1.5 vs. 24.4±5.4min）明显缩短，消融点数（6.8±1.9 vs. 14.8±3.6个）明显减少，室早时靶点局部V波领先体表室早QRS间期(37.8±7.2 vs. 25.4±2.8ms)明显提前。术中及术后随访期间，DD标测组未发生标测及消融相关并发症，而PBP标测组术中出现1例心包积液。随访15.1±1.3月，DD标测组所有患者经射频消融后均无室早再发，成功率为100%，而PBP标测组3例消融成功，成功率为60%。结论：DD电极可易化左室乳头肌室早射频消融，缩短手术时间及减少X线曝光，随访期消融成功率均较高，具有良好的可行性及有效性。     

三维影像融合技术指引导管消融治疗心房颤动

目的 探索三维影像融合技术指引导管消融治疗心房颤动的意义。方法 入选66例房颤患者,随机分为两组,Carto组(32例)和Carto-Merge组(34例),分别在单独Carto三维标测和Carto-Merge融合CT影像指导下行环肺静脉前庭线性消融,持续性房颤和持久性房颤附加行左房顶部、二尖瓣峡部线和右房三尖瓣峡部线消融,消融终点为环肺静脉彻底隔离,消融线双向阻滞,术后随访18个月。对比两组手术操作时间、射频消融时间、X线曝光时间、手术并发症及随访成功率和房性心律失常复发构成比的差异。结果 ①两组患者基线资料无明显差异(P>0.05);②Carto-Merge组肺静脉即时隔离率高于Carto组,平均手术操作、射频消融、X线曝光时间及并发症发生率均低于Carto组(P<0.05);③随访完成后,两组射频消融成功率、复发房性心律失常构成类型比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论 三维电解剖标测合并CT影像融合在保证房颤射频消融成功率的前提下,提高了手术效率,降低手术并发症,减少X线曝光,尤其对初期开展房颤消融工作度过学习曲线大有帮助,值得临床射频电生理手术尝试应用。     

特发性左室室性心动过速非接触球囊导管系统的标测与消融

介绍非接触球囊导管标测系统 (EnSite 30 0 0系统 )指导难治性特发性左室室性心动过速的标测与射频消融的初步经验。 5例男性病人 ,年龄 33± 17(17～ 6 2 )岁 ,常规方法标测和导管消融失败 2 .4± 1.1(1～ 4)次。常规放置高位右房和右室电生理导管 ,运用置入左室的 6 4极球囊导管和大头电极 ,系统重建三维心内膜几何模型和等电势 ,经右室导管诱发VT ,心动过速周期为 32 3.8± 48.1ms。EnSite 30 0 0系统标测到VT的最早激动点分别位于左后间隔中下部、左侧间隔后下部左束支下方、后下间隔近心尖部、左室后壁近基底部和左后间隔中部。在最早激动点和关键峡部分别行点状、环状和线性消融。 2例患者在心动过速时放电、3例患者在窦性心律时消融 ,均获成功。成功消融靶点处的单极电图均为QS型。X线曝光时间为 2 5± 12min。随访 7.8± 4.6 (1～ 11)个月所有患者均未发作心动过速。结果表明 ,与常规方法比较 ,EnSite 30 0 0系统所建立的心腔三维模拟等电势图可直观地显示心动过速的起源点、传导途径和关键峡部 ,系统模拟的单极腔内电图的形态也有助于判断病灶起源部位及提高消融成功率 ,尤其适用于常规方法消融失败的室性心律失常的标测 ,其独特的导航系统可引导消融导管到达靶点部位指导射频消融 ,并可减少X?     

射频导管消融治疗室性早搏的临床评价

目的探讨射频导管消融治疗室性早搏（室早）的适应证及临床效果.方法对47例右心室流出道（RVOT）室早,5例左心室流出道（LVOT）室早,2例左心室流人道室早,分别采用起搏标测或起搏与激动标测结合的方法进行标测消融.结果消融术成功的有47例,好转的有5例,失败2例.术后随访6个月至5年,仅1例患者在术中诱发心室颤动,经电复律成功.结论射频导管消融治疗室早是一种安全、有效的方法,其适应证可适当放宽.     

Open-window mapping of accessory pathways utilizing high-density mapping

Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology - Accessory pathway (AP) mapping is currently based on point-by-point mapping and identifying if a local electrogram’s origin is atrial,...     

非接触球囊导管标测系统指导心律失常的心内膜标测和导航消融

目的:观察非接触球囊导管标测系统指导疑难心律失常的标测与射频消融的有效性与优越性。方法:6例患者,男5例,女1例,年龄28~50(36.2±12.3)岁。电生理检查为右室特发性室性期前收缩1例,左房房性心动过速1例,右房房性心动过速2例,左房心房颤动2例。其中3例常规电生理标测消融未获成功。经股静脉置入64极球囊电极和射频消融导管至同一心腔,计算机标测系统首先构建心腔几何构型,然后建立心动过速的腔内等电势图,分析心动过速的起源点及关键峡部,利用计算机导航系统指导消融导管至拟定靶点处进行消融。结果:1例起源于右室流出道偏间隔的室性期前收缩患者行片状消融获得成功,1例左房房性心动过速标测其心动过速起源于右肺下静脉间隔部,并指引消融导管行右肺下静脉至二尖瓣之间线性消融获得成功,2例右房房性心动过速中1例标测其最早激动点位于下腔静脉口,此处行环状消融获得成功,另1例位于上腔静脉后方穿过界嵴中部线性消融获得成功。2例左房心房颤动患者,1例在窦性心律下其致心房颤动房性期前收缩起源于左右上肺静脉之间,行线性消融成功;另1例在心房颤动持续发作下行左上下肺静脉环状消融及左右上肺静脉间线性消融成功。6例患者术中、术后均无并发症发生,随访4~13个月,无一例复发。结论:非接触球囊导管标测指导心律失常的心内膜标测与消融是安全有效的,对复杂、难治性心律失常的电生理机制的阐明和指导消融具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Endocardial mapping of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia using noncontact activation mapping

INTRODUCTION: Activation mapping and pace mapping identify successful ablation sites for catheter ablation of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia. These methods are limited in patients with nonsustained tachycardia or isolated ventricular ectopic beats. We investigated the feasibility of using noncontact mapping to guide the ablation of RVOT arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine patients with RVOT tachycardia and three patients with ectopic beats were studied using noncontact mapping. A multielectrode array catheter was introduced into the RVOT and tachycardia was analyzed using a virtual geometry. The earliest endocardial activation estimated by virtual electrograms was displayed on an isopotential color map and measured 33 +/- 13 msec before onset of QRS. Virtual unipolar electrograms at this site demonstrated QS morphology. Guided by a locator signal, ablation was performed with a mean of 6.9 +/- 2.2 radiofrequency deliveries. Acute success was achieved in all patients. During follow-up, one patient had a recurrence of RVOT tachycardia. Compared with patients (n = 21) who underwent catheter ablation using a conventional approach, a higher success rate was achieved by noncontact mapping. Procedure time was significantly longer in the noncontact mapping group. Fluoroscopy time was not significantly different in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Noncontact mapping can be used as a reliable tool to identify the site of earliest endocardial activation and to guide the ablation procedure in patients with RVOT tachycardia and in patients with ectopic beats originating from the RVOT.     

Body surface potential mapping for mapping and treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation

Techniques facilitating individual mapping and ablation of arrhythmogenic substrates are desired to enhance our understanding of persistent atrial fibrillation (persAF) mechanisms as a prerequisite to increasing the success rates of single procedure persAF catheter ablation. The technique of body surface potential mapping (BSM) involves the use of multiple electrodes to collect the potentials over a large body surface area and, with the use of a computed tomography scan, it facilitates their correlation to a 3D model of the atrial structures. During AF,the visualization and localization of AF driver activity, both reentrant and focal wavefronts, is possible with this technique. The ECVUE system from CardioInsight was examined for this indication in clinical studies and showed a termination rate of persAF of 63?% in a large multicenter trial (AFACART) with a promising low recurrence rate during follow-up. From our initial experience, the system appears to be effective in persAF patients who have continuous AF for less than ?1 year. However, the utility of the system for highly challenging cases like long-standing persistent AF and patients with very short AF cycle length remains to be explored. Further studies are needed to confirm these data and answer the multitude of open questions in this field.     

Phylogenetic fate mapping

Cell fate maps describe how the sequence of cell division, migration, and apoptosis transform a zygote into an adult. Yet, it is only in Caenorhabditis elegans where microscopic observation of each cell division has allowed for construction of a complete fate map. More complex, and opaque, animals prove less yielding. DNA replication, however, generates somatic mutations. Consequently, multicellular organisms comprise mosaics where most cells acquire unique genomes that are potentially capable of delineating their ancestry. Here we take a phylogenetic approach to passively retrace embryonic relationships by deducing the order in which mutations have arisen during development. We show that polyguanine repeat DNA sequences are particularly useful genetic markers, because they frequently change length during mitosis. To demonstrate feasibility, we phylogenetically reconstruct the lineage of cultured mouse NIH 3T3 cells based on mutations affecting the length of polyguanine markers. We then employ whole genome amplification to genotype polyguanine markers in single cells taken from a mouse and use phylogenetics to infer the developmental relationships of the sampled tissues. The result is consistent with the present understanding of embryogenesis and demonstrates the large scale potential of this method for producing a complete mammalian cell fate at the resolution of a single cell.     

Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type: Densely defined mapping

The classical degree function constructed earlier for pseudomonotone mappings has been used to develop a broader degree theory of classical type for the sum of a maximal monotone map from a reflexive Banach space to its dual together with a bounded pseudomonotone map. The proof uses the generalized Yosida approximation of the maximal monotone mapping.     

Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type: Strongly nonlinear mapping

The classical degree function constructed earlier for pseudomonotone mappings has been used to develop a broader degree theory of classical type for the sum of a maximal monotone map from a reflexive Banach space to its dual together with a bounded pseudomonotone map. The proof uses the generalized Yosida approximation of the maximal monotone mapping.     

Epicardial isopotential mapping from body surface isopotential mapping in myocardial infarction

It is useful to construct the epicardial isopotential mapping (the Ep Map) from the body surface isopotential mapping (the Body Map) for clinical diagnosis of cardiac disease, even though there are many unsolved problems in using the inverse solution. Yamashita et al. carried out this solution by using the finite element technique. In the present study, the clinical value of that method has been investigated in cases of myocardial infarction. The Ep Maps at 20, 25 and 30 msec. from the beginning of the QRS complex were obtained from the Body Map at the same time by using that method; the infarcted areas on the Ep Map were determined by using Toyama's method which was reported in a previous study. The infarcted area at 30 msec. on the Ep Map was located at the anterior wall along the ventricular septum in anterior infarction and at the posterior wall of the left ventricle in inferoposterior infarction. Patients were independently examined with the scintigram with thallium-201 and the infarcted area was coincident to the location of the abnormal findings of the scintigram. Moreover, the size of the infarcted area on the Ep Map and the size of the abnormal findings of the scintigram were parallel in most cases except one.