咽鼓管功能障碍在慢性化脓性中耳炎患者中的发生情况分析

目的探讨成人慢性化脓性中耳炎患者的咽鼓管功能障碍发生情况,为临床诊断与治疗提供参考依据。方法采用正-负压平衡试验结合纯音测听、咽鼓管鼓室-气流动态图法,检测241例(266耳)慢性化脓性中耳炎鼓膜穿孔患者(A组)和53例(60耳)外伤性鼓膜穿孔(B组)的咽鼓管主动和被动开放功能,分析咽鼓管功能障碍的发生率。结果 A组的咽鼓管平均开放压(155.62±33.71da Pa)显著高于B组(67.39±16.57da Pa)(P0.05)。正压平衡试验中A组有207耳(77.82%)的外耳道鼓室压可以恢复至50da Pa以下,负压平衡试验A组有50耳(18.80%)不能降到100da Pa以下,而B组均能恢复至50da Pa以下(100%),两组有显著性差异(P0.05)。A组有47例(17.67%)无法完成Valsalva动作或困难,B组均能成功完成Valsalva动作。A组纯音测听ABG30d B的比例(96.62%)与B组(95%)相比无显著性差异,其最大鼓室压差(17.28±.33da Pa)大于B组(14.53±4.06da Pa),A组咽鼓管的主动及被动开放功能较B组差,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。综合分析得A组咽鼓管阻塞型95耳,咽鼓管闭锁不全型76耳,即A组ETDF的发生率为64.29%(171/266)。B组咽鼓管闭锁不全型2耳,58例为正常,ETDF的发生率为3.33%(2/60),两组有显著性差异(P0.05)。此外研究表明,CSOM患者的咽鼓管功能障碍以阻塞型为主,其中胆脂瘤型和骨疡型中耳炎多表现为咽鼓管功能障碍。CSOM患者的咽鼓管功能障碍亦与其鼓膜穿孔的部位及大小有关。结论咽鼓管功能障碍的发生率在CSOM患者中较高,其咽鼓管功能与CSOM类型、鼓膜穿孔有关。     

分泌性中耳炎咽鼓管功能障碍的临床观察

目的：分析成人分泌性中耳炎咽鼓管主动和被动开放功能,方法：以正－负压平衡试验法,检测34耳外伤性鼓膜穿孔和57耳分泌性中耳炎鼓膜切开后的咽鼓管功能。结果：外伤性鼓膜穿孔耳的咽鼓管开放压分布在175－400kPa间,正压平衡试验时,经3次吞咽全部受检耳外耳道压力都降至所加压力的一半以下,负压平衡试验时,全部受检耳外耳道压力都有部分恢复。在57耳分泌性中耳炎耳中,咽鼓管开放压超过400kPa的11耳;正压平衡试验时,23耳不能恢复到压负荷的一半水平,负压平衡试验时,45耳经3次以上吞咽,外耳道鼓室压基本无变化。结论：成人分泌性中耳炎的咽鼓管功能,以负压平衡试验障碍为主,表现为主动开放功能不良。     

声导抗测试对慢性化脓性中耳炎咽鼓管功能的评价

目的:运用声导抗测试探讨不同类型、病程和病情的慢性化脓性中耳炎的咽鼓管功能。方法:采用声导抗仪手动ETF-P咽鼓管功能(鼓膜穿孔)记录模式,对368例402耳慢性化脓性中耳炎进行测试,并根据患者的病程、鼓膜穿孔部位和中耳炎类型进行测试结果的统计学分析。结果:慢性化脓性中耳炎咽鼓管平均正压开放压在通畅时为(23.5±8.3)daPa、轻度阻塞时为(79.8±16.2)daPa、严重阻塞时为(154.1±28.7)daPa、如>200 daPa仍不开放则为咽鼓管完全阻塞。咽鼓管通畅者为50.5%、轻度阻塞为26.9%、严重阻塞为11.9%、完全阻塞为10.7%,咽鼓管通畅者明显多于各类阻塞者。在3个月~1年病程的患者中咽鼓管通畅所占的比例明显低于其他病程组。紧张部大穿孔的咽鼓管开放压显著低于紧张部小穿孔和松弛部穿孔,而咽鼓管阻塞发生的比例却显著低于紧张部小穿孔和松弛部穿孔。结论:慢性化脓性中耳炎约1/2患者的咽鼓管是通畅的,轻度阻塞约占1/4,严重阻塞和完全阻塞各约占1/10。咽鼓管的功能与中耳炎的病程、类型和鼓膜的穿孔部位有关。运用声导抗测试对慢性化脓性中耳炎的咽鼓管功能进行评价是一种简便易行、无创快速、易于判别、较为准确的检测方法。     

咽鼓管主动开放通气及泵吸排液机制的探讨

应用自制的咽鼓管功能检测仪对外伤性鼓膜穿孔及中耳炎患者进行气流动态吞咽试验，正压吞咽试验，负压吞咽试验及微负压吞咽试验，获得了比较客观地反映不同受检者咽鼓管主动开放功能的图形有数据。检测结果提示：咽鼓管主动吞咽开放是一相当复杂的生物力学活动过程，不但与平衡中耳气压的通气功能有关，而且与泵吸排液及防止逆行感染有关。     

Ⅰ型鼓室成形术中咽鼓管功能的评估及其对疗效的影响

目的通过对采用Ⅰ型鼓室成形术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎(chronic suppurative otitis media,CSOM)患者的临床资料进行分析,探讨咽鼓管功能及其评估对其疗效的影响。方法分析64例(64耳)采用I型鼓室成形术治疗CSOM的患者资料,根据咽鼓管功能检测(ETS)结果分为咽鼓管功能障碍组及咽鼓管功能正常组。观察声导抗正-负压平衡法与ETS两种检测方法的一致率及两组患者术前及术后的气导听阈值变化、气骨导差值变化、鼓膜愈合、听力改善、干耳时间和并发症等指标情况。结果声导抗正-负平衡法与ETS两种检测方法一致率为76.56%,咽鼓管功能正常组和咽鼓管功能障碍组患者术后的气导听阈值和气骨导差均低于术前(P<0.05),两组在术前及术后(3个月、6个月)的气导听阈值、气骨导差及其差值变化,听力改善率、干耳时间等指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而两组患者在的鼓膜愈合率、术后干耳率及术后并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论声导抗正负压平衡法结合ETS检测法对鼓膜穿孔患者进行主客观咽鼓管功能检测,可提高咽鼓管功能检测的准确率,可作为咽鼓管功能检测的补充手段。     

咽鼓管主动开放通气及泵吸排液机制的探讨

应用自制的咽鼓管功能检测仪对外伤性鼓膜穿孔及中耳炎患者进行气流动态吞咽试验（ＤＦＳＴ）、正压吞咽试验（ＰＳＴ）、负压吞咽试验（ＮＳＴ）及微负压吞咽试验（ＭＮＳＴ），获得了比较客观地反映不同受检者咽鼓管主动开放功能的图形和数据。检测结果提示：咽鼓管主动吞咽开放是一相当复杂的生物力学活动过程，不但与平衡中耳气压的通气功能有关，而且与泵吸排液及防止逆行感染有关。     

慢性中耳炎患者咽鼓管功能的评价

咽鼓管的粘膜纤毛系统在慢性中耳炎的发病机制及外科手术的预后方面起重要作用，约有２５％的鼓膜成形术失败可归因于咽鼓管功能不良。咽鼓管主动开放和被动开放的能力可作为衡量其功能的两个参数。该文就此介绍了一种客观检测咽鼓管功能的方法，即自动咽鼓管功能检测法。研究对象分为两组：慢性中耳炎（ＣＯＭ）组和对照组。ＣＯＭ组标准：鼓膜穿孔６个月以上，乳突硬化型，不包括鼓膜外伤性穿孔及有急性炎症表现者，共４９人６０耳，平均年龄３６．３岁（１１～７０岁），其中女性２６人。对照组为无耳疾病主诉且耳镜检查正常者，共７３人…     

慢性中耳炎咽鼓管鼓室口病变对咽鼓管功能的影响

目的 :探讨慢性中耳炎咽鼓管鼓室口病变与咽鼓管功能障碍的关系。方法 :用鼓室镜及咽鼓管功能检查仪对 4 4例 (45耳 )慢性中耳炎患者 ,进行术前咽鼓管鼓室口观察和咽鼓管功能检查 ,并对检查结果进行对比分析。结果 :4 5耳慢性中耳炎中 ,咽鼓管鼓室口正常 17耳 ,骨刺增生、黏膜肿胀等轻度病变者 18耳 ,黏膜肿胀或肉芽增生致管腔明显狭窄的重度病变有 10耳 ,其中 9耳咽鼓管功能呈阻塞型改变。结论 :咽鼓管鼓室口及骨部的骨刺增生、黏膜肿胀、肉芽形成是慢性中耳炎的常见病变 ,鼓室口及骨部的阻塞是导致慢性中耳炎咽鼓管阻塞的原因。     

同期咽鼓管球囊扩张在慢性中耳炎治疗的短期疗效观察

目的探讨中耳手术同期咽鼓管球囊扩张术在慢性化脓性中耳炎并重度咽鼓管功能障碍的疗效。方法收集重度咽鼓管功能障碍并慢性化脓性中耳炎患者共18例(20耳)。所有慢性化脓性中耳炎患者术前通过正负压平衡试验、Valsalva动作难易程度评分均证实为重度咽鼓管功能障碍。保守治疗无效的情况下,行中耳手术并同期咽鼓管球囊扩张术。术前以及术后1月、3月和6月均用咽鼓管功能障碍问卷(ETDQ-7)对主观症状进行测评,对Valsalva动作难易程度进行评分,纯音测听评估听力情况。结果术后1月、3月、6月,耳受压感、耳闷胀感、鼻炎或感冒时耳相关症状、耳痛均有改善;术后3月、6月听声朦胧感比术前改善;耳响铃声和耳水泡声,术后1月、3月、6月与术前相比均未见统计学差异。术后所有患者鼓膜移植物生长良好,未见内陷和穿孔;术后1月、3月和6月,Valsalva动作难易程度和气骨导差与术前相比均有不同程度改善。结论小样本随访发现中耳手术同期行咽鼓管球囊扩张术对慢性化脓性中耳炎并重度咽鼓管功能障碍患者短期治疗效果良好,其远期确切疗效有待对更大宗群体行进一步观察。     

外伤性鼓膜穿孔和单纯慢性化脓性中耳炎鼓膜成形术的疗效比较

目的回顾性分析外伤性鼓膜穿孔与单纯型慢性化脓性中耳炎的鼓膜成形术后愈合率及手术前后的听力变化。方法 2008年7月~2011年7月于我科接受首次手术治疗的住院患者,外伤性鼓膜穿孔组19例(20耳),单纯型慢性化脓性中耳炎54例(55耳)。术前及术后三个月随访使用电子耳镜检查鼓膜像,听力评估以500Hz、1000Hz、2000Hz和4000Hz的气骨导差(AirBoneGap,ABG)平均数x-±s表示。结果外伤性鼓膜穿孔的手术愈合率是70.00%(14/20)。单纯型慢性化脓性中耳炎手术愈合率为92.73%(51/55),连续校正的X2=4.74,P<0.05;鼓膜愈合率与年龄、手术方式(外置或内置)以及穿孔大小未见明显相关性。外伤性鼓膜穿孔患者术前平均ABG为17.25±5.81dBHL,单纯型慢性化脓性中耳炎患者术前平均ABG为23.34±9.53dB,两组术前平均听力比较t=2.68,p=0.003。外伤性鼓膜愈合的14例术前平均ABG为17.85±6.15dB,术后为10.58±5.99dB,p=0.005;单纯型慢性化脓性中耳炎组51例鼓膜愈合术前ABG为23.35±9.76dB,术后为14.28±10.53dB,p=0.001,两组术后听力较术前均有明显提高。结论外伤性鼓膜穿孔手术修补成功率较慢性化脓性中耳炎为低。多数外伤性鼓膜穿孔的听力损失较单纯型慢性化脓性中耳炎要轻,而手术成功率更低,需要耳科医生在术前谈话中注意交代手术风险与收益。     

Cytokines in children with otitis media with effusion

We assayed 38 middle ear effusions from 23 children aged 4–13 years (mean 7) undergoing tympanostomy tube placements. All fluid was assayed for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-8, and IL-10. Cytokine concentrations were measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Detectable levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 were found in all of the effusions. TNF-α was detected in 18 of the middle ear effusions (47.4%). The mean concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 was, respectively, 0.423 ± 1.39, 30.58 ± 68.7, 7001.9 ± 6743, and 56 ± 58.7 pg/ml. There was a strong, statistically significant correlation between the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β (r = 0.87, P = 0.001) and between IL-1β and IL-8 (r = 0.53, P = 0.001). There was no correlation between the concentrations of IL-10 and other cytokines examined or between tympanic membrane pathology and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, or IL-10. The presence of IL-10 in middle ear effusions may be one of the causes of a lack of clinical features of acute inflammation and may lead to a chronic inflammatory state. Received: 25 August 1999 / Accepted: 5 January 2000     

Otoacoustic emissions in children with otitis media with effusion

OBJECTIVES: Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) are transmitted from the cochlea to the ear canal via the middle ear and the transmission properties of the middle ear directly influence OAE characteristics. The purpose of this study was to establish the mechanisms of changes occurred in middle ear by tympanometric, audiometric and OAE examination. METHODS: Audiometric and tympanometric examination were performed and otoacoustic emissions were recorded from 22 normal ears and 52 ears with middle ear effusions and repeated 3 months later. RESULTS: Results of the air conduction in study group were significantly different from the control group and we found significant recovery in 3 months. When we analysed the DPOAE evaluation results in our study, some of the DPOAE parameters were found to be different between the control and the study group at low frequencies. Changes in the amplitude, especially at low frequencies, were statistically significant after 3 months. CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed that measurement of otoacoustic emissions, especially distortion product otoacoustic emissions, is helpful in evaluating the condition of middle ear during the treatment.     

Speech improvement with velopharyngoplasty in patients with lip-jaw-palate clefts

BACKGROUND: Despite successful closure of the hard and soft palate and intensive speech therapy a velopharyngeal insufficiency is not completely avoidable in each case of cleft palate. An improvement by velopharyngoplasty should be possible. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and ninety patients suffering from cleft palate were examined before and one year after velopharyngoplasty according to Sanvenero-Rosselli. Four main symptoms of the affected speech were assessed: changes of the resonance, inappropriate nasal air emission, articulary disorders (deviations from articulation areas), and non-physiological facial expression during speaking, each divided into three grades. Afterwards, the complete speech quality was classified. RESULTS: Assessing the symptoms separately and summarised the therapy including velopharyngoplasty was suitable to improve the speech quality in 83.1% of the cases, resulting in a widely unaffected speech. The improvement was greater in younger patients undergoing operation (Gamma-test, p < 0.001). But the final results were independent from age due to poorer initial situation in younger patients (Gamma-test, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The velopharyngoplasty is an important method for repair of velopharyngeal insufficiency in patients with cleft palate. In each individual case it is necessary to consider carefully if and when this operation should be performed. An intensive interdisciplinary co-operation of all specialists involved in the treatment is indispensable.     

Vestibular rehabilitation with biofeedback in patients with central imbalance

Central Nervous System disorders may cause important functional unbalance in the maintenance of balance and posture. There is no effective rehabilitation for these symptoms until now.ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of tongue electrotactile stimulation on patients with central imbalance using BrainPort.Materials and MethodsThis is a prospective case series study. We evaluated 8 patients with central imbalance, 6 men and 2 women, with mean age of 67.75 years. The patients were submitted to Computed Dynamic Posturography (CDP) and then received 18 sessions of electrotactile stimulation by BrainPort® device for 20 minutes, twice a day. Then they were submitted to a new CDP test and to a self-perception scale to assess symptom remission, partial improvement and no improvement at all.Results75% of the patients reported being more stable. There was no improvement in the balance control of the mass center in these patients.ConclusionThe patients were able to use the electrotactile stimulus to improve their balance control.     

Multifrequency tympanometry in adults with otitis media with effusion

We compared the diagnostic values of multifrequency tympanometry (MFT) and conventional 226-Hz tympanometry in adults with otitis media with effusion (OME) and discuss whether the resonant frequency (RF) can be used as a reliable method in adults with OME. Prospective study was designed to compare the normal hearing group and the group with OME. In the OME group (n = 85), conductive or mixed hearing loss was found, air-bone gap was more than 10 dBHL, and acoustic reflex was not elicited. In the normal hearing group (n = 36), pure tone threshold was less than or equal to 15 dBHL and air-bone gap was less than 10 dBHL. Levene's test was used to compare the difference between the OME group and the normal hearing group on day1, day15, day30, day90, respectively. The relationship among multifrequency tympanometry, 226-Hz tympanometry and acoustic reflex test in ears recovering from OME was also investigated. A statistically significant decrease in RF value was found in ears with OME compared to normative data. In follow-up visits, both the RF values and the percentage of type A tympanograms increased while the percentage of type B and C tympanograms decreased. A high agreement between middle ear resonant frequency test and acoustic reflex test in ears recovering from OME was found. The resonant frequency test provides more detailed information than the 226-Hz tympanometry. Multifrequency tympanometry may be a more sensitive and objective diagnostic tool in adults with OME.     

Treatment of sinusitis with corticosteroids in combination with antibiotics in experimentally induced rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of corticosteroids, antibiotics, and their combination in the therapy of experimental bacterial rhinosinusitis. METHODS: Twenty-eight rabbits underwent experimental induction of bacterial rhinosinusitis with Staphylococcus aureus. The animals were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (saline solution, methylprednisolone, cefazolin sodium, methylprednisolone-cefazolin sodium) for 7 days. After the treatment period, sinus mucosa samples of the animals were examined stereologically. In addition, mucosa samples were used in the determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. RESULTS: Methylprednisolone, cefazolin, and methylprednisolone-cefazolin had a positive effect on the reduction of neutrophil infiltration to the sinus mucosa in experimental bacterial rhinosinusitis as compared to the group treated with saline solution. However, the effects of methylprednisolone, cefazolin, and methylprednisolone-cefazolin did not significantly differ (p > .05). Similarly, the use of methylprednisolone, cefazolin, and methylprednisolone-cefazolin decreased MPO activity as compared to the group with saline solution (p < .05), and the difference among methylprednisolone, cefazolin, and methylprednisolone-cefazolin was statistically significant (p < .05). The most significant decrease in MPO (neutrophil marker enzyme) activity was determined in the animals treated with methylprednisolone-cefazolin (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Administering corticosteroids as an adjunct to antibiotics may accelerate the healing process in experimentally induced rhinosinusitis. In this model of rhinosinusitis, an MPO assay was supportive of this hypothesis, although stereological examination showed no statistically significant difference.     

Decreased miRNA-320e correlates with allergy in children with otitis media with effusion

ObjectiveOtitis media with effusion (OME) is a common childhood disease and the main cause of conductive hearing loss in this age group. Many factors predispose to OME but allergy is still widely disputed. The answer may lay in the molecular mechanisms of ear exudate formation and the recent studies showed miRNAs might take part in it. MiRNAs are also potent regulators of allergic response. As miRNAs are present in the middle ear, we hypothesized their expression differs between allergic and non-allergic patients and reflects the difference in pathomechanism of effusion formation between these two groups.Materials and methodsThis study aimed to establish the expression of 5 different miRNAs (miR-223-3p, miR-451a, miR-16-5p, miR-320e, miR-25-3p) in ear exudates in children diagnosed with OME. The allergy group consisted of 18 patients whereas the non-allergic group had 36 patients. MicroRNA was isolated from the middle ear fluid collected during myringotomy and transcribed into cDNA. MiRNA expression was measured with TaqMan™ MicroRNA Assays and analyzed with DataAssist software. The comparative CT method was used for calculating the relative quantification of gene expression based on the endogenous control gene expression (U6 snRNA-001973).ResultsMiR-320e expression was significantly decreased in allergic children with OME. Other studied miRNAs also showed reduced expression in allergic children, but the decrease was not significant.ConclusionsMiRNA expression differs between children with and without allergy in the course of OME, but further studies are needed to explain the exact role of miR-320e and its target genes in OME pathology in allergic patients.     

Predictors of outcome in children with otitis media with effusion

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the commonest cause of hearing impairment in young children. The fluctuating nature of the condition makes identification of those with persistent disease difficult without subjecting each child to a period of ‘watchful waiting’. The aim of this study was to determine if the outcome of this observation period could in any way be predicted. The study involved the retrospective analysis of 517 children, aged 3–15 years (mean 5 years and 4 months) in whom the diagnosis of OME had been established. All children had been subjected to an observation period before a decision on surgery was taken. There was a significant correlation between the degree of hearing loss at presentation and after the period of observation. Sex was not a reliable predictor of outcome, but age less than 4 years and presentation in autumn or winter were associated with a poor audiometric outcome. This study identifies a predictive influence on the resolution of OME for these three factors and points the way for future research aimed at identifying the subgroup of children with OME who would benefit from early surgical intervention.     

Treatment of otitis media with effusion in children with mucopolysaccharidoses

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a constant finding in children with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). Affected children may also present the anaesthetist with a difficult airway. A 7-year retrospective review of the management of OME in individuals with MPS was carried out. Nine patients were identified. All had a number of short-term ventilation tube insertions (one to four, mean two) before a diagnosis of MPS was made. Following diagnosis three required repeated short-term ventilation tubes insertions (two to four, mean three), four had long-term ventilation tube insertions once only. Five children who had residual hearing loss were provided with hearing aids but compliance was poor in two. Once a diagnosis of MPS has been made, a hearing aid, if compliant, or a long-term ventilation tube would be a better option than a short term one in order to minimise the anaesthetic risk. A 'watch and wait' policy is not recommended.