外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤的CT和MRI影像学表现

目的 探讨外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤(pPNETs)的CT和MRI表现,以提高pPNETs诊断的准确性.方法 9例经手术病理证实的pPNETs患者中,4例术前经螺旋CT或多排螺旋CT平扫或增强扫描;6例经自旋回波T1WI、快速自旋回波T2WI和屏气扰相梯度回波T1WI 3个序列平扫,动态增强采用屏气快速多层面扰相位梯度重聚成像T1WI快速扫描序列.将CT和MRI表现与手术病理结果进行对照分析.结果 pPNETs位于肌肉6例,盆腔2例,胸腔1例.肿瘤呈椭圆形4例,不规则形5例.肿瘤直径7.4～18.3 cm,平均11.6 cm,境界不清.2例病灶信号和密度均匀,无明显坏死和囊变;7例病灶有明显的坏死和囊变,其中位于胸腔和盆腔的3例肿瘤均可见显著坏死和囊变.CT平扫肿瘤密度与邻近肌肉相仿,增强扫描呈中等程度以上的强化,双期增强呈进行性持续强化,强化不均匀.MRI T1WI序列肿瘤实体成分呈不均匀等信号或略低信号,T2WI呈不均匀略高信号或高信号,MRI增强强化程度较CT强化显著,强化更不均匀.位于肌肉的6个病灶均位于神经路径,可见明显软组织肿块包绕骨骼,3例骨骼破坏轻微,2例骨骼破坏明显,直径与软组织肿块相仿,1例骨骼破坏直径超过软组织肿块.骨质破坏位于骨髓腔,为溶骨性骨质破坏,无肿瘤成骨,无明显骨膜反应.结论 pPNETs多见于儿童或青少年,多位于四肢、躯干的神经路径上,肿瘤体积较大,边缘不规则,境界很不清楚,强化显著且不均匀;位于胸、腹、盆腔的肿瘤坏死和囊变显著,位于四肢的肿瘤包绕骨骼,或坏死和囊变,或密度、信号相对均匀.pPNETs不仅具有神经源性肿瘤坏死和囊变及明显强化的特征,还具有小细胞恶性肿瘤浸润生长的特征.     

外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤的CT和MRI影像学表现

目的 探讨外周型原始神经外胚层肿瘤(pPNETs)的CT和MRI表现,以提高pPNETs诊断的准确性.方法 9例经手术病理证实的pPNETs患者中,4例术前经螺旋CT或多排螺旋CT平扫或增强扫描;6例经自旋回波T1WI、快速自旋回波T2WI和屏气扰相梯度回波T1WI 3个序列平扫,动态增强采用屏气快速多层面扰相位梯度重聚成像T1WI快速扫描序列.将CT和MRI表现与手术病理结果进行对照分析.结果 pPNETs位于肌肉6例,盆腔2例,胸腔1例.肿瘤呈椭圆形4例,不规则形5例.肿瘤直径7.4～18.3 cm,平均11.6 cm,境界不清.2例病灶信号和密度均匀,无明显坏死和囊变;7例病灶有明显的坏死和囊变,其中位于胸腔和盆腔的3例肿瘤均可见显著坏死和囊变.CT平扫肿瘤密度与邻近肌肉相仿,增强扫描呈中等程度以上的强化,双期增强呈进行性持续强化,强化不均匀.MRI T1WI序列肿瘤实体成分呈不均匀等信号或略低信号,T2WI呈不均匀略高信号或高信号,MRI增强强化程度较CT强化显著,强化更不均匀.位于肌肉的6个病灶均位于神经路径,可见明显软组织肿块包绕骨骼,3例骨骼破坏轻微,2例骨骼破坏明显,直径与软组织肿块相仿,1例骨骼破坏直径超过软组织肿块.骨质破坏位于骨髓腔,为溶骨性骨质破坏,无肿瘤成骨,无明显骨膜反应.结论 pPNETs多见于儿童或青少年,多位于四肢、躯干的神经路径上,肿瘤体积较大,边缘不规则,境界很不清楚,强化显著且不均匀;位于胸、腹、盆腔的肿瘤坏死和囊变显著,位于四肢的肿瘤包绕骨骼,或坏死和囊变,或密度、信号相对均匀.pPNETs不仅具有神经源性肿瘤坏死和囊变及明显强化的特征,还具有小细胞恶性肿瘤浸润生长的特征.     

颅内少突-星形细胞瘤的CT、MRI表现

目的探讨颅内少突-星形细胞瘤的CT、MRI特征和诊断价值。方法对17例经手术病理证实的颅内少突-星形细胞瘤患者进行临床和影像学分析。结果（1）17例均行CT、MRI平扫及增强检查,病灶均位于大脑半球且累及灰白质。额叶3例,顶叶2例,颞叶1例,额顶叶5例,颞顶叶4例,枕顶叶2例。（2）MRI表现：肿瘤T1WI加权呈等或低信号,T2WI加权呈稍高或高信号,DWI和SE-EPI成像,病灶及周围水肿呈高信号。（3）CT平扫病灶呈等或低密度,9例病灶内钙化,8例多发囊性低密度区。（4）增强扫描：病灶呈明显不均匀强化。实性部分轻至中度强化,囊变区无强化。结论颅内少突-星形细胞瘤临床及影像学表现无特异性。CT及MRI检查可明确病灶部位及范围,定性诊断须结合临床及病理学检查。     

膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的影像学特征及其与预后的关系

目的探讨膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的影像学特征及其与预后的关系。方法 2010年9月到2013年12月诊治的骨巨细胞瘤患者230例,都给予了病理与MRI诊断,手术方式均为肿瘤刮除术,观察预后情况。结果在MRI表现中,230例患者病变中心性生长129例,偏心性101例;T1WI低或呈中等信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号;信号环完整180例,无水肿80例。所有患者均完成手术,术后3个月的复发率为9.6%,总体优良率为90.9%。相关性分析显示,MRI影像学中的T2WI信号特征、软组织肿块形成、信号环完整性、病变生长特征与肿瘤复发和总体优良率有关(P<0.05)。结论膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤患者可通过MRI诊断获得早期诊断,肿瘤刮除术的术后功能恢复比较好,复发率比较低,MRI的相关影像学特征与预后有明显相关性。     

骨孤立性浆细胞瘤的影像学表现

目的:探讨骨孤立性浆细胞瘤（SBP）的影像学表现,以提高对该病的诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析2012年9月至2020年9月山西省原平市第一人民医院就诊的8例不同部位SBP患者临床及影像学资料,影像学检查包括CT、磁共振成像（MRI）平扫及MRI增强扫描。结果:8例患者病变部位包括胸椎3例、腰椎2例、颅骨2例、肋骨1例,其中影像学检查误诊为胸椎转移瘤、胸椎结核、腰椎淋巴瘤、颅骨脑膜瘤各1例。所有患者均呈溶骨型骨质破坏,可伴有骨质膨胀性改变及软组织肿块。5例椎体病灶均表现为椎体压缩变扁,CT呈等/低密度,T1WI呈等/低信号,T2WI呈低/稍高信号,其中2例呈典型"微脑征"。2例颅骨病灶CT呈稍高密度,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈等/混杂高信号。肋骨病灶CT呈等密度,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈稍高信号。4例MRI增强扫描病灶呈明显均匀强化。结论:不同部位SBP均表现为溶骨型骨质破坏,病灶及软组织肿块均一强化。"微脑征"为脊柱SBP特异性影像学征象。     

颅内血管外皮细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨颅内血管外皮细胞瘤(hemangiopericytoma,HPC)的CT和MRI特征。方法回顾分析6例经手术、病理证实的颅内HPC的CT和MRI表现,结合文献报道总结本病的诊断与鉴别诊断要点。结果6例病灶分布较为分散,呈圆形或椭圆形3例,不规则形3例,最小为4.1cm×4.3cm×2.2cm,最大病灶呈类圆形,约7.1cm直径。CT呈高密度2例,低密度1例。MRI上T1WI低信号4例、等信号2例,T2WI上呈等信号2例、不均匀高信号4例。病灶内见出血2例、出现坏死囊变2例,见血管流空现象5例、脑膜尾征2例、周围见轻度水肿1例,中度水肿3例,重度水肿2例。CT和MRI增强后均强化显著,其中不均匀强化4例,较均匀强化2例。颅骨骨质破坏1例,呈虫蚀状改变。肿瘤均有较明显占位效应。进行了MRV、MRA成像各1例,能显示肿瘤所致之周围血管及静脉窦之改变。结论颅内HPC与脑膜瘤的鉴别较为困难,CT和MRI结合有助于对颅内血管外皮细胞瘤的诊断,MRA和MRV能显示肿瘤与周围血管情况,对临床决定手术方式有帮助。     

脑室内肿瘤影像学表现及临床特点

目的 探讨不同类型脑室内肿瘤的影像学表现及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析22例经手术病理证实的脑室内肿瘤,总结其MRI、CT影像学表现及临床特点.结果 22例中室管膜瘤7例,脉络丛乳头状瘤、髓母细胞瘤各4例,生殖细胞瘤、中枢神经细胞瘤、室管膜下瘤各1例,室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤和脑膜瘤各2例.男性儿童和青少年患者所占比例较大,发生于侧脑室最多,透明隔病变最少. 脉络丛乳头状瘤仅见于侧脑室内、室管膜瘤第四脑室多见、生殖细胞瘤蝶鞍多见、脑膜瘤侧脑室三角区多见,室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤室间孔区多见. MRI大部分肿瘤T1WI呈等或低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,增强扫描大部分呈不均匀强化;钙化囊变多见,出血少见;几乎都有脑积水、半数发生脑水肿.结论 脑室内肿瘤有其临床症状特点及影像学征象,MRI及CT对脑室内肿瘤诊断有明显的优势.     

骨巨细胞瘤影像学诊断价值的比较

目的通过骨巨细胞瘤常见和典型的X线、CT及MRI表现的比较,提高对该病诊断和鉴别诊断的能力。方法回顾性分析19例经手术病理证实为骨巨细胞瘤患者的X线、CT及MRI表现。结果 X线平片表现:溶骨性骨质破坏14例,均呈膨胀性生长,边界尚清晰;硬化性骨质破坏1例,病理性骨折。CT表现:13例呈偏心膨胀性骨质破坏,均见局限性硬化边,12例见棘状、尖角状、条索状骨嵴及硬化边征象,10例软组织肿块影。MRI表现:7例MRI T1WI上均主体呈等信号夹杂少量低信号,T2WI及T2压脂相呈低信号等信号、高混杂信号,DWI呈高信号。结论骨巨细胞瘤的影像学表现为偏心性、膨胀性溶骨破坏,X线平片、CT及MRI影像检查相互补充,能够增加骨巨细胞瘤诊断及鉴别诊断的准确性。     

31例局限型腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像表现分析

摘 要：［目的］ 分析局限型腱鞘巨细胞瘤（L-GCTTS)的影像表现,提高对其的诊断水平。［方法］ 回顾性分析经病理证实的31例L-GCTTS患者的X线、CT及MRI表现。［结果］ 17例X线显示稍高密度软组织肿块,其中7例跨关节生长,4例并相邻骨质压迫性吸收,边缘硬化,无骨膜反应,3例伴骨质小囊状破坏。10例X线未见异常表现。5例CT平扫显示软组织肿块和骨质改变较X线更清晰。14例MRI中,T1WI上10例呈等信号,4例呈等低信号;T2WI上信号高低混杂,12例T1WI及T2WI上均见低信号病灶。增强扫描后,8例呈明显强化,4例呈中度强化。［结论］ 腱鞘巨细胞瘤的影像学表现具有一定的特征性,且其对诊断、指导临床治疗和随访具有重要价值。     

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的影像学表现特点,提高术前诊断的准确率.方法 回顾性分析加例经手术病理证实为膀胱非上皮性肿瘤患者的临床病理和影像学检查资料,其中平滑肌瘤9例,嗜铬细胞瘤6例,平滑肌肉瘤2例,横纹肌肉瘤、癌肉瘤及炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤各1例.结果 平滑肌瘤呈圆形,边缘清晰、锐利,密度均匀;MRI的TIWI及T2WI序列均呈低信号;7例患者行cT增强扫描,有6例表现为轻度强化;4例患者行彩色多普勒超声检查,有3例显示为血流不丰富或有少许血流.嗜铬细胞瘤呈圆形或卵圆形,有时略有分叶,边缘清楚,密度均匀,1例伴有钙化;MRI的T1WI序列呈低信号、T2WI序列呈明显高信号;6例患者行CT增强扫描,有4例呈高度强化;5例患者行彩色多普勒超声检查,有3例显示为血流丰富.炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的影像学表现同嗜铬细胞瘤.其他恶性肿瘤旱不规则实性肿块,边缘模糊,密度不均匀;CT增强扫描呈不均匀中等强化.结论 膀胱平滑肌瘤及嗜铬细胞瘤的影像学表现有一定特点,再结合临床症状,术前能够作出正确诊断;其他恶性肿瘤的影像学表现无特征,仅能作出定性诊断.影像学检查是膀胱非上皮性肿瘤有价值的检查方法 ,术前可提供肿瘤部位及部分肿瘤性质的信息,有助于临床制定治疗计划.     

Intraventricular neurocytoma

Intraventricular neurocytoma is a rare cerebral tumour which is usually associated with a good prognosis. It has imaging features which help differentiate it from other cerebral tumours. We report three cases including the first to originate from the pineal gland. The report emphasizes the radiological appearance and reviews the literature.     

Benign central neurocytoma

BACKGROUND: "Central neurocytoma" is classically considered as an intraventricular benign tumor, largely based on data from small retrospective series. The authors present prospective data on 12 patients with tumors diagnosed as central neurocytoma, to highlight the diverse nature of this tumor and challenge the classic notion. METHODS: Between 1991 and 1997, 12 patients had tumors diagnosed prospectively as "central neurocytoma". Clinical, radiologic, and histologic data were collected, and Karnofsky performance score was evaluated for each patient. Proliferation marker studies were performed using Ki-67 labeling index. RESULTS: In two patients, the tumors were located in atypical locations, namely, the parietal lobe and the spine. Aggressive behavior characterized by clinical and radiologic evidence of tumor progression was noted in two additional patients. In both these cases, unusually high proliferation rates of 5.3% and 11.2% were noted. Total excision of the tumor, when possible, was the treatment of choice. Postoperative radiotherapy to the residual tumor may be of benefit in patients with clinically aggressive tumors, or those with high proliferation rates. CONCLUSIONS: Given the findings of this study, it is suggested that the traditional concept of central neurocytoma as a benign intraventricular tumor warrants reconsideration.     

Central neurocytoma with malignant course

Central neurocytoma is a benign neuronal tumor of young adults in the lateral cerebral ventricles with characteristic X ray and light microscopic findings. In many respects typical central neurocytoma is reported below, with recurrence in the third month requiring reoperation. Death ensued in the fifth postoperative month. Subsequent histology proved progressive vascular proliferation and increasing, unusual glial differentiation of the neuronal tumor. At autopsy tumorous seeding blocked the liquor circulation. A thin tumorous layer covered the surface of all ventricles, the cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The GFAP positive cells out-numbered the synaptophysin positive ones. Increase of GFAP positivity and vascular proliferation of the central neurocytoma may be alarming signs suggesting a malignant course in addition to the other atypical features.     

Intraventricular neurocytoma: four cases report

Summary Intraventricular neurocytoma, a newly identified disease entity with probably not so rare incidence, has several distinctive clinico-pathological characteristics. Four cases are presented. As in the other cases reported in the literature [1–7], the characteristic features are young age, location close to the junction of the septum pellucidum and foramen of Monro, and well-differentiated neuronal origin pathologically.     

A rare case of extraventricular neurocytoma

We report an unusual case of extraventricular (cerebral) neurocytoma with a long, 25-year history, and which appeared to transform to neuroblastoma. In 1978, an 18-year-old woman was treated for right frontal oligodendroglioma. Eighteen years later (in 1996), recurrence of tumor in the fourth ventricle was noted and was treated with gamma-knife radiotherapy. The tumor shrunk transiently, but 7 years later (in 2004), MRI study demonstrated a second recurrence and ventricular dissemination. Partial removal was performed, and histological examination revealed that tumor cells had round or oval nuclei with halos. Frequent mitoses and vascular proliferation were observed. The MIB-1 LI was 80%. Despite postoperative whole-brain radiotherapy to a total dose of 30 Gy, the tumor progressed, and she died at 4 months after the second surgery.     

Extraaxial neurocytoma in the skull base

Extraventricular neurocytoma is an uncommon neuronal tumor, located outside the cerebral ventricles, which shows histological features similar to those of central neurocytoma. Most extraventricular neurocytomas are situated in the intraaxial regions of the central nervous system. We report a rare case of an extraaxial neurocytoma in the sphenocavernous-petroclival region that was successfully treated by radiation therapy following partial removal and pathological evaluation of the tumor.