湖南部分医学院学生自杀认知水平的调查研究

Objective:To study the knowledge about suicide among medical students in Hunan province of China and to provide scientific basis for preventing suicide. Methods:A total of 446 students were selected by random cluster sampling techniques and their knowledge of suicide was assessed by the Suicide Knowledge Questionnaire. Results, The correctness rates of three schools were 58.29%, 59.14% and 57.94% respectively. School teaching was the main channel for medical students to obtain suicide knowledge. Conclusion: Medical students have not received adequate education on suicide, and have some severe misunderstanding about suicide.     

关于股票个体投资者应付方式的研究

Objective: To study the coping style of Chinese stock investors. Methods: Coping Style Questionnaire was sent to 1840 stock investors. Results: Solving- problem and Retreat were often used; the coping style was significantly different among investors of different investing time, investing cycle, profit and loss, and self - evaluation on stock knowledge. Investors of different time of investing were significantly different in the coping skill of seeking help and rationalization. Negative coping ways were more adopted by the investors of long investing cycle,and loss or no profit or loss. Conclusion: We need pay attention to investors'mental health, especially to the long- time invest and investor of loss; it will improve the investers' ability to cope with setlmcks when we help them to master more stock knowledge.     

A survey of HIV infection and related high-risk factors among men who have sex with men in Suzhou,Jiangsu,China

A cross-sectional study using the snowball sampling method was conducted in May 2008 to investigate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status and related high risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Suzhou city of Jiangsu province. The researchers carried out a face-to-face questionnaire interview among MSM, and collected their blood samples to test for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Among the 280 respondents, 91.1% had homosexual acts in the past 6 months and 87.5% had multiple homosexual partners; 46.4% had heterosexual sex in the past 6 months and 33.1% had multiple heterosexual partners. The rate of continued condom use was 44.3% in homosexual sex in the past 6 months, while the rate in heterosexual sex was 33.9%. Laboratory test results showed that the prevalences of HIV and syphilis were 7.1% (20/280) and 15.0% (42/280), respectively, but no HCV-positive person was found. In the multivariate logistic regression model, subjects with a monthly income of more than RMB $ 1,000 (OR=4.83,95% CI=1.44-16.22), subjects who often went to bars for sexual partners (OR=2.25, 95%CI=1.21-4.20), and subjects who had more than one sexual partner in the past 6 months (OR=0.49, 95%CI=0.25-0.97) and had sex with fixed sexual partners in the past 6 months (OR=0.42, 95%CI=0.25-0.75) were significantly associated with the rate of continued condom use in homosexual sex in the past 6 months. Unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners were more common among MSM in Suzhou city; furthermore, the prevalences of HIV infection and syphilis were relatively high. HIV preventive measures should be designed to address these risk factors and control the spread of HIV among MSM.     

Th1型和Th2型细胞因子对人中性粒细胞吞噬结核杆菌活性的影响

Objective To establish a flowcytometry method for detecting phagocysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mth) by the human peripheral blood neutrophils( PMNs), and to explore the effects of Thl and Th2 cytokine on phagocytotic activity of PMNs. Methods By using acid-fast staining the phagocytosis of Mtb by human neutrophil was observed by microscopy, and the phagocytosis of FTTC labeled Mtb by human neutrophils was detected under confocal microscope. The whole fresh peripheral blood of healthy adults was incubated with FTTC labeled Mtb and the phagocytosis were measured by flow cytometry. The altered phagocytosis of FTTC-Mtb by neutrophils pretreated with IL-2, IFN-γ, GM-CSF or IL-4 were measured. Results Human peripheral blood neutrophils activity of Mtb phagocytosis was observed by acid-fast staining and confocal microscope. The percentage of phagocytosis of Mtb was dependent on the time of incubation with Mtb. The percentages were 47% at 5 min and reached plateau about 66% ～72% at 15 min to 20 min.Pretreatment with different concentrations of IL-2 or IFN-γincreased the phagocytosis of Mtb by 76.7% and 75.2%, respectively; but pretreatment with IL-4 decreased the phagocytosis by 31.7%. Conclusion IL-2and IFN-γcan increase phagocytosis of Mth by neutrophils; while IL-4 can reduced neutrophil activity of phagocytosis of Mtb by human neutrophils, and demonstrate that Th1/Th2 type cytokins involve in regulating the acitvities of neutrophils anti-Mtb infection.     

Th1型和Th2型细胞因子对人中性粒细胞吞噬结核杆菌活性的影响

Objective To establish a flowcytometry method for detecting phagocysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mth) by the human peripheral blood neutrophils( PMNs), and to explore the effects of Thl and Th2 cytokine on phagocytotic activity of PMNs. Methods By using acid-fast staining the phagocytosis of Mtb by human neutrophil was observed by microscopy, and the phagocytosis of FTTC labeled Mtb by human neutrophils was detected under confocal microscope. The whole fresh peripheral blood of healthy adults was incubated with FTTC labeled Mtb and the phagocytosis were measured by flow cytometry. The altered phagocytosis of FTTC-Mtb by neutrophils pretreated with IL-2, IFN-γ, GM-CSF or IL-4 were measured. Results Human peripheral blood neutrophils activity of Mtb phagocytosis was observed by acid-fast staining and confocal microscope. The percentage of phagocytosis of Mtb was dependent on the time of incubation with Mtb. The percentages were 47% at 5 min and reached plateau about 66% ～72% at 15 min to 20 min.Pretreatment with different concentrations of IL-2 or IFN-γincreased the phagocytosis of Mtb by 76.7% and 75.2%, respectively; but pretreatment with IL-4 decreased the phagocytosis by 31.7%. Conclusion IL-2and IFN-γcan increase phagocytosis of Mth by neutrophils; while IL-4 can reduced neutrophil activity of phagocytosis of Mtb by human neutrophils, and demonstrate that Th1/Th2 type cytokins involve in regulating the acitvities of neutrophils anti-Mtb infection.     

Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection

The male and female reproductive tracts are complex microenvironments that have diverse functional demands. The immune system in the reproductive tract has the demanding task of providing a protective environment for a fetal allograft while simultaneously conferring protection against potential pathogens. As such, it has evolved a unique set of adaptations, primarily under the influence of sex hormones, which make it distinct from other mucosal sites. Here, we discuss the various components of the immune system that are present in both the male and female reproductive tracts, including innate soluble factors and cells and humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity under homeostatic conditions. We review the evidence showing unique phenotypic and functional characteristics of immune cells and responses in the male and female reproductive tracts that exhibit compartmentalization from systemic immunity and discuss how these features are influenced by sex hormones. We also examine the interactions among the reproductive tract, sex hormones and immune responses following HIV-1 infection. An improved understanding of the unique characteristics of the male and female reproductive tracts will provide insights into improving clinical treatments of the immunological causes of infertility and the design of prophylactic interventions for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.     

Maternal risk factors for low birth weight for term births in a developed region in China:a hospital-based study of 55,633 pregnancies

Low birth weight (LBW) is an important risk factor for neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity in adults..However,no large scale study on the prevalence of LBW and related maternal risk factors in China has been published.To explore the effects of maternal factors on LBW for term birth in China,we conducted a hospital-based retrospective study of 55,633 Chinese pregnancy cases between 2001 and 2008.Maternal sociodemographic data,history of infertility and contraceptive use were obtained.Their medical status and diseases during pre-pregnancy were examined by physical examination at the first antenatal care visit.Maternal medical status before childbirth and pregnancy outcomes,including body weight,infant gender,multiple pregnancy and congenital anomalies,were recorded.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression,and linear regression were used to investigate the relationship between maternal factors and term LBW.The general incidence of term LBW was 1.70% in the developed area of China.After preliminary analysis using the univariate model,low primary education,anemia,hypertensive disorders,placental previa,oligohydramnios and premature rupture of membrane were predicted as independent factors of term LBW in the multivariate model.Furthermore,the decrease in annual frquencies of these risk factors were major causes of gradual decline in the incidence of LBW (from 2.43% in 2001 to 1.21% in 2008).The study demonstrated that among maternal factors,primary education,anemia and hypertensive disorders could contribute to LBW for term birth even in the most developed area of China.     

Autoantibodies highly increased in patients with thyroid dysfunction

To evaluate the significance of antithyroid antibodie levels, five hundred and twenty-six patients with thyroid diseases and 292 health subjects from Yuci district, Shanxi province, China, were studied. Serum levels were determined for thyroid hormone receptor antibody （TRAb）, microsomal antibody （TMAb） and thyroglobulin antibody （TGAb）. Among patients, the percentages for nodular goiter and thyroid adenoma, Graves＇ disease, and Hashimoto＇s thyroiditis are 44.1%, 19.6% and 17.7%, respectively. The ratios of female to male were 2.0 to 15.6. Antibody-positive patients for TMAb, TGAb and TRAb were detectable as 94.6%, 76.3% and 20.4% for Hashimoto＇s thyroiditis, and 40.0%, 30.0% and 90.3% for Graves＇s disease. In conclusion, the high levels of the TRAb in Graves＇ disease, and those of the TGAbFFMAb in Hashimoto＇s thyroiditis and idiopathic hypothyroidism are meaningful for characterizing the epidemiological basis of the diseases and for using as prognostic indicators for the relapse in individual patients. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.     

Analysis of Muscle Strength Measurement on Chinese Young Males

To establish a database of muscle strength of the Chinese people. The study sampled data of 843 Chinese young males all over the country. Back force, hand twisting force and arm force of four different exerting directions (pull, push, adduction and abduction) were measured. Comparisons are made between the results of this study and those from other documents. Different types strength were also compared. The factors of stature and weight influenced on muscle force were analyzed. There are obvious differences of arm strength in four directions and it can be ordered as push, pull, adduction and abduction, the push force is the largest and the abduction force is the least. The significant correlation exists between different types force. Weight has an obvious influence on one’s force among above three factors. The database of Chinese young males is established for the first time. Results of the study can provide help for ergonomist, the worker of occupation health and the researcher of rehabilitation.     

不同鼠龄大鼠颈总动脉内膜弹力纤维退行性变性的实验研究

Objective Studying the difference of the uhrastructures of the internal elastic laminae (IEL)of the eommonal carotid artery among young,adult and aged rats in order to set up a efficient preventional and therapeutical strategies to the cerebrovascular disease(common diseases of the cerebral vessels)among aged people.Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats,aged from 3 months to 3 yeam were used for this study.The IEL in the bifurcation of the right common caotide artery was isolated and digested with hot alkali.The luminal surface of each IEL was scanned by the scanning electric microscope.The number and the area of each fenestration in the IEL were measured and compared among three different age groups.Results The number of the fenestrations was the most in the adult(964.00±4.13),which was significantly more than that in the young(710.00±1.22)or in the aged group(624.00±2.54,P<0.01).The difference of the number of the fenestrations was not significant between aged and young rats(P>0.05).The number of the large fenestrations was remarkable increase with age increasing and the difference between any two groups was all significant[adult(52.40±2.79),young(13.00±1.10),aged(105.20±8.78),P<0.01].The mean percantage area of the fenestrations was also remarkably increasing with age[adult(23.58±2.12),young(15.52±1.70),aged(39.86±3.51),P<0.01].This value was the highest in aged rats which were significantly more than that in the aduh or in the young rats and the difference between adult and young groups was not significant.Conclusions The age-related decrease in elasticity and in the ablitity of preventing penetration of the macromolecules in the IEL maybe a crucial reason for higher incidents of atheroscelerosis and aneunynoma in the bifurcations in the common carotid artery in aged people.     

医学生对艾滋病及性教育的认知调查研究

目的 调查当代大学生对艾滋病和性知识的了解程度,对建立科学有效多元化的高校艾滋防范健康模式提供依据。方法 采用自编问卷,以自愿无记名的方式,对河南某医学高校大一至大四各个年级学生进行随机抽样调查。调查共发放问卷500份,回收486份,回收率97.20%,有效问卷480份,有效率96.00%。结果 医学生艾滋病相关防范知识普及率达91.67%,52.67%学生认为艾滋病和不正当性行为密切相关,93.96%学生认为在学校开展相关知识普及教育工作是非常必要的;医学生的性开放性比非医学生高21.90%;78.79%的学生认为性行为在情感的交流中扮演着很重要的角色,91.91%的学生表示可以接受性行为的话题,并期望开设性教育课程。结论 医学生对艾滋病了解程度相对较深,防范意识较普通大学生较强,但仍存在不足。     

“知-信-行”一体化健康教育对高原涉核官兵健康素养的影响

目的:探讨"知-信-行"一体化健康教育对高原涉核官兵健康素养的影响;方法:方便抽样选取165名高原涉核官兵为研究对象,对其进行为期15天的"知-信-行"一体化健康教育,包括健康知识技能教授(健康教育评估、健康知识讲座、健康技能培训、健康资料宣传、健康知识查询机使用等)、健康信念支持、健康行为指导等定期和随机即时的健康教育,并应用高原涉核官兵健康素养调查问卷在教育前后对涉核官兵进行健康素养调查,观察教育前后官兵健康素养各维度得分及具备健康素养的人数和百分数的变化情况,以评价健康教育效果。结果:(1)"知-信-行"一体化健康教育后官兵在健康知识、健康技能、健康信念、健康行为4个维度得分均显著高于健康教育前(t=22.7814,21.7027,10.7039,10.9213;P0.01),差异有统计学意义;(2)"知-信-行"一体化健康教育后,165名官兵中具备健康素养的人数由之前的50人上升为122人,占比由30.30%升至73.94%,差异有统计学意义(t=65.3500,P0.01)。结论:"知-信-行"一体化健康教育可有效提高高原涉核官兵的健康素养;建议对高原涉核官兵进行长期的"知-信-行"一体化健康教育随访与指导。     

HIV knowledge and risk factors among men who have sex with men in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam

OBJECTIVES: To describe health risk behavior, knowledge, and attitudes about HIV/AIDS and its prevention in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 219 MSM using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: Men who have sex with men were easy to locate and willing to answer detailed questions about their sexual behavior. Self-identified sexual orientation was 67% homosexual, 31% bisexual, and 1.4% heterosexual. High-risk sexual behavior was common. The mean number of sexual partners was 3.3 in the previous month and 14.8 in the previous year. Only 32% used condoms during their last intercourse, and only 40% used a condom when their last intercourse included anal sex. Eighty-one percent reported sex with nonregular male partners, and 22% also had sex with women in the past year. Drug use other than alcohol was rare. Most correctly identified high-risk sexual behavior and body fluids that could transmit HIV; however, only about half knew that someone who appeared healthy could transmit HIV or that there was no cure for AIDS. Self-rated risk for HIV was very low, and fewer than one third believed that homosexuals in Vietnam are at increased risk for HIV. CONCLUSION: Men who have sex with men in HCMC are at high risk for HIV. Knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention could be improved. Education and interventions specifically aimed at MSM are needed, because education targeted at the general population may not reach MSM or influence their behavior.     

不同环境下基层官兵心理健康状况研究

目的研究不同环境条件下基层官兵心理健康状况,针对不同环境下的心理健康状况进行有效干预。方法随机整批抽取不同环境和条件下基层官兵6034名,用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、访谈和座谈形式进行调查分析及干预特点研究。结果基层官兵心理健康状况阳性率为17.5%;低于常模(t=7.6~37.41,P<0.01);从SCL-90筛查阳性率看,参加阅兵的官兵最低,其次是抗震救灾中,再者是抗震救灾后,营区内参加安保训练,新兵连,驻岛外,驻岛内最高。以阳性因子的严重程度看,在营区内执行任务的官兵高于营区外执行任务的士兵(t=2.86~8.21,P<0.01);驻岛内官兵的恐惧、焦虑因子显著高于驻岛外的官兵(t=1.97,P<0.05);抗震中除躯体化和抑郁外,其它因子均高于抗震后(t=4.39~26.26,P<0.05)。结论官兵在不同环境任务条件下心理健康状况的表达和干预不同,营区内以心理疾病防治为主,完善人格,异常反应异常化处理。营区外以应激障碍防治为主,情绪调整,异常反应正常化处理。     

高职院校学生对艾滋病防治知识了解情况及其影响因素分析

目的 研究高职院校学生对艾滋病防治知识了解情况及其影响因素。方法 按照随机抽样方式抽取江西省4所高职院校2016年9月~2018年9月的4995名高职院校学生作为研究对象,通过问卷调查方式收集学生的一般资料及对艾滋病防治知识的了解情况,分析其影响因素。结果 本研究共发放4995份调查问卷,回收4995份,有效率100.00%。其中高职院校学生的艾滋病防治知识得分中,3年级学生的得分高于1、2年级（P＜0.05）,医学相关专业学生得分高于非医学专业学生（P＜0.05）,接受过、参加过艾滋病宣传的学生得分高于未接受、未参加过艾滋病宣传的学生,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归方程分析可知,发现年级、专业、接受过艾滋病宣传均是影响高职院校艾滋病防治知识的因素。结论 高职院校学生对艾滋病防治知识了解甚少,应受到重点关注,学校应尽早制定相关干预措施,来提高学生对艾滋病防治知识的认知程度。     

某部官兵职业压力的调查分析

目的探讨某部官兵职业压力的现状及其存在的差异。方法采用随机整群抽样法,对1207名某部官兵进行《军人职业压力量表》测评,分析他们职业压力的特点。结果在被调查官兵中,41.59%的官兵认为自己存在职业压力感。单因素方差分析显示,已婚与未婚的官兵婚姻家庭因子存在显著性差异(F=24.094,P0.01);乡村籍官兵的个人发展压力比城镇籍官兵大(F=11.638,P0.01);3组军龄段的官兵的职业压力存在显著性的差异(F=14.054,P0.01),其中,服役5～10年的官兵,其职业压力显著性地高于服役5年内的官兵;不同职务的官兵的职业压力存在显著性差异(F=4.95,P0.01),其中,士官的职业压力比义务兵的职业压力大。多元逐步回归分析提示,军龄和年龄对官兵职业压力存在着显著性的影响(P0.01)。结论此次测验官兵总体职业压力状况良好,呈现明显的军龄、职务发展特征。可依据测验结果采取一定的措施,改善官兵对其职业的认同感。     

Awareness and knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among pregnant women

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the awareness and knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and its prevention among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of a federal medical center in Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: Valid and reliable questionnaires were interviewer administered to pregnant women at antenatal booking during the study period, prior to being counseled on HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: All respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS. The main sources of information included posters/billboards (37%), radio (36%), television (28%) and health workers (34%). The majority (90%) of the respondents were aware that HIV/AIDS can coexist with pregnancy, but only 68% were aware of mother-to-child transmission. Transplacental route, vaginal delivery and breastfeeding were identified as routes of transmission from mother to child by 65%, 38% and 52% of respondents, respectively. Caesarean section was believed to be a route of transmission by 43% of respondents, but only 3% identified caesarean section as a method of prevention of mother-to-child transmission. CONCLUSION: Though the level of awareness of HIV/AIDS among women attending our antenatal clinic is high, the level of knowledge about mother-to-child transmission is inadequate. There is a need for adequate counseling and education about HIV/AIDS and mother-to-child transmission in antenatal clinics and also through public campaign media.     

清远市高危人群HIV感染状况及艾滋病相关知识知晓情况调查

目的了解清远市高危人群HIV感染流行趋势和艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为采取有针对性的行为干预措施和开展宣传教育工作提供准确的信息。方法于2005-2008年采用横断面调查的方法对强制戒毒者、暗娼和性病门诊就诊者等高危人群进行监测,并调查吸毒者和暗娼的艾滋病相关知识知晓情况。结果吸毒人群HIV抗体阳性率介于2.58%～4.15%之间;吸毒者中注射吸毒的比例为82.05%,其中共用注射器吸毒的比例为57.26%;吸毒者中42.39%有商业性行为,而且从未使用安全套的比例为52.53%。在227名暗娼中未发现HIV抗体阳性者,暗娼中最近1个月与客人发生性行为时坚持每次使用安全套的比例为39.43%。性病门诊就诊者HIV抗体阳性率介于0.20%～0.42%之间;34.56%的性病门诊就诊者最近3个月有非婚性伴,而且从未使用安全套的比例为16.25%。调查人群的艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率为57.17%,其中吸毒者和暗娼艾滋病相关知识总知晓率分别为53.05%、61.73%。结论清远市高危人群中以吸毒者HIV抗体阳性率较高,注射吸毒及共用注射器的比例较高,性乱人群中HIV流行水平较低,但存在不安全性行为;高危人群中艾滋病相关知识知晓率低,需采取有效的行为干预措施,加大宣传力度和覆盖面。     

Adolescents in the age of AIDS: myths,misconceptions, and misunderstandings regarding sexually transmitted diseases

The purpose of this study is twofold: to evaluate the extent of knowledge possessed by young people residing in an urban sexually transmitted disease (STD) and AIDS epicenter about STDs, including AIDS; and to determine whether knowledge levels varied by age, gender, race/ ethnicity, and/or previous health instruction. A total of 867 adolescents (472 females and 395 males) attending a large public high school in New York City completed a self-administered survey. Levels of knowledge about AIDS transmission and prevention were high (mean percentage correct = 91.8%). Nonetheless, adolescent respondents locked awareness about the prevalence of common STDs, had limited understanding of the ways in which these diseases can be transmitted and prevented, and were unaware of potentially serious sequelae resulting from exposure to infectious agents (e.g., infertility from chlamydial infections). Young people who had taken a health education course in which STDs were discussed did slightly better on the knowledge survey than did their peers. While the prevention of HIV infection is, and should be, a national priority, more concerted efforts are needed to better educate young people about other STDs in the overall context of sexual health.