抑郁症患者情绪表象的特征及其机制

情绪表象是指个体在头脑中生成的含有情绪信息的画面。本文从情绪表象的视角出发，系统综述了抑郁症患者情绪表象的特征及影响机制。行为学结果初步证实，抑郁症患者存在消极表象加工偏向、积极表象能力受损和侵入性表象过多等功能不良表象特征。脑成像的研究初步表明，抑郁症功能不良表象与默认网络和前额叶的激活异常有关。表象的放大器效应和情绪调节策略分别用来解释情绪表象对抑郁症的发生和维持机制。建议未来的研究丰富测量手段和表象内容，进一步寻找抑郁症的特异性情绪表象特征。     

情绪劳动对护士离职倾向的影响：职业嵌入和积极情绪的作用

目的：探索护士情绪劳动对离职倾向的影响,以及职业嵌入的中介作用和积极情绪的调节作用。方法：采用方便抽样的方法对山东省某三级医院的532名护士进行问卷调查。结果：表层扮演正向影响离职倾向,职业嵌入在此关系中发挥中介作用,积极情绪在表层扮演与离职倾向关系中发挥调节作用。深层扮演负向影响离职倾向,职业嵌入在此关系中发挥中介作用,积极情绪在深层扮演与离职倾向关系中的调节作用不显著。结论：情绪劳动的两种不同策略对离职倾向有相反的影响,这种相反的效应可能是由于不同情绪劳动策略对职业嵌入有着相反的作用所导致的。积极情绪仅调节表层扮演与离职倾向的关系,积极情绪越高,表层扮演对离职倾向的正向影响越弱。     

情绪智力总是有利于员工创新绩效吗？一个有调节的中介模型

目的：探讨情绪智力对员工创新绩效的影响机制,包括情绪耗竭的中介作用和辱虐氛围的调节作用。方法：采用情绪智力量表、员工创新绩效量表、情绪耗竭量表以及辱虐氛围量表对104个团队和461位企业员工进行调查。结果：(1)情绪耗竭在情绪智力和员工创新绩效之间起中介作用;(2)辱虐氛围调节了情绪智力对情绪耗竭的影响,在高辱虐氛围下,情绪智力对情绪耗竭的缓解作用被抑制了。结论：情绪智力对员工创新绩效的影响存在有调节的中介效应,情绪智力通过情绪耗竭影响员工创新绩效,辱虐氛围调节了情绪智力与情绪耗竭之间的关系。     

大学生中庸思维在情绪调节和情绪间的作用

目的探讨大学生情绪调节、中庸思维与情绪状态间的关系。方法通过收集369份在校大学生的量表结果,其中包括情绪调节问卷、中庸信念/价值量表、正负情绪检核表。结果①认知重评与正性情绪正相关、与负性情绪负相关,表达抑制与负性情绪正相关(r=0.259～0.159,P>0.05);中庸思维与认知重评有显著正相关,与负性情绪有显著负相关(r=0.312,0.160;P>0.05);②中庸思维在认知重评与情绪之间没有起到显著的调节作用,在表达抑制与负性情绪之间起到了显著的负调节作用(β=-0.114,P>0.05),中庸思维程度较高时表达抑制与负性情绪无显著相关(r=0.107,P>0.05),中庸思维程度较低时表达抑制与负性情绪显著正相关(r=0.225,P>0.01)。结论中庸思维使个体倾向使用认知重评的情绪调节,较高的中庸思维程度不易受到表达抑制的负面影响。     

医护人员工作压力与生活满意度关系及情绪劳动的调节作用

目的:探讨医护人员工作压力对其生活满意度的影响及情绪劳动的调节作用。方法:采用PPS量表、SWLS量表及情绪劳动量表对黑龙江省6家三甲医院318名医护人员进行问卷调查。结果:(1)医护人员的工作压力与生活满意度呈现负相关(r=-0.479,P0.01);表层扮演与生活满意度呈现负相关(r=-0.241,P0.01);深层扮演与生活满意度呈现正相关(r=-0.241,P0.01);(2)工作压力与情绪劳动两个维度的交互项均对生活满意度的回归效果达到显著水平(β=-0.060,0.51;P0.001),医护人员的工作压力与情绪劳动两个维度的交互项均对生活满意度有显著的预测作用(F=12.69,14.34;P0.001)。结论:医护人员工作压力和情绪劳动对生活满意度有重要影响,情绪劳动在工作压力和生活满意度之间起调节作用。     

幼儿教师情绪劳动策略与情绪耗竭的关系:心理资本的调节作用

目的:探索幼儿教师情绪劳动策略与情绪耗竭的关系,检验心理资本对两者关系的调节作用。方法:采用情绪劳动策略量表、职业倦怠量表中情绪耗竭分量表和本土心理资本量表对253名幼儿教师进行集体施测。结果:①情绪耗竭与自然行为、深层行为、事务型心理资本和人际型心理资本呈显著负相关,与表层行为呈显著正相关。②高人际型心理资本组中,幼儿教师的深层行为能显著预测情绪耗竭。③低人际型心理资本组中,幼儿教师的表层行为能显著预测情绪耗竭。结论:幼儿教师情绪劳动策略与情绪耗竭关系密切;人际型心理资本在深层行为与情绪耗竭、表层行为与情绪耗竭关系中起显著的调节作用。     

应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念的关系:冲动性人格与抑郁情绪的不同作用

目的:考察冲动性与抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间的中介效应与调节效应。方法:采用自杀风险评估问卷—自杀意念分量表、中文版Barratt冲动性人格量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表和青少年生活事件量表对2326名大学生进行测量。结果:①应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间呈显著正相关;②抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间起部分中介作用;③冲动性人格在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间既有中介作用,又有调节作用。结论:应激生活事件、冲动性人格和抑郁情绪对大学生自杀意念的产生有重要影响。     

应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念的关系:冲动性人格与抑郁情绪的不同作用北大核心CSCDCSSCI

目的:考察冲动性与抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间的中介效应与调节效应。方法:采用自杀风险评估问卷—自杀意念分量表、中文版Barratt冲动性人格量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表和青少年生活事件量表对2326名大学生进行测量。结果:①应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间呈显著正相关;②抑郁情绪在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间起部分中介作用;③冲动性人格在应激生活事件与大学生自杀意念之间既有中介作用,又有调节作用。结论:应激生活事件、冲动性人格和抑郁情绪对大学生自杀意念的产生有重要影响。     

情绪与认知方式对决策的影响

目的:探索情绪对决策的影响以及认知方式对二者关系的调节作用。方法:以192名大一学生为被试,采用文本材料为刺激材料来启动积极和消极情绪,然后让不同认知方式和情绪状态的被试进行决策判断,实验采用2(情绪类型)×2(认知方式)的被试间设计。结果:①情绪的主效应非常显著,由消极情绪诱发的被试与由积极情绪诱发的被试,最终的决策结果存在非常显著的差异;②认知方式对情绪和决策的关系具有调节作用,它调节着两者关系的强度。结论:对决策的影响主要取决于情绪,认知方式与情绪对决策的交互作用显著。     

成人社会支持、情绪智力与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨社会支持、情绪智力与主观幸福感的关系。方法本研究采用社会支持评定量表、情绪智力量表和主观幸福感量表对726位成人进行了考察。结果①社会支持、情绪智力与主观幸福感各维度间均显著相关(r=0.11～0.41,P<0.01);②社会支持、情绪智力对主观幸福感各维度有显著预测作用(t=7.13～-7.54,P<0.01);③情绪智力在社会支持与积极情感的关系中起调节作用(t=3.10,P<0.01)。结论情绪智力既可以预测主观幸福感,同时又可以调节社会支持与主观幸福感的关系。     

高中生自我动物意象、权威动物意象与完美主义的关系

目的在原有对权威的畏惧感和完美主义的研究基础之上,探索完美主义者的潜意识机制。方法由于意象材料本身的丰富性和形象性,对文本材料进行了归类和编码分析,通过分析不同意象类别的被试在消极完美主义问卷及其各维度上的得分,进行差异检验,寻求完美主义者在意象上的特征。结果在权威与自我意象的关系模式中,权威意象对自我意象威胁性强的人,在极高目标和标准的维度上得分显著低于其它关系模式的被试(t=-2.99,P0.01)。权威意象是神秘动物者,其在害怕失败的维度上得分最高(害怕失败,-x±s=21.11±5.4;完美主义总分,-x±s=125.22±15.3)。攻击性强的动物意象者,在害怕失败和总分维度上的平均得分最低(害怕失败,-x±s=14.74±5.5;完美主义总分,-x±s=108.43±19.1)。结论在消极完美主义的特征上,权威的神秘特性对人的消极影响大于其它的特性;自我意象强大者,消极完美主义得分低,心理健康程度高。     

Facial Muscle Patterning and Subjective Experience During Affective Imagery: Sex Differences

Facial electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the zygomatic, corrugator, masse-ter and frontalis muscle regions in 30 male and 30 female subjects. Forty-eight items were selected to reflect happy, sad, angry and fearful situations. Subjects imagined each of the items for 40 sec and rated how they felt on a scale tapping the four emotions. The results indicated that for certain emotions, muscle regions and ratings, females (as compared to males): 1) generated facial EMG patterns of greater magnitude (relative to rest) during affective imagery, 2) reported a stronger experience of emotion to the imagery, 3) showed greater within-subject correlations between the experience of emotions and facial EMG, 4) evidenced somewhat higher corrugator and significantly lower masseter EMG activity during rest, and 5) generated greater facial EMG changes during a post-imagery, voluntary facial expression condition. Cultural and biological interpretations of the data are considered. The importance of evaluating gender in psychophysiological studies of emotion is stressed.     

Pattern Recognition of Self-Reported Emotional State from Multiple-Site Facial EMG Activity During Affective Imagery

A multivariate pattern-classification system was developed for the study of facial electromy-ographic (EMG) patterning in 12 female subjects during affect-laden imagery and for posed facial expressions. A parameter-extraction procedure identified the dynamic EMG signal properties which accorded the maximal degree of self-reported emotion discrimination. Discriminant analyses on trialwise EMG vectors allowed assessment of specific EMG-site conformations typifying rated emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. The discriminability among emotion-specific EMG conformations was correlated with subjective ratings of affective-imagery vividness and duration. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the EMG patterns encoded complex, “blended” reported affective states during the imagery. Classification analyses produced point-predictions of reported emotional states in 10 of the 12 subjects, and provided the first computer pattern recognition of self-reported emotion from psychophysiological responses.     

Brain Mechanisms Subserving Self-Generated Imagery: Electrophysiological Specificity and Patterning

The present study was designed to assess the patterning of occipital and sensorimotor EEG activation during self-generated visual and kinesthetic imagery. Twenty subjects were requested to imagine, in separate trials, a flashing light, a tapping sensation on the right forearm, and both the light and the tapping together. Prior to the imagery trials, subjects were exposed to the stimuli which they were asked to subsequently imagine. EEG was recorded from the left occipital and left sensorimotor regions, filtered for alpha and quantified on-line. The results indicated that self-generated visual imagery elicited greater relative occipital activation than comparable kinesthetic imagery. The imagine-both condition fell predictably in between the two unimodal imagery conditions. The difference between visual and kinesthetic imagery was primarily a function of greater occipital activation during the former versus the latter task. No difference in overall alpha abundance among the three imagery tasks was found. These findings suggest that the self-generation of imagery in different modalities elicits specific changes in the sensory regions of the brain responsible for processing information in the relevant modalities.     

Imagery in cognitive-behavior therapy: Research and application

This paper explores the uses of imagery within behavioral and cognitive-behavioral clinical interventions. The nature of imagery as a central human phenomenon is first examined and then recent theoretical models of the role of imagery in therapy are reviewed and evaluated critically. A trend towards broader conceptualizations of the role of imagery in treatment is highlighted. The notion of self-efficacy and its role in imagery methods is discussed. The specific kinds of imagery techniques that have been practiced, including systematic desensitization, positive imagery, covert conditioning, implosive imagery and others, are briefly described and research results bearing on their effectiveness are presented. The assessment of imagery for clinical purposes is outlined and the possibilities for enhancing imagery capabilities are explored. The paper concludes on a note of cautious optimism about the potential of imagery therapies, acknowledging the limitations of imagery. Finally, it is proposed that clinicians should adopt a “research perspective” to collect information on the effectiveness of their procedures and provide data which could be used to correct the course of therapy as needed.     

Mu and Beta Rhythm Topographies During Motor Imagery and Actual Movements

People can learn to control the 8-12 Hz mu rhythm and/or the 18-25 Hz beta rhythm in the EEG recorded over sensorimotor cortex and use it to control a cursor on a video screen. Subjects often report using motor imagery to control cursor movement, particularly early in training. We compared in untrained subjects the EEG topographies associated with actual hand movement to those associated with imagined hand movement. Sixty-four EEG channels were recorded while each of 33 adults moved left- or right-hand or imagined doing so. Frequency-specific differences between movement or imagery and rest, and between right- and left-hand movement or imagery, were evaluated by scalp topographies of voltage and r spectra, and principal component analysis. Both movement and imagery were associated with mu and beta rhythm desynchronization. The mu topographies showed bilateral foci of desynchronization over sensorimotor cortices, while the beta topographies showed peak desynchronization over the vertex. Both mu and beta rhythm left/right differences showed bilateral central foci that were stronger on the right side. The independence of mu and beta rhythms was demonstrated by differences for movement and imagery for the subjects as a group and by principal components analysis. The results indicated that the effects of imagery were not simply an attenuated version of the effects of movement. They supply evidence that motor imagery could play an important role in EEG-based communication, and suggest that mu and beta rhythms might provide independent control signals.     

Fear Imagery and Text Processing

This study examined the effect of three variables held to influence heart rate response during imagery-related text processing: mode of processing, content of text, and inclusion of response information in the text. Sixty-four undergraduates imagined and silently repeated fearful and neutral sentences in a paradigm designed to allow for self-initiation of sentence processing. Fear sentences either included or did not include information about bodily responses in the image. Heart rate accelerated more during fear imagery than during neutral imagery or silent repetition of either type of sentence. Inclusion of response information in fear material did not increase heart rate response to imagery, but did affect self-report in the predicted direction. Heart rate waveform prior to the sentence tasks indicated pre-processing of fearful material. The results were discussed in relation to a bio-informational theory of imagery, which asserts that emotional imagery accesses the same centrally-mediated response program as is evoked in the target reality context, and thus occasions measurable activity in the appropriate effectors.     

Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders

Mental imagery has been considered relevant to psychopathology due to its supposed special relationship with emotion, although evidence for this assumption has been conspicuously lacking. The present review is divided into four main sections: (1) First, we review evidence that imagery can evoke emotion in at least three ways: a direct influence on emotional systems in the brain that are responsive to sensory signals; overlap between processes involved in mental imagery and perception which can lead to responding “as if” to real emotion-arousing events; and the capacity of images to make contact with memories for emotional episodes in the past. (2) Second, we describe new evidence confirming that imagery does indeed evoke greater emotional responses than verbal representation, although the extent of emotional response depends on the image perspective adopted. (3) Third, a heuristic model is presented that contrasts the generation of language-based representations with imagery and offers an account of their differing effects on emotion, beliefs and behavior. (4) Finally, based on the foregoing review, we discuss the role of imagery in maintaining emotional disorders, and its uses in psychological treatment.     

The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG

The goals of this study were (a) to examine differing views on the relationship between self-report of emotion and physiological expression of emotion, (b) to differentiate between negative emotional contexts during imagery using facial electromyogram (EMG), and (c) to describe the facial muscle patterning and autonomic physiology of situations that involve expelling or avoiding disgusting sensory stimulation. Fifty subjects imagined situations eliciting disgust, anger, pleasure, and joy in 8-s trials using a tone-cued imagery procedure. Heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial EMG at the corrugator, zygomatic, and levator labii superioris/alesque muscle regions were recorded during imagery, and self-reports of emotion were collected after imagery trials. Self-reports of emotion produced results consistent with the affective categorization of the images. Activity at the levator labii region was higher during disgust than during anger imagery. Corrugator region increase characterized the negative as compared with the positive emotional contents, and activity at the zygomatic region was higher during joy imagery than during the other three emotions. Heart rate acceleration was greater during disgust, anger, and joy imagery than during pleasant imagery. Disgust imagery could be discriminated from anger imagery using facial EMG, and the expressive physiology of disgust was occasioned by the action set of active avoidance or rejection of sensory stimulation.     

Relationships between facial electromyography and subjective experience during affective imagery

Sixty subjects were exposed for 40 s each to 48 imagery situations designed to reflect happy, sad, angry and fearful conditions. Facial electromyographic (EMG) activity from zygomatic, corrugator, masseter and lateral frontalis muscle regions was recorded, and experienced emotion was measured on a scale tapping these four emotions. Results showed that: (1) zygomatic activity reliably differentiated happy imagery, corrugator activity reliably differentiated sad imagery, but masseter activity did not differentiate angry imagery and lateral frontalis activity did not differentiate fearful imagery; (2) different intensities of specific emotional imagery situations evoked the expected differential patterns of self-report and EMG; (3) higher correlations between self-report and EMG for ‘present’, rather than ‘future’ ratings of experienced emotion emerged for positive affect only; and (4) the use of a standardized imagery scale, rather than the self-generated, personally-relevant affective situations used in previous studies, allowed for more sensitive measurement of the relationship between facial muscle activity and subjective experience of emotion during affective imagery.