大学生社会网络对其应激水平的影响

目的：研究大学生社会网络和应激的关系。方法：选用自我中心网络调研方法、青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）,对180名二年级大学生进行调查。结果：男性和女性在总体压力水平上并无显著差异,女性的联系人数量（6.76）、强亲密程度联系人数量（3.59）、强沟通频率联系人数量（4.37）高于男性（男性分别为5.12、2.60、2.96,t=-2.58、-2.39、-2.40,P〈0.05）,男性大学生的网络紧密性（0.58）高于女性大学生（0.45,t=2.11,P〈0.05）,回归分析表明大学生的GSS网络对其应激水平（包括人际关系、学习压力、健康及适应因子）有显著影响（F=4.73、4.12、3.10,P〈0.01）。     

大学生成就动机与社会比较倾向的关系

目的:了解大学生成就动机和社会比较倾向的现状及关系,为增强大学生心理动力提供理论依据。方法:采用AMS和INCOM对4所高校的748名学生进行调查。结果:追求成功动机、总动机和观点比较在学业成绩上均有显著差异(F=4.157,P0.05;F=5.230,P0.01;F=3.662,P0.05);成功动机的性别差异显著(t=2.645,P0.01);观点比较的学历层次差异显著(t=-2.554,P0.05);成功动机与社会比较各维度相关显著(r=0.101,P0.01;r=0.180,P0.01;r=0.162,P0.01);避免失败动机与能力比较和社会比较总水平存在显著正相关(r=0.332,P0.01;r=0.269,P0.01);观点比较倾向与总比较对大学生避免失败动机具有预测作用(P0.01);追求成功动机与总动机对大学生能力比较具有预测作用(P0.01)。结论:学业成绩与追求成功和观点比较存在一定关系;对自身外貌的评价可以作为预估成就动机的一条线索;男生追求成功的动机高于女生;大学生成就动机与社会比较关系密切。     

大学生网络欺负与心理症状、网络社会支持和心理弹性的关系

目的:探讨大学生网络欺负事件与心理症状的关系,并分析网络社会支持和心理弹性在其关系间的作用。方法:选取608名大学生(年龄17~25岁)完成网络欺负量表(CI,包括网络欺负和网络受欺负2个维度)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、大学生网络社会支持问卷(CSOSSS)、Connor-Davidson心理弹性量表(CD-RSIC)。结果:网络社会支持分别在网络欺负维度、网络受欺负维度和心理状况间的部分中介作用,中介效应量分别为24.1%和22.0%(Ps0.05);心理弹性对网络欺负和心理状况关系的调节作用无统计学意义(β=0.01,P0.05);心理弹性能调节网络受欺负对心理状况的预测作用(β=-0.08,P0.05)。结论:网络欺负和网络受欺负既可能与个体心理症状直接相关,又通过网络社会支持间接相关,心理弹性可能缓冲网络受欺负对心理症状的作用。     

Correlation Study on Internet Addiction,Motivation of Surfing Internet and Family Function among Undergraduates

目的 探讨大学生网络依赖的特点及其与网络使用动机、家庭功能的关系.方法 采用上网基本情况调查表、网络依赖行为量表和家庭功能评定量表对175名在校大学生进行调查.结果 ①在大学生群体中,网络成瘾者、网络依赖者以及正常群体所占比例分别是11.4％、15.4％和73.1％；②在大学生群体中网络依赖在性别上没有显著差异；③在网络使用动机方面,男大学生上网交友(t=2.69,P=0.008)和扮演动机(t=3.18,P=0.002)均显著高于女大学生；④大学生网络依赖与家庭功能的角色(P＜0.01)和情感介入(P＜0.01)维度正相关极其显著.结论 父母在家庭中建立积极地情感介入方式,给予子女情感支持,可以降低大学生网络依赖的发生率.     

完美主义与情绪模式、成就动机类型的相关研究

目的考察个体的消极、积极完美主义倾向与情绪模式(消极vs积极)、成就动机类型(追求成功vs避免失败)的关系。方法采用佛洛斯特多维完美主义心理量表、成就动机量表、精神疾病患者家庭负担会谈量表(BFS)对206名大学生被试的完美主义、成就动机、情绪状态进行问卷测量,并对数据进行相关分析。结果消极完美主义分别与消极情绪总分及避免失败的动机正相关(r分别为0.46和0.46,P0.01),与积极情绪总分不相关,与追求成功的动机呈弱相关(r=0.15,P0.05)。积极完美主义分别与积极情绪和追求成功的动机正相关(r=0.16,P0.05和r=0.26,P0.01),与消极情绪和避免失败的动机无关。结论高消极完美主义的个体在情绪模式上表现为消极,在动机类型上也以避免失败为主,兼有追求成功的动机。高积极完美主义的个体在情绪模式和动机类型上都表现为积极的。     

大学生网络依赖、网络使用动机与家庭功能的相关研究

目的探讨大学生网络依赖的特点及其与网络使用动机、家庭功能的关系。方法采用上网基本情况调查表、网络依赖行为量表和家庭功能评定量表对175名在校大学生进行调查。结果①在大学生群体中,网络成瘾者、网络依赖者以及正常群体所占比例分别是11.4%、15.4%和73.1%;②在大学生群体中网络依赖在性别上没有显著差异;③在网络使用动机方面,男大学生上网交友(t=2.69,P=0.008)和扮演动机(t=3.18,P=0.002)均显著高于女大学生;④大学生网络依赖与家庭功能的角色(P<0.01)和情感介入(P<0.01)维度正相关极其显著。结论父母在家庭中建立积极地情感介入方式,给予子女情感支持,可以降低大学生网络依赖的发生率。     

广州大学生恋爱动机调查报告

目的:探讨恋爱动机(现实表现、尝试体验、慕才攀比和空虚满足)在广州大学生中是否存在显著的性别、是否独生子女、生源地及恋爱状况差异,为引导大学生正确对待恋爱提供实证依据和支持。方法:采用自编的广州大学生恋爱动机问卷对广州6所高校共436名大学生进行调查。结果:(1)男生在现实表现和尝试体验这两个维度上的得分要显著高于女生(t=5.20,2.21;P0.05);(2)非独生子女在慕才攀比和空虚满足这两个维度上得分显著高于独生子女(t=-2.34,2.69;P0.05);(3)生源地是农村和城镇的大学生,他们的现实表现型动机显著高于出生在城市的大学生(F=5.99,P0.01);生源地是农村的大学生,他们的慕才攀比型动机显著高于出生在城市的大学生(F=5.08,P0.01);(4)既从未恋爱,又无恋爱打算的大学生在各个维度上的得分均显著小于处于其它恋爱状况的大学生(F=3.33,7.83,3.00,6.39;P0.05)。结论:广州大学生的恋爱动机存在显著的性别、独生与否、生源地与恋爱状况的差异。     

大学生成就动机与职业兴趣关系

目的:研究大学生成就动机与职业兴趣的关系,为高校进行就业指导提供一定的理论依据。方法:采用成就动机量表和大学生职业兴趣问卷对232名大学生进行调查。结果:男生在追求成功动机、成就动机总得分、研究型和经营型上均显著高于女生(t=2.190,2.760,3.493,4.624;P0.01),理科生在追求成功的动机、成就动机总得分、研究型、经营型上均显著高于文科生(t=2.757,3.811,4.187,2.961;P0.01),而在避免失败动机(t=-2.435,P0.05)上得分显著低于文科生;追求成功的动机与研究型、经营型、社会型存在显著正相关(r=0.330,0.368,0.293;P0.01),避免失败的动机与经营型存在显著正相关(r=0.322,P0.01),成就动机的总分与研究型、经营型、社会型之间存在显著正相关(r=0.284,0.496,0.258;P0.01),与常规型(r=-0.16,P0.010)之间存在显著负相关。结论:大学生的成就动机与职业兴趣之间存在一定的关系。     

大学生成人依恋及其与自尊、社会支持的关系

目的:探讨大学生恋爱关系中的依恋方式及其与自尊、社会支持的关系。方法:以自尊量表(SES)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、亲密关系经历量表(ECR)为测试工具,对256名大学生进行测评。结果:①大学生成人依恋类型分别为:安全型13.3%,恐惧型48.8%,迷恋型15.6%,冷漠型22.3%。②安全型依恋个体自尊水平、社会支持总分较恐惧型、迷恋型、冷漠型依恋个体高(自尊分别为30.24±3.52,27.85±3.39,27.58±3.51,28.35±3.01,P0.01;社会支持评分为42.38±4.47,38.52±4.82,38.22±5.07,39.89±5.89,P0.05)。③依恋焦虑与自尊及主观支持呈负相关(r=-0.229,-0.329,P0.01);依恋回避与自尊、主观支持、客观支持和支持利用度均为负相关(r=-0.225,-0.165,-0.135,-0.140,P0.05)。结论:大学生恋爱关系中的不安全依恋对个体自尊和社会关系有影响。     

抑郁大学生自杀意念的影响因素:基于网络分析的视角

目的:基于网络的视角探讨心理社会影响因素与抑郁大学生自杀意念的关系。方法:采用贝克抑郁自评量表、贝克自杀意念自评量表、贝克绝望量表、父母教养方式评价量表、冲动人格问卷和社会支持评定量表对筛查出的189名抑郁大学生进行调查。结果:最近一周的自杀意念影响因素中,有自杀意念的个体父亲情感温暖理解分(t=-2.267,P0.05)和主观支持分(t=-1.990,P0.05)显著低于无自杀意念的个体;最消沉时的自杀意念影响因素中,有自杀意念的个体抑郁总分(t=2.913,P0.01)和父亲过度保护分(t=2.213,P0.05)显著高于无自杀意念的个体。抑郁大学生最近一周与最消沉时自杀意念影响因素的网络模型既有相似又有所不同。父亲的情感温暖理解均是两个网络模型的中心节点。最近一周的自杀意念的产生主要与绝望感以及母亲的教养方式有直接的关系,而最消沉时的自杀意念的产生则主要与抑郁情绪、冲动性、父亲的过度保护以及主观支持有关。结论:影响抑郁大学生自杀意念的心理社会因素在不同时期存在不同特点,父亲情感温暖理解作为两个网络模型的中心节点,在整个网络中发挥重要作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.