肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞术的介入治疗及护理体会

目的:探讨肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞术介入治疗的护理.方法:对162例肝癌患者行肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗,术前宣教,使病人对介入治疗有一定了解,减轻病人心理负担.术中主动与患者沟通,了解术中不适,及时处理.术后对发热、疼痛反应进行对症治疗,注意观察穿刺肢体的血供改变,减少并发症发生.结果:全部病例手术过程顺利,术后没有血栓形成等并发症发生,疗效肯定.结论:术前宣教、术中和术后及时了解患者症状,对症处理及精心护理可改善肝癌肝动脉术介入治疗的副反应,减少并发症发生.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术后胆囊炎

目的：探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）术后并发胆囊炎的影像特点、临床表现及病因。资料与方法：回顾性分析TACE术后并发胆囊炎患者的临床及影像资料，其中原发性和继发性肝癌138例，肝血管瘤4例，观察其胆囊动脉及胆囊血管造影表现；胆囊炎症状和体征；白细胞计数及分类；B超和／或CT胆囊形态变化。对于确诊为胆囊炎的患者，分析其所应用的化疗方案。结果：17例患者（肝癌14例，血管瘤3例）TACE后并发胆囊炎（12％），其中术后即刻血管造影示胆囊动脉和／或其分支闭塞，胆囊染色11例，发热17例，右季肋部疼痛17例，10例伴右肩部放射，Murphy征阳性17例。17例白细胞总数及中性粒细胞百分比均有明显增加。术后腹部B超（12例）、CT（5例）示胆囊壁增厚、水肿，胆囊窝渗出。14例TACE后并发胆囊炎的肝癌患者化疗方案为：BLM5例，DDP（或CP）4例，BLM＋DDP或CP2例，EADM3例；3例肝血管瘤患者仅用BLM。结论：TACE后胆囊炎的发生与胆囊动脉的解剖、导管尖端的位置、栓塞剂、化疗药等多种因素有关，应综合临床、影像、实验室检查等资料作出诊断，及时治疗，避免胆囊穿孔等严重并发症的发生。     

原发性肝癌动脉化疗栓塞术少见严重并发症分析

目的：对原发性肝癌（primary hepatic carcinoma ,PHC）动脉化疗栓塞术（transcatheter arterial chemoemboli-zation ,TACE）术后发生的少见严重并发症发生原因做相关分析。方法分析2010年1月～2013年10月间351例PHC患者行TACE治疗患者资料,对发生少见严重并发症的患者影像及临床相关资料做相应分析,以期得出不同严重并发症的发生原因及预防措施。结果少见严重并发症包括肝破裂出血3例,1例经保守治疗后好转,2例死亡;肝脓肿2例,1例经抗感染及脓肿穿刺引流治愈,1例发生感染性休克而死亡;1例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血,经内科止血处理好转;1例并发急性胆囊炎经对症处理后好转;余3例分别死于碘油脑栓塞（cerebral lipiodol embolism ,CLE）、肺栓塞和股动脉延迟出血。结论原发性肝癌T ACE治疗严重并发症临床少见,一旦发生可能危及患者生命,因此严格遵循PHC诊疗规范,把握适应证,合理控制化疗药物剂量技术及栓塞程度。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术后不良反应及并发症的预见性护理

目的：探讨不同护理方法对经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE）后不良反应及并发症的影响。方法：180例肝癌患者按接受护理方法不同分为A、B两组,A组：常规护理＋心理护理;B组：常规护理＋心理护理＋预见性护理等综合护理。比较两组不良反应及并发症。结果：B组患者TACE术后不良反应及并发症明显低于A组（P〈0.05）。结论：预见性护理辅以心理护理等综合护理能减少TACE的不良反应及并发症,减轻了患者的痛苦。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术在原发性肝癌根治术中的应用价值

目的：探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞术在原发性肝癌根治术中的应用价值。方法：对24例原发性肝癌患者，男23例，女1例，年龄38～69岁，采用术前介入化疗和栓塞，栓塞后3～7日内择期手术，术后再行介入化疗和栓塞治疗。结果：24例肿瘤根治术及术前术后168次肝动脉灌注术(TAI)、肝动脉化学栓塞术(TACE)均为100％成功率。复查AFP 19例恢复正常，5例有明显下降，6～24个月复发21例，经TACE治疗，复发灶均有不同程度缩小。死亡2例，中位存活期19．5月。存活着22例，中位存活期已达23．5月。结论：术前行TACE有利于争取手术机会和手术根治，防止术后复发。介入治疗和手术结合是提高肿瘤整体疗效及病人存活率的重要方法。     

原发性肝癌TACE术后严重并发症原因及预防

目的 探讨原发性肝癌行经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后严重并发症的原因及预防.方法 2005年1月-2007年7月,573例原发性肝癌患者行1 252次肝动脉化疗栓塞术,术后针对发生的并发症,给予积极治疗,同时结合生化及影像学检查,探讨严重并发症出现的原因及预防措施.结果 并发症有上消化道出血3例、急性肝功能衰竭6例(死亡1例)、肺栓塞1例、胆汁瘤2例、胆囊炎4例、胃穿孔并死亡1例.结论 经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌出现的严重并发症与术前肝功能较差、门静脉高压、化疗栓塞药物剂量过大、药物反流及异位栓塞等有关.重视TACE术时机的选择,采用规范化的介入治疗措施,可以避免或减少严重并发症.     

肝癌化疗栓塞术后的临床护理

由于肝癌其起病隐匿,患者就诊时大多已属中晚期,再加上合并肝硬化率高及手术后复发率高等因素,手术切除率很低[1]。为此,绝大部分患者需非手术治疗,而肝癌化疗栓塞术是其中比较肯定的一种方法,具有微创、安全性高及效果肯定等优点,但是也有一定的并发症,如何及时发现这些并发症     

Bile duct necrosis: complication of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization

Bile duct necrosis because of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization (THAE) in two patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is reported. Preoperative THAE was performed on 29 patients, and bile duct necrosis was experienced by two of the 29 (7%). In these two patients, gelatin (Gelfoam) powder was used as the embolus. Among the 24 whose embolus was clear, four were embolized with gelatin powder. Therefore, incidence of bile duct necrosis after THAE with gelatin powder was 50%. Because of the hazards of severe complications such as bile duct necrosis, we conclude that gelatin powder should not be used except for the THAE of no more than one segment of the liver.     

肝动脉导管栓塞化疗治疗肝癌的护理

目的:探讨肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗肝癌的术前、术后的护理措施。方法:对36例行TACE的患者在术前充分准备、术后精心护理。结果:肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗有效率82 % ,术后出现不良反应的患者,经对症治疗、护理均痊愈。结论:肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗肝癌是手术不能切除或术后复发HCC的首选方法,细致、周到的护理是治疗成功的重要保证     

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合高强度聚焦超声治疗原发性肝癌的护理

目的探讨经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗原发性肝癌的护理。方法2008年8月至2009年8月,40例原发性肝癌患者,接受TACE联合HIFU治疗,总结术前、术后的护理。结果全部患者住院期间均未出现重症感染、消化道出血等严重并发症。结论围手术期正确的护理有利防止并发症发生,保证手术疗效。     

Visualization of hepatic lymphatic vessels during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: To analyze visualization of hepatic lymphatic vessels during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was conducted of 255 tumors in 161 patients treated by TACE with catheterization of the most distal portion of the tumor-feeding branches. All TACE procedures were performed with use of a mixture of iodized oil and anticancer drugs followed by gelatin sponge particles. Arteriograms and spot radiographs obtained during TACE were reviewed to determine whether hepatic lymphatic vessels appeared. Serial computed tomography (CT) images after TACE were evaluated along with clinical symptoms in cases that exhibited lymphatic vessel visualization. RESULTS: Hepatic lymphatic vessels were demonstrated in eight tumors (3.1%) in eight patients during TACE. The mean tumor diameter was 1.7 cm +/- 0.7 (range, 1.0-3.3 cm), and mean volume of injected iodized oil was 1.7 mL +/- 1.0 (range, 1-4 mL). Lymphatic vessels were demonstrated followed by marked portal vein visualization (n = 5) or extravasation of a small amount of contrast material (n = 2). In the remaining patient, these were depicted during the early stage of the TACE procedure. On CT after 1 week, iodized oil in the lymphatic systems in the hepatoduodenal ligament was seen in six patients, and it was shown to have been retained in four of these patients on follow-up CT performed 2, 7, 11, and 21 months later, respectively. None of these patients presented any clinical symptom other than postembolization syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic lymphatic vessels were demonstrated in 3.1% of tumors treated by ultraselective TACE. Iodized oil in the lymphatic vessels may be retained for a relatively long time without specific symptoms.     

Feasibility of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatic adenoma

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatic adenoma (HA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1989 and June 2006, TACE was performed in seven patients with HA (five male and two female patients; mean age, 25 years). The therapeutic results were evaluated by reviewing the clinical records and radiologic studies. The causes of HA were hormonal therapy for aplastic anemia (n = 4) and glycogen storage disease type I (n = 2); in one patient, the cause was unknown. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (n = 4) and lower-extremity edema (n = 1). Two patients had no symptoms at presentation. Rupture (n = 1) or impending rupture (n = 3) of the tumors was detected on computed tomographic (CT) scans obtained before TACE. Clinical results were assessed at subsequent TACE sessions and follow-up CT. The mean follow-up duration after the first TACE session was 88 months (range, 16-200 months). The change in tumor size at CT was measured to evaluate the therapeutic results. RESULTS: The preexisting symptoms were relieved and no procedural-related complications were observed in all patients. Hemostasis and no further bleeding episodes were achieved in patients with rupture or impending rupture with intratumoral hemorrhage. The treatment results were complete remission (n = 2), tumor regression in size by more than 50% (n = 4), and progression (n = 1) at follow-up CT. CONCLUSION: TACE is a feasible therapeutic modality for HA.     

Gallbladder necrosis after transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization: a technique to avoid this complication

We present a technique used to avoid unnecessary embolization of the cystic artery in the treatment of hepatoma by transcatheter arterial embolization. A special long tapering catheter that is flexible and soft enough to be inserted into the distal small branches of the heptic artery is used. Embolic material ( Oxycel , absorbable cellulose) was mixed with Mitocin -C (mitomycin) and contrast material. This mixture will help to avoid reflux.