Health services utilization, satisfaction, and attachment to a regular source of care among participants in an urban health provider alliance

This study examines the effect of a provider alliance on service utilization, satisfaction , self efficacy, and attachment to a regular source of care for participating low income urban children and their families. The use of Physician Assistants and community health workers to expand community outreach, primary care services, pediatric sub-specialty care, and service coordination within and between care settings improved health services utilization, satisfaction with health services, parental self efficacy in navigating the health care system for their children, and service convenience for an at-risk population. Also, the use of Physician Assistants to provide pediatric sub-specialty services did not have a negative effect on parental satisfaction with a child's care. Parents were slightly more satisfied with services received from a Physician Assistant in comparison with the physician sub- specialists in cardiology and nephrology clinics.     

对北京市外来务工人员健康状况和就医行为的调查研究

目的：对北京市外来务工人员的健康状况和就医行为进行调查。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法选取北京市外来务工人员比较集中的7个区县作为调查地点,调查外来务工人员家庭431户,共1045人,其中有效问卷1002份,有效回收率为95.9%。结果外来务工人员日工作时间长、自评健康状况较好;医疗保障水平低、参保意愿强烈;社会支持网络局限,经济拮据是困扰家庭就医的主要问题;日常患病就诊单位以区县级及以下医院为主;医疗服务利用不足,呈“三低两高”。结论医疗保障和家庭资源匮乏抑制了外来务工人员对医疗服务的利用;应逐步完善社会保障制度,提高社区卫生服务的能力,以满足外来务工人员的基本医疗需求。     

社区儿童早期教育资源现状调查分析

目的:了解社区0~3岁儿童教育资源现况,探讨建立社区儿童教育模式,为制定儿童整体教育措施和策略提供科学依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法,对宜昌市3个区开展儿童早期教育的相关机构(妇幼保健院、托幼园所和社区卫生服务站)情况进行调查。结果:市级妇幼保健院开设了优生优育咨询、心理咨询门诊和早期教育等工作,社区卫生服务站未开展儿童早期教育相关工作。幼儿教师、保育员和保健员均未达到学历要求;托幼班中保教人员低于规定人数的占33.33%;保育员对早期教育的知识掌握较差;75%的托幼机构早期教育相关人员是从自学途径获得早期教育知识。结论:社区0~3岁儿童教育工作需要多方面的协作,应纳入社区卫生服务工作,加强对社区内儿童保健人员的培训,开展幼儿个性化的综合素质教育,有利于促进幼儿全面发展。     

多元办医格局下广西民营院发展现况研究[*基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目-广西公立医院改制重组模式及其优化路径的研究（8155605555）。 ①广西医科大学信息与管理学院 南宁 530021 # 通讯作者]*

目的 了解广西民营医院发展现状,为政府部门制定相关政策提供参考和建议。方法 通过文献研究和数据分析等方法,对来源于《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》、《广西卫生和计划生育年鉴》、《广西卫生和计划生育事业发展情况简报》和《广西卫生统计提要》等的医院数、床位数、卫生人力资源、门诊服务、住院服务和卫生资源利用指标进行统计学描述分析。结果 2008—2017年广西民营医院数由70家（15.56%）增加至259家（43.97%）;床位数由3 240张（2.74%）发展到20 723张（12.87%）;截止2017年底广西民营医院共有卫生人员10 976人, 占全区总人数的5.35%, 诊疗人次数达到552.91万人次,健康检查人数达到24.49万人次,入院人数达到43.83万人次,出院人数达到42.98万人次,住院病人手术人次数达到11.61万人次,病床工作日为229.7日,病床利用率为62.9%,平均住院日为9.4天,医师日均担负诊疗4.8人次,医师日均担负住院床日为2.6天。结论 广西民营医院存在发展速度较快但规模较小、卫生资源缺乏且利用率不高及缺乏核心竞争力等问题,应加大政府扶持力度,促进民营医院又好又快发展。     

Influences on healthcare-seeking during final illnesses of infants in under-resourced South African settings

To examine how health caregivers in under-resourced South African settings select from among the healthcare alternatives available to them during the final illness of their infants. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 39 caregivers of deceased infants in a rural community and an urban township. Nineteen local health providers and community leaders were also interviewed to ascertain opinions about local healthcare and other factors impacting healthcare-seeking choices. The framework analysis method guided qualitative analysis of data. Limited autonomy of caregivers in decision-making, lack of awareness of infant danger-signs, and identification of an externalizing cause of illness were important influences on healthcare-seeking during illnesses of infants in these settings. Health system factors relating to the performance of health workers and the accessibility and availability of services also influenced healthcare-seeking decisions. Although South African public-health services are free, the findings showed that poor families faced other financial constraints that impacted their access to healthcare. Often there was not one factor but a combination of factors occurring either concurrently or sequentially that determined whether, when, and from where outside healthcare was sought during final illnesses of infants. In addition to reducing health system barriers to healthcare, initiatives to improve timely and appropriate healthcare-seeking for sick infants must take into consideration ways to mitigate contextual problems, such as limited autonomy of caregivers in decision-making, and reconcile local explanatory models of childhood illnesses that may not encourage healthcare-seeking at allopathic services.     

Are community health workers cost-effective for childhood vaccination in India?

IntroductionAccredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are female community health workers whose primary role is to promote utilization of primary healthcare services and improve sanitation in rural areas and are financially incentivized for services provided. Prior studies evaluating ASHAs have been largely qualitative, and assess their knowledge, skills, and practice. Globally, there have been very few studies that have quantitatively assessed community health workers. We analyzed the cost effectiveness of ASHAs in facilitating measles vaccination among children under 5 years during 2012–2013.MethodsWe utilized Markov modeling simulating a cohort of children in villages with and without ASHAs. We extrapolated the health states to a lifetime of 68 years to estimate the effects of ASHA intervention. Measles vaccination rates were obtained from 2013 District Level Household and Facilities Survey 4. Other parameter estimates were obtained from a review of relevant literature.ResultsASHA intervention was highly cost effective at $162 per DALY averted compared to no ASHA and remained cost effective with the ASHA incentive increased from $2 to $15, across the range of probabilities and cost parameters. Analyses were sensitive to probability of death due to childhood pneumonia, susceptibility to measles after one dose measles vaccine, and probability of pneumonia after measles infection.ConclusionASHAs were cost-effective under a wide range of scenarios even when a single health outcome such as measles vaccination was considered. The Government of India and individual state governments of India should consider increasing the incentives provided to ASHAs.     

The REACH Project: An Innovative Health Delivery Model for Medically Dependent Children

Rural Efforts to Assist Children at Home (REACH) is a service/demonstration and training project designed to provide specialized health care and case management services to medically dependent children in a 16-county area in central Florida REACH nurses, acting as Health Care Coordinators, provide instruction, consultation, coordination, and supervision of health care services in collaboration with tertiary care physicians and services at the University of Florida Health Center Patients include infants, children, and adolescents with a wide variety of chronic illnesses including leukemia, muscular dystrophy, pulmonary disorders, failure to thrive, and seizure disorders In addition to extensive work with families in the home, the REACH program incorporates a feedback system for its nurses, a progress-oriented record system, carefully designed agreements between tertiary care centers and community agencies, and an innovative training program for its nurses REACH intends to serve about 1000 children during its 3-year demonstration phase Success will be based on careful monitoring of costs, family functioning, and school attendance lf successful, the project will provide a model for the structured utilization of health and social services for families with medically dependent children.     

贵州省大方县生育卫生服务现状调查研究

为了解贫困农村地区生育卫生服务情况,并进行有针对性的干预活动,对贵州省大方县的县、乡,村三级生育卫生服务进行了调查。初步结果如下;（１）县、乡、村三级卫生资源分配不均、乡、村两级基础医疗设施,卫生服务人员严重缺乏;（２）政府对妇幼卫生经费投入不足;（３）农村育龄妇女对生育卫生服务利用较低。建议改善乡、村两级卫生机构的基础设施,合理分配卫生服务人员;加大对妇幼卫生经费的投入;积极开展健康教育,提高农     

The REACH Project: An Innovative Health Delivery Model for Medically Dependent Children

Rural Efforts to Assist Children at Home (REACH) is a service/demonstration and training project designed to provide specialized health care and case management services to medically dependent children in a 16-county area in central Florida REACH nurses, acting as Health Care Coordinators, provide instruction, consultation, coordination, and supervision of health care services in collaboration with tertiary care physicians and services at the University of Florida Health Center Patients include infants, children, and adolescents with a wide variety of chronic illnesses including leukemia, muscular dystrophy, pulmonary disorders, failure to thrive, and seizure disorders In addition to extensive work with families in the home, the REACH program incorporates a feedback system for its nurses, a progress-oriented record system, carefully designed agreements between tertiary care centers and community agencies, and an innovative training program for its nurses REACH intends to serve about 1000 children during its 3-year demonstration phase Success will be based on careful monitoring of costs, family functioning, and school attendance lf successful, the project will provide a model for the structured utilization of health and social services for families with medically dependent children.     

Lay food and health worker involvement in community nutrition and dietetics in England: definitions from the field

Background  Community-based food initiatives have developed in recent years with the aim of engaging previously 'hard to reach' groups. Lay workers engaged in community nutrition activities are promoted as a cost-effective mechanism for reaching underserved groups. The primary objective of the study was to explore perceptions and definitions of lay helping within the context of National Health Service (NHS) community nutrition and dietetic services to identify existing terms and definitions and propose an overarching term.
Methods  Interpretive qualitative inquiry; semi-structured interviews with lay food and health worker (LFHW) and NHS professionals employed by community-based programmes, serving 'hard-to-reach' neighbourhoods, across England.
Results  In total, 29 professionals and 53 LFHWs were interviewed across 15 of the 18 projects identified. Across all the projects, there was a preference for the use of one of two terms, either Community Food Worker or Community Nutrition Assistant, in reference to lay workers. There was no consensus in terms of a unifying term or definition for this new role.
Conclusions  Current variation in the terms and definitions used for this role is problematic and is hindering development and effective utilization of lay helping within the broad remit of community food and health and dietetics. The umbrella term 'Lay Food and Health Worker' is proposed based upon definitions and interpretations from the field.     

基于灰色预测模型的我国社区卫生服务发展研究

目的 预测2020～2025年我国社区卫生服务发展情况,为我国社区卫生服务规划及实施状况提供评价和预估,为相关卫生部门制定策略提供科学依据.方法 应用灰色GM(1,1)模型对我国社区卫生服务相关数据进行建模并预测2020～2025年的数据.结果 2020～2025年我国社区卫生服务中心诊疗人次将逐年上升至9.04亿人次...     

Coverage and patterns of ambulatory medical care use in Tlalpan, Mexico City

Health officials planned a stepped care system (regionalized) for Tlalpan, in the Federal District of Mexico (D.F.), to address problems of duplicated services, inappropriate use of available resources, increasing costs of medical care, and unmet health needs in the population. Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in the community, in health centers and in hospital based ambulatory services (outpatient department and emergency department) to obtain current, specific and valid information about need and utilization patterns. Users of the various services differed from each other and from the community by age, educational level, occupation, rights to prepaid care and utilization patterns. Emergency department users came back for care repeatedly and sought preventive services from the emergency department. Major reasons for attending the emergency department included respiratory and gastrointestinal problems, plus poisonings, accidents, and complications of pregnancy. Outpatient department users arrived without referral from medical sources and continued to return frequently for care. Users were mostly adults, particularly older adults, with problems of a more chronic nature, e.g. nervous system problems, genitourinary problems, etc. The health centers attended clients from the designated area of influence who had referred themselves to the center for care. Children were the most frequent clients with acute, common problems, e.g. diarrhea and respiratory problems. Health maintenance activities were assessed for which children received the most complete coverage, but some women lacked the necessary care for perinatal health and family planning. In general, health centers seemed to be functioning appropriately, although the magnitude of unattended need in their areas of influence must be investigated further.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

珠海市卫生资源配置现状及公平性研究

目的对珠海市卫生资源配置现状及其公平性进行分析,为卫生行政部门优化资源配置提供科学的决策依据。方法利用现有资料,运用描述性分析、Lorenz曲线和Gini系数等方法评价卫生资源配置的合理性和公平性。结果珠海市医疗机构偏多,而社区卫生服务还比较薄弱;各类门诊部数量过多,而专科医院有待发展;中高级职称人员和护理人员数量有待提高。从人口分布上看,卫生技术人员与床位的Gini系数分别为0.1723和0.1737;从地理分布上看,卫生技术人员与床位的Gini系数分别为0.4355和0.4318。结论珠海市卫生资源配置存在不合理之处,卫生资源配置的地理公平性需要引起重视。对卫生资源配置,政府还需要进一步加强政策性引导,要强化政府监管。     

中国精神卫生资源状况分析

目的：掌握中国精神卫生资源分布和利用情况，为制定全国精神卫生防治体系建设与发展规划提供参考。方法：采用自编调查表对全国精神卫生机构进行调查，对其中机构、床位、人员数量等相关数据进行描述性分析。结果：截至2015年底，全国共有精神卫生机构2 936家，开放床位433 090张，卫生人员122 309人，其中执业（助理）医师30 122人，护士75 765人。385家设有老年病房，175家设有儿童病房；有528家精神专科医院设有康复科。结论：2010-2015年全国精神卫生专业机构数、床位数、医师数等大幅增长，但仍相对不足，且存在地域分布不均衡、亚专科发展滞后等问题。今后应进一步加强县级和中西部地区服务能力建设；大力支持亚专科发展，加强多学科专业队伍培养。     

贫困农村妇女生殖道感染服务提供与利用研究

目的：分析贫困农村妇女对生殖道感染服务的利用以及服务提供情况。方法：采用问卷调查，体检调查，个人深入访谈和小组集中讨论会等定量和定性研究方法。结果：乡级卫生机构资源利用不合理，村卫生室设备及人员均缺乏，个体诊所必需的诊断设备缺乏；贫困农村妇女对生殖道感染服务需要高，但利用率低，经济困难、生殖道感染知识缺乏、传统观念的束缚以及服务质量低下是影响妇女利用生殖道感染诊治服务的主要原因。结论：提高妇女对RTIs服务的可及性；建议对基层服务提供者加强业务培训；对妇女进行生殖道感染知识的健康教育。     

广州市残疾儿童卫生服务利用现状及相关因素的调查分析

目的 了解广州市残疾儿童的卫生服务利用现状并探讨其影响因素,为有关部门改善残疾儿童卫生服务利用提供依据。方法 采用研究者自行设计的“残疾儿童卫生服务利用调查表”对广州市残疾人康复中心及4所特殊学校的残疾儿童家长进行问卷调查。结果 共回收有效问卷511份。1)残疾儿童的两周就诊率为25.2%,影响因素为儿童年龄、就读方式、家长健康状况及家庭接受最低生活保障救助情况(P<0.05);2)残疾儿童的年住院率为17.2%,影响因素为儿童年龄、残疾等级、家长了解早期干预情况(P＜0.05);3)疫苗全程接种率为61.1%,定期体检率为21.5%,影响因素为儿童就读方式及家庭接受最低生活保障救助情况(P<0.05);4)残疾儿童康复利用率为58.9%,影响因素为儿童年龄、残疾类型、独生子女、就读方式及家长了解早期干预情况等(P＜0.05),随访复查率为19.2%。结论 残疾儿童卫生服务利用相对不足,卫生服务可及性与利用服务的主动性有待改善;相关部门应建立合理、有效的卫生服务保障体系,优化卫生资源可及性;同时加强残疾儿童的预防保健及早期干预,提高家长利用服务的主动性,以促进残疾儿童健康成长。     

深圳市劳务工和非劳务工社区卫生服务利用及满意度对比分析

目的:了解劳务工和非劳务工对社区卫生服务利用情况及其满意度。方法:在深圳市宝安区随机抽取街道及其社区卫生服务中心,以拦截调查的方式共调查社区卫生服务利用者8 000人,运用SPSS18.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:劳务工最近一年到社区卫生服务中心就诊次数为3次及以上的比例高于非劳务工,差异有统计学意义(P0.000 1);劳务工和非劳务工就诊人群满意度前三位分别是服务态度(73.29%,73.46%)、技术水平(65.29%,67.50%)、看病方便(63.16%,64.98%);73.47%的就诊者愿意接受社区首诊制,劳务工人群相比非劳务工人群更愿意接受社区首诊(74.16%,69.71%)。讨论:深圳市劳务工社区首诊制的实施使居民社区卫生服务利用有所提高,劳务工和非劳务工对社区卫生服务的满意度较高,且差别不大。以深圳为借鉴,在全国逐步推进社区首诊制具有一定的可行性。     

广州市残疾儿童卫生服务利用现状及相关因素的调查分析

目的 了解广州市残疾儿童的卫生服务利用现状并探讨其影响因素,为有关部门改善残疾儿童卫生服务利用提供依据。方法 采用研究者自行设计的“残疾儿童卫生服务利用调查表”对广州市残疾人康复中心及4所特殊学校的残疾儿童家长进行问卷调查。结果 共回收有效问卷511份。1)残疾儿童的两周就诊率为25.2%,影响因素为儿童年龄、就读方式、家长健康状况及家庭接受最低生活保障救助情况(P<0.05);2)残疾儿童的年住院率为17.2%,影响因素为儿童年龄、残疾等级、家长了解早期干预情况(P＜0.05);3)疫苗全程接种率为61.1%,定期体检率为21.5%,影响因素为儿童就读方式及家庭接受最低生活保障救助情况(P<0.05);4)残疾儿童康复利用率为58.9%,影响因素为儿童年龄、残疾类型、独生子女、就读方式及家长了解早期干预情况等(P＜0.05),随访复查率为19.2%。结论 残疾儿童卫生服务利用相对不足,卫生服务可及性与利用服务的主动性有待改善;相关部门应建立合理、有效的卫生服务保障体系,优化卫生资源可及性;同时加强残疾儿童的预防保健及早期干预,提高家长利用服务的主动性,以促进残疾儿童健康成长。