断层超声显像技术产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的价值

目的探讨断层超声显像（TUI）技术在产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病中的价值。方法运用时间-空间相关成像技术对2382例孕18～34周的胎儿进行心脏三维数据的采集,采用断层超声显像模式,通过调节层间距,显示四腔心、左右室流出道、三血管气管切面,从而筛查胎儿先天性心脏病。结果经引产或出生后证实的先天性心脏病68例,应用断层超声显像技术检出胎儿先天性心脏病62例,漏诊6例。结论断层超声显像技术是产前筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的有效方法。     

脐尿管囊肿伴感染的超声诊断价值

目的探讨超声在脐尿管囊肿伴感染的诊断价值.方法应用频率3.5MHz凸阵探头、7.5MHz高频线阵探头及彩色多普勒血流显像进行观察.结果 3.5MHz凸阵探头显示病变区为一液性包块 ;7.5MHz高频线阵探头显示病变区为一混合性包块;彩色多普勒示包块周边及内部未探及明显血流信号.超声诊断被手术、病理证实.结论超声等影像可评估其部位、形态、范围、大小、内部构成及与邻近组织的关系.高频探头探查及彩色多普勒血流显像为脐尿管囊肿伴感染的首选检查方法之一.     

脐尿管囊肿伴感染的超声诊断价值

目的：探讨超声在脐尿管囊肿伴感染的诊断价值．方法：应用频率3．5MHz凸阵探头、7.5MHz高频线阵探头及彩色多普勒血流显像进行观察．结果：3．5MHz凸阵探头显示病变区为一液性包块；7．5MHz高频线阵探头显示病变区为一混合性包块；彩色多普勒示包块周边及内部未探及明显血流信号．超声诊断被手术、病理证实．结论：超声等影像可评估其部位、形态、范围、大小、内部构成及与邻近组织的关系．高频探头探查及彩色多普勒血流显像为脐尿管囊肿伴感染的首选检查方法之一。     

基于双DSP的彩色血流显示实验系统

本文介绍了一种采用双浮点DSP并行处理的彩色血流超声成像实验系统,该系统提供50×128的彩色窗口,实时显示17帧/s的血流图像,通过多点平均阈值法的后处理后,血流定位准确,边缘清晰,充盈度高.     

外周动脉腔内超声显像的形态学研究

血管内超声是利用安装在心导管顶端的微型超声探头从管腔内观察血管形态学的新技术，为了解其对人体动脉实时显像的能力及定量定性的准确性，在自行设计的实验模型装置上的对９段经生理压力固定的人离体外周动脉进行超声显像，然后将血管组织对应切片观察，对比二者结果发现：（１）血管内超声可准确测定动脉腔面积，周长，直径和厚度等重要参数，与组织学测值相关系数均在０．９５以上（Ｐ〈０．００１）；（２）肌性和弹性动脉组织     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断宫内残留的回顾性分析

目的 探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断流产后宫内残留物的意义.方法 回顾分析204例患者流产后7～10d后仍有阴道出血者进行经腹及经阴道超声观察宫腔内回声,重点检测宫腔内残留物及周围血流情况.结果 204例患者宫腔内显示残留物,其中185例宫腔残留物内显示血流信号,并测得高速低阻型动脉血流频谱.结论 经阴道彩色多普勒超声对诊断宫内残留具有重要的临床价值.     

经阴道超声检查的临床应用

经阴道超声是近年来发展起来的腔内超声的一种，是将特制的阴道探头置于女性阴道内使探头紧贴宫颈、阴道穹隆从而进行超声检查的一种方法。因探头频率高，图像分辨力高，且接近子宫、卵巢等盆内结构，可获得比经腹超声更多的对诊断有用的信息，成为显示妇女内生殖器的最佳方法之一。我     

左心发育不良综合征的产前超声诊断价值

目的探讨产前超声诊断胎儿左心发育不良综合征（HLHS）的诊断方法和价值。方法回顾性分析产前超声诊断为胎儿左心发育不良综合征的病例资料,对其超声特点进行分析,探讨其诊断要点。结果16例中经引产后尸检证实14例,2例失访。16例中四腔心切面均显示左、右心比例失常,左心狭小;三血管切面主、肺动脉内径比例失常,血流方向反向;主动脉弓切面显示主动脉弓内反向血流。结论产前超声对检出胎儿左心发育不良综合征具有极重要的价值。三血管切面主、肺动脉内径比例失常,血流方向反向;主动脉弓切面检出主动脉弓内反向血流对诊断HLHS具有重要的提示作用,四腔心切面是筛查HLHS的重要切面,多普勒超声是重要的和不可或缺的。     

胎儿肺动脉闭锁-室间隔完整的超声诊断

目的探讨胎儿肺动脉闭锁-室间隔完整的超声诊断图像特点,并为临床产科处理提供依据。方法回顾性分析6例经解剖或生后超声心动图证实为肺动脉闭锁-室间隔完整胎儿的超声资料,总结其声像特点。结果6例肺动脉闭锁-室间隔完整的病例,四腔心显示右室腔缩小2例、大小正常1例、增大3例,右房均增大（含巨大右房3例）,三尖瓣中重度反流4例,狭窄、闭锁各1例;4例肺动脉内径细小,2例肺动脉主干内径正常但肺动脉瓣无过瓣血流显示,4例可见动脉导管逆向血流显像;6例左房左室及主动脉发育正常或稍大。结论超声诊断胎儿肺动脉闭锁-室间隔完整。四腔心切面有很好的提示作用,出现三尖瓣大量反流及巨大右房,应考虑此病的可能;动脉导管反流起间接的提示作用;直接的证据是肺动脉瓣没有过瓣血流显像。     

三维超声时空关联成像及断层超声显像技术获取心脏标准化切面诊断胎儿法洛四联症

目的探讨三维超声时空关联成像-断层超声显像(STIC-TUI)技术对法洛四联症(TOF)胎儿心脏标准切面和重要解剖结构成像的应用价值。方法 150例胎儿经尸检、产后超声心动图及手术确诊为TOF,其中孕妇年龄24~38岁,平均年龄29.8岁;孕周20~36周,平均孕周31.9周。回顾性分析心脏容积数据,根据孕周分组。利用该技术结合五步分析法分析容积数据,获取标准切面并统计分析各切面和具有诊断价值的解剖征象的成像率。结果各切面总成像率由高到低依次为左心室流出道切面(97.33%)四腔心切面(96.00%)动脉导管弓切面(89.33%)三血管切面(86.00%)。四腔心切面和左心室流出道切面均可观察室间隔缺损,左心室流出道切面上成像率达100%,高于四腔心切面(46%)。动脉导管弓切面和三血管切面均可观察肺动脉狭窄,其中三血管切面成像率为86.67%,高于动脉导管弓切面(82.00%)(χ~2=4.61,P0.05)。86.67%例在三血管切面上观察到主动脉/肺动脉1。主动脉骑跨征象总成像率97.33%。结论 STIC-TUI技术可对TOF胎儿心脏标准切面和解剖结构成像,为先天性心脏病产前超声诊断提供了技术支持。     

腹膜后脏器计算机三维可视化

目的:建立腹膜后重要脏器的计算机三维可视化模型。方法:应用中国数字化可视人体数据集,选取从。肾上腺顶部到肾底部的连续断面图像,在计算机上对肾等腹膜后脏器的断面图像轮廓进行数据分割,并对其行三维重建的立体显示。结果:重建出了肾上腺、肾、输尿管等脏器的三维可视化模型,该模型既可进行单个器官的显示,也可进行多个器官的分色显示,同时也可以任意放大缩小和任意角度旋转观察。结论:该腹膜后脏器的三维可视化模型展示了这些器官的三维空间结构,给临床影像诊断和外科手术提供了形态学参考。     

肾上腺的断层标本与CT、MR图像对照研究

目的：为肾上腺病变的横断层影像诊断和外科治疗提供实用的断层解剖学依据。方法：采用22例成人上腹部连续横断层标本、10例健康成人MR横断层图像及20例无肾上腺病变的临床病人MSCT横断层图像,连续追踪观测了肾上腺在横断面上的形态、位置、毗邻和大小。结果：在连续横断面上,左、右肾上极层面是寻找双侧肾上腺的可靠层面。下腔静脉后壁是识别右肾上腺前界的标志;脾动、静脉则是识别左肾上腺前界的标志。肾上腺在横断面上的形态变化较大,可分为四种类型。肾上腺前方的毗邻结构复杂,尤其是左肾上腺。故肾上腺病变向前生长时有不同的优势途径。结论：断层影像解剖可很好地显示肾上腺的形态与毗邻。     

Multiple regenerative nodular hyperplasia in the left infrarenal vena cava accompanied by abernethy malformation

The current study presents the case of a 19-year-old male patient who was detected with an increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase levels during a preoperative evaluation of the right inguinal hernia operation and was later found to have Abernethy malformation accompanied by multiple regenerative nodular hyperplasia and left intra renal inferior vena cava. Regenerative nodular hyperplasia accompanying these two abnormalities is extremely rare and to the best of our knowledge, such a case has not been reported to date. Abdominal ultrasound (US) and color Doppler US, dynamic abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and portography examinations were performed and a type 2 abernethy malformation, partial malrotation of the inferior vena cava, and regenerative nodular hyperplasia were detected. We aimed to discuss the radiological signs of these two accompanying abnormalities with a literature review.     

Noninvasive photoacoustic imaging of the thoracic cavity and the kidney in small and large animals

The internal organs of rats and rabbits were clearly imaged noninvasively using a deeply penetrating reflection-mode photoacoustic imaging system. This imaging system had previously been found to provide an imaging depth limit of approximately 38 mm. In the thoracic cavity, major blood vessels connecting to the heart were imaged, and the right atrium was imaged as deeply as approximately 8 mm. In the abdominal cavities, the kidney and vena cava inferior were also imaged in situ. The vena cava inferior approximately 13.7 mm deep was imaged. The kidney of a New Zealand white rabbit was also imaged. This study shows the deep internal organ imaging capability of the system in animals. This technology can potentially be used to study tumors in internal organs, and be adapted to clinical diagnosis.     

Sectional anatomy of the adrenal gland in the coronal plane

To provide practical anatomic data for the imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment of adrenal disease, we investigated the anatomy of the adrenal gland and its relationships to regional structures using 31 sets of serial coronal sections of upper abdomen of Chinese adult cadavers and correlated coronal magnetic resonance (MR) images of ten upper abdomens of adult healthy volunteers and coronal reconstructed multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) images of five patients without lesions in the adrenal gland. The adrenal glands were visualized mainly on the successive coronal sections between 18 mm anterior to the posterior margin of inferior vena cava and 24 mm posterior to the posterior margin of inferior vena cava. In general, the left adrenal gland was visualized two sections earlier than the right adrenal gland. On the plane through the anterior parts of bilateral renal hili (A₁₈), the appearance rate of bilateral adrenal glands was 100%, and the maximal measurements of bilateral adrenal glands were visualized. The length, width, thickness of right adrenal body, thickness of medial limb and lateral limb were, respectively, 34.02 ± 2.12 mm, 10.91 ± 0.89 mm, 5.82 ± 0.26 mm, 2.78 ± 0.08 mm, 2.62 ± 0.06 mm, whereas the measurements of left adrenal gland were 28.31 ± 2.46 mm, 18.40 ± 1.06 mm, 6.84 ± 0.24 mm, 3.02 ± 0.08 mm, 2.86 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The coronal plane has superior advantage in showing the bilateral adrenal glands. The shapes of adrenal glands are various, whereas the range of adrenal thickness is quite narrow. The thickness of adrenal medial and lateral limbs, especially the thickness of lateral limb are useful for the diagnosis of the bilateral adrenocortical disease.     

置管溶栓联合球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓

目的:探讨置管溶栓联合分期球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓的临床应用.方法:全组15例,均经彩色多普勒超声证实为布加综合征合并下腔静脉血栓,同时行CT检查7例,造影检查8例.先经股静脉入路置入溶栓导管于下腔静脉内,抗凝和溶栓治疗7～10 d,然后行病变段开通和分期球囊扩张治疗.结果:15例血栓基本消失或明显缩小,其中2例一期球囊扩张成功,13例行分期球囊扩张治疗.术后15例随访6～24个月,平均13.1个月.13例症状和体征完全消失,2例明显改善,无肺栓塞、血管撕裂、心包填塞等并发症发生.结论:置管溶栓联合分期球囊扩张治疗布加氏综合征合并下腔静脉血栓安全有效,具有临床可行性.     

肾上腺静脉MSCT影像解剖研究

目的　利用MSCT准确显示肾上腺静脉正常解剖结构及变异,为临床提供影像解剖数据。 方法　回顾分析上腹部CTA患者108例。薄层MIP/MPR评估测量肾上腺静脉管径、长度及走行路径。 结果　①右侧：显示率64.81%（70/108）,变异5.71%(4/70);汇入下腔静脉7点至8点间占优势42.42%;其管径Rr (2.19±0.56) mm,腺外段长度RD1 (5.02±1.82) mm,汇入下腔静脉距右肾静脉汇入距离RD2 (40.69±12.96) mm,汇入口开口向下角度RA (60.25±17.85)°。②左侧：显示率97.22%（105/108）;变异14.29%（15/105）;肾上腺静脉管径Lr (2.39±0.56) mm,腺外段长度LD1 (7.28±4.01) mm,膈-肾上腺静脉干管径LR (3.65±0.93) mm,膈-肾上腺静脉的共干段长度LD2 (14.07±6.77) mm,膈-肾上腺静脉汇入左肾静脉点至下腔静脉左侧缘距离LD3 (32.89±4.85) mm,膈-肾上腺静脉汇入左肾静脉开口向内的角度LA1 (118.06±18.49)°,肾上腺静脉与膈静脉共干段开口向下的角度LA2 (156.15±13.81)°。 结论　MSCT可显示大部分右侧肾上腺静脉及绝大部分左侧肾上腺静脉正常走行及变异,测量相关影像解剖数据,为AVS等手术方案提供影像数据。     

Radiological evidence of anatomical variation of the inferior vena cava: Report of two cases

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a retroperitoneal key structure whose location and integrity must be checked in every scan. A number of studies are reported in the literature concerning congenital variations of the inferior vena cava. Anatomical variations of this main venous trunk are relatively infrequent clinical findings during surgery or diagnostic procedures in patients without symptoms such as an aberrant venous drainage or abdominal pain. Among the other imaging techniques, computerized tomography is a non-invasive, effective technique for diagnosing diseases of the retroperitoneal space and, particularly, for detecting anomalies of the main vessels, such as the aorta or IVC, in asymptomatic patients. We present two cases of IVC variation as an incidental finding in patients studied by means of CT scan for the gradation of kidney carcinoma and pancreatic cancer respectively. Two different configurations of the system of the IVC (agenesis of the IVC with hypertrophy of the azygos vein and a double IVC respectively) were found in our cases. The embryological development of the IVC system is discussed, bearing in mind that knowledge of the different variations is important in order to avoid major surgical complications.     

ATYPICAL POLYSPLENIA ONLY WITH ABSENCE OF THE HEPATIC SEGMENT OF INFERIORVENA CAVA IN A MIDDLE-AGED

An autopsy case of polysplenia with absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava in a 53-year-old female is reported. The venous blood from the lower parts of the body was drained through the azygos vein and the superior vena cava into the right atrium. Other than acquired pathological change, the heart was found to be normal. Except for the partial absence of the inferior vena cava, isomerism of asymmetric organs, and heterotaxia of abdominal organs, characteristic of typical polysplenia, were not present. This case of atypical polysplenia suggests the presence of a transitional form in the complex.     

Preferential streaming of ductus venosus blood to the brain and heart in fetal lambs

In 16 chronically prepared fetal lambs we compared the systemic distribution of ductus venosus blood flow with that of abdominal inferior vena caval blood by simultaneously injecting microspheres labeled with different radionuclides into an umbilical vein and into the abdominal inferior vena cava. A significantly greater proportion of ductus venosus blood flow than of abdominal inferior vena caval blood flow supplied the brain, heart, and upper body; this resulted from streaming of ductus venosus blood flow within the thoracic inferior vena cava with preferential direction of that blood flow through the foramen ovale. Blood flows to upper and lower body structures and placenta calculated from umbilical venous microsphere injections and reference arterial blood samples did not differ from those computed fromabdominal inferior vena caval injections and reference samples. Thus, despite streamline blood flow within the fetal thoracic inferior vena cava, organ blood flows can be accurately measured with either an umbilical venous or an abdominal inferior vena caval injection of microspheres when either is combined with the appropriate reference arterial blood samples.