256层螺旋CT轴位与冠状位重建对窦口-鼻道复合体正常解剖及变异的对比观察

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）轴位和冠状位重建对窦口-鼻道复合体（OMC）区域的正常解剖结构和变异显示能力及差异。方法：利用32例健康体检者和23例因非鼻及副鼻窦疾病而行头颈部CT扫描者,常规扫描后进行轴位和冠状位标准重建,分别对比观察OMC区域的正常解剖结构和变异及显示能力。结果：轴位和冠状位重建图像对双侧额窦开口、中鼻甲和中鼻道的显示能力无明显差异。但轴位图像在显示筛漏斗、前中组筛窦、上颌窦开口及钩突等的显示能力明显较冠状位差。结论：对OMC区域的正常结构和变异的显示冠状位明显优于轴位,冠状位重建可以代替冠状位扫描,以消除冠状位扫描给患者带来的不便。     

The distal semimembranosus complex: normal MR anatomy,variants, biomechanics and pathology

OBJECTIVE: To describe the normal MR anatomy and variations of the distal semimembranosus tendinous arms and the posterior oblique ligament as seen in the three orthogonal planes, to review the biomechanics of this complex and to illustrate pathologic examples. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The distal semimembranosus tendon divides into five tendinous arms named the anterior, direct, capsular, inferior and the oblique popliteal ligament. These arms intertwine with the branches of the posterior oblique ligament in the posterior medial aspect of the knee, providing stability. This tendon-ligamentous complex also acts synergistically with the popliteus muscle and actively pulls the posterior horn of the medial meniscus during knee flexion. Pathologic conditions involving this complex include complete and partial tears, insertional tendinosis, avulsion fractures and bursitis.     

多层螺旋CT仿真内窥镜对窦口鼻道复合体的显示价值研究

目的:通过多层螺旋CT仿真内窥镜(virtual endoscopy,VE)与螺旋CT冠状位重组(MPR)、纤维内窥镜(fi-beroptic endoscopy,FE)的比较研究,以探讨螺旋CT仿真内窥镜对于鼻腔窦口鼻道复合体(ostiomeatal complex,OMC)解剖结构显示能力。方法:比较40例患者的78侧鼻腔的CT仿真内窥镜与CT冠状位重组图像,以及15例患者的30侧鼻腔的CT仿真内窥镜与纤维内窥镜图像,并进行统计学处理,分析三种方法对于窦口鼻道复合体各解剖部位的显示能力。结果:VE在各部位的显示能力上与MPR比较有较大差异(P0.05),显示能力优于MPR;与FE比较,有较好的一致性(P0.05)。但是部分结构,如筛漏斗、额隐窝,上颌窦自然口,VE的显示能力优于FE。结论:VE作为一种无创性的、可重复操作的检查手段,可以清楚地显示窦口鼻道复合体的解剖结构,是一项具有广泛的临床应用价值。     

The ostiomeatal unit and endoscopic surgery: anatomy, variations, and imaging findings in inflammatory diseases.

Recent and ongoing advances made in endoscopic surgical techniques require the radiologist to understand the anatomy and pathophysiology of the paranasal sinuses and nasal passage. Endoscopy and CT are complementary procedures, and, as such, the normal anatomic relationships and their CT appearances need to be well understood in order for radiologists to offer continued support as consultants to their clinical colleagues. In this article, we review the pertinent anatomy of the lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses, discuss the most frequently encountered normal variations that may predispose a patient to inflammatory sinus disease, outline imaging protocols for evaluation of this region, and introduce the reader to current endoscopic surgical techniques. Last, the imaging findings in various inflammatory processes involving the sinuses, as well as the local and regional complications associated with paranasal sinus inflammatory diseases, are presented.     

窦口-鼻道复合体解剖变异与慢性副鼻窦炎(附70例分析)

目的 探讨窦口鼻道复合体发育不良、解剖变异对慢性副鼻窦炎的影响程度。方法 收集经ＣＴ冠状面扫描发现的慢性另鼻窦炎７０例。重点观察钩突、中鼻甲、鼻中隔的发育形态、位置。测量钩突的内偏角及外偏角度,测量鼻中隔偏曲的突出度与偏曲角度,行统计处理分析解剖变异与慢怀鼻窦炎的关系。结果 ７０例慢性副鼻窦炎与窦口－鼻道复合体的发育不良、解剖变异有明显的相关性。钩突、中鼻甲及鼻中镉的解剖结构变异为主要的影响因素。     

Magnetic resonance in the study of the facial nerve: methodological approach and normal anatomy]

The authors report their experience in the study of facial nerve anatomy by means of MR Imaging. The seventh pair of cranial nerves was studied in 6 healthy and informed volunteers with a super-conductive MR unit at 0.5 T using surface and head coils. Slices were 3 mm thick and were acquired on the axial and sagittal planes, when the petrous and the mastoid bones were studied. The parotid gland was studied with 5-mm slices acquired on the axial, angled axial, and sagittal planes. In all cases T1-weighted images (TR 450, TE 30) were performed. If the above research protocol, which is relatively simple and direct, is applied, the whole course of the facial nerve up to its main distal branches can be almost completely demonstrated.     

The posterior interparietoperitoneal spaces or retroperitoneal spaces. 1: Normal topographic anatomy

The posterior spaces between the wall and peritoneum or extraperitoneal spaces are located between the visceral retrocolic and retro-duodenopancreatic fascias anteriorly and the parietalis fascia posteriorly. They were studied using an anatomic and computed tomographic comparison. The propria fascia (lateroconal fascia) divided into the anterior and posterior layers of the perirenal fascia. The fascias delimitate two anterior and posterior pararenal spaces around the kidney compartment and two anterior and posterior perirenal spaces in the compartment itself. These spaces extended above and below the renal compartment from the diaphragm to the pelvis. These large spaces composed of fat and organs can assume the guided migration of pathologic processes or their spread according to the importance of the fascias barriers. They below to the genito-urinary region. The extraperitoneal spaces are related anteriorly to the retroperitoneal alimentary organs: duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colon depending of the alimentary region. They are related posteriorly with the abdominal wall and its own fat. The individuality and the interdependance of these three territories (alimentary, genito-urinary and abdominal wall) and their consequences for pathologic CT scan imaging will be discussed in the second part of this paper.     

The anatomy and histology of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex of the shoulder

The gross and histologic anatomy of the inferior glenohumeral ligament was studied in 11 fresh frozen cadaver shoulders. Arthroscopic observations of the joint capsule through the normal range of motion revealed that the inferior glenohumeral ligament is actually a complex of structures consisting of an anterior band, a posterior band, and an interposed axillary pouch. While these components of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex were present in all 11 specimens, they were best demonstrated in some shoulders by placing the humeral head in internal or external rotation in varying degrees of abduction. Histologic examination of the joint capsule revealed that the anterior and posterior bands of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex were readily identifiable as distinct structures comprised of thickened bands of well-organized collagen bundles. Although slight variations were noted in the attachment sites of the anterior and posterior bands to the glenoid, the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex was observed to attach to the humeral neck in one of two distinct configurations. A collar-like attachment, in which the entire inferior glenohumeral ligament complex attaches just inferior to the articular edge of the humeral head, was observed in six specimens. In the remaining five specimens, the attachment was in the shape of a "V," with the anterior and posterior bands attaching adjacent to the articular edge of the humeral head and the axillary pouch attaching at the apex of the "V" distal to the articular edge. The orientation and design of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex supports the functional concept of this single structure as an important anterior and posterior stabilizer of the shoulder joint.     

真菌性鼻─鼻窦炎口鼻道复合体微生态的研究

目的:探讨微生态因素在真茵性鼻─鼻窦炎的病因及治疗学中的意义.方法:选择80例真菌性鼻─鼻窦炎患者,按术前、术后分组,于窦口鼻道复合体采集标本,进行真茵镜检及培养.结果:经统计学分析,术前组与术后备组真菌阳性率统计学差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论:真茵作为条件致病茵在窦口鼻道复合体这一微生态系中可长期存在,FESS术的目的不是直接彻底清除真菌,而是消除真茵赖以生存的低氧微环境,从而达到微创、根治的目的.     

真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎窦口鼻道复合体微生态的研究

目的:探讨微生态因素在真菌性鼻—鼻窦炎的病因及治疗学中的意义。方法:选择80例真菌性鼻—鼻窦炎患者,按术前、术后分组,于窦口鼻道复合体采集标本,进行真菌镜检及培养。结果:经统计学分析,术前组与术后各组真菌阳性率统计学差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:真菌作为条件致病菌在窦口鼻道复合体这一微生态系中可长期存在,FESS术的目的不是直接彻底清除真菌,而是消除真菌赖以生存的低氧微环境,从而达到微创、根治的目的。     

The cystic duct: normal anatomy and disease processes.

The cystic duct can be depicted with a variety of imaging modalities but is optimally visualized with direct cholangiography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Nevertheless, unrecognized anatomic variants of the cystic duct may cause confusion on imaging studies and complicate subsequent surgical, endoscopic, and percutaneous procedures. Primary entities involving the cystic duct include calculous disease, Mirizzi syndrome, cystic duct-duodenal fistula, biliary obstruction, neoplasia, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The cystic duct may also be secondarily involved by adjacent malignant or inflammatory processes. Postoperative alterations are seen after liver transplantation or cholecystectomy when a portion of the cystic duct is left behind as a remnant. Recognized postoperative complications include retained cystic duct stones, cystic duct leakage, and malposition of T tubes in the remnant. Pitfalls encountered in cystic duct imaging include pseudocalculous defects from overlap of the cystic duct and common bile duct, underfilling of the cystic duct during direct cholangiography, and admixture defects at the cystic duct orifice. Pseudomass or pseudotumor defects may result from an impacted cystic duct stone or from a tortuous, redundant cystic duct. Familiarity with the imaging appearance of the normal cystic duct, its anatomic variants, and related disease processes facilitates accurate diagnosis and helps avoid misinterpretation.     

Radiologic anatomy of the shoulder]

That proximal joint, the glenohumeral joint is difficult to examine by simple X-rays which explains the numerous lateral views proposed; it is essential to know the precise indications and respective value of each of these views. Arthrography generally combined with computed tomography is an excellent examination for the study of the glenoidal labrum and the capsular structures. In other indications, particularly for the study of the rotator cuff, it tends to be replaced by MRI.     

CT of the axilla: normal anatomy and pathology

CT of the axilla is useful in evaluating a palpable mass or brachial plexopathy, staging a known malignant neoplasm and evaluating a radiation therapy port.