保留胰腺的十二指肠切除术治疗十二指肠肿瘤4例报告

目的介绍保留胰腺的十二指肠切除术。方法对2例恶性肿瘤，2例良性肿瘤，行保留胰腺的十二指肠全切除术3例，乳头以下的十二指肠切除术1例。结果无手术死亡，1例出现胸腔积液，1例出现吻合口梗阻，无其他严重并发症，均痊愈出院。结论对十二指肠良性疾病或低度恶性肿瘤，保留胰腺的十二指肠切除术是适宜的选择。     

Two case of bilateral approach in laparoscopic pancreas-sparing distal duodenectomy for duodenal neoplasms arising from the distal duodenum

IntroductionLaparoscopic pancreas-sparing distal duodenectomy is a less invasive surgical therapy; however, the anatomical complexity of the duodenum increases the difficulty of laparoscopic procedures. We introduce our technique for laparoscopic pancreas-sparing distal duodenectomy for distal duodenal tumors.Presentation of casesA first patient was 47-year-old woman who had 30 mm of duodenal tumor which located in third portion of duodenum. A second patient was 66-year-old man who had 35 mm of submucosal tumor which located in the third portion of duodenum. Laparoscopic pancreas-sparing duodenectomy was performed using bilateral approach for both cases. We began by dissecting an avascular area on the right side of the transverse mesocolon to mobilize the second and third portions of the duodenum with the uncinate process of the pancreas. Next, from the left side, the jejunum and the fourth portion of the duodenum were fully mobilized orally from the surrounding tissue, connecting the dissection plane with the right-side area. The jejunum and duodenum were cut with a linear stapler. Intracorporeal reconstruction was performed in an overlapped manner. We performed this procedure in two patients. Operative time was 326 and 370 min, respectively. Patients were discharged on postoperative days 9–12 without postoperative complications.DiscussionDuodenal tumors are found increasingly often because of developments in endoscopic technology and techniques; therefore, establishing safe surgical procedures for duodenal tumor excision is imperative. Our surgical approach was simple and safe procedure.ConclusionLaparoscopic pancreas-sparing distal duodenectomy with a bilateral approach is a useful approach without wide mobilization of duodenum.     

Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy: technique and indications.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, safety, and short-term functional outcome of a pancreas-sparing duodenectomy. DESIGN: Prospective, uncontrolled study. SETTING: University hospital, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Four patients with extensive lesions in the duodenum (2 familial polyposis, 1 villous adenoma, and 1 giant multiple lipoma). RESULTS: All 4 patients had a duodenectomy with sparing of 1-1.5 cm of the duodenal bulb and reinplantation of the biliary and pancreatic ducts into the jejunum. Except for one early postoperative bile leak the operative and postoperative courses were uneventful. The functional results have been promising with unaltered alimentary function in the 3 patients who had no preoperative outlet obstruction and complete resolution of symptoms in the patient with duodenal lipomas who had chronic incomplete obstruction preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the indications for pancreas-preserving duodenectomy are limited, the procedure can be done safely with gastrointestinal function maintained.     

Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy for a huge leiomyosarcoma in the third portion of the duodenum

A duodenal leiomyosarcoma which was resected by pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is reported. The tumor arose in the third portion of the duodenum and grew in an extraluminal direction. The tumor was huge (13 cm × 9 cm × 8 cm) but did not involve the pancreas, and there were no findings of periduodenal lymph node metastases. Because the possibility of metastasis to the lymph nodes around the root of the superior mesenteric artery (which are removed only in a pancreatoduodenectomy) was judged to be low, pancreas-sparing duodenectomy was performed, with dissection of the pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes. The proximal duodenum was transected between the second and third portions of the duodenum, and the distal end was cut in the jejunum at the portion of the first jejunal artery. Reconstruction was performed by end-to-side anastomosis between the duodenum and jejunum, using an end-to-end anastomosis instrument. Since the incidence of lymph node metastasis of leiomyosarcoma is low, resection of the head of the pancreas for extensive lymph node dissection does not always seem necessary. Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy can be a good option for a leiomyosarcoma in the third and fourth portions of the duodenum which does not invade the pancreas and is not accompanied by any apparent periduodenal lymph node metastases. Received for publication on May 1, 1997; accepted on April 21, 1999     

Rare resected eight cases of duodenal adenocarcinomas

IntroductionDuodenal adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy; recently, it has been found to be accompanied by operative indications.MethodsNine consecutive rare cases were diagnosed with duodenal carcinoma (DC), in which clinicopathological characteristics were retrospectively examined. Age was ranged over middle-aged males and females. No clinical onset with severe symptoms was observed, and the specific treatment for accompanied diseases or habits was not found.OutcomesOne case of two T1 stage DCs that underwent pancreas-sparing duodenectomy. Stage II DC was diagnosed in three cases, and stage III DC was diagnosed in four cases. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) mainly occurred in seven patients, and duodenectomy was limited in two patients. All operations were safely performed, and the postoperative course showed no severe morbidity. Histological findings showed R0 resection in eight cases and R1 at the retroperitoneal dissecting part in one case. Five patients with advanced-stage DC underwent adjuvant chemotherapy; however, four patients showed tumor recurrence within 12 months. With additional strong chemotherapy, eight patients survived up to 84 months, and one died of liver metastasis at 43 months after surgery. Three representative cases of mucosal invasion with widespread pancreas-sparing duodenectomy and advanced-stage DC cases undergoing duodenectomy or PD are shown.ConclusionIn the field of upper digestive tract surgery, duodenal adenocarcinoma and various applications of surgery or adjuvant chemotherapy for long-term survival are important.     

Pancreatic and Duodenal Invasion in Distal Bile Duct Cancer: Paradox in the Tumor Classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer

BACKGROUND: Distal bile duct cancer often invades the pancreas and/or duodenum. Invasion of the pancreas is defined as a T3 and that of the duodenum as a T4 tumor in the T classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The aim of this study was to assess whether this T classification is rational from the viewpoint of prognostic power. METHOD: Ninety-five patients with distal bile duct cancer were retrospectively analyzed according to the current T classification of the AJCC. RESULTS: The main determinant of pT3 (n = 32) and pT4 (n = 30) was pancreatic and duodenal invasion, respectively, and the survival rates for patients with pT3 and pT4 are similar (p = 0.595). Duodenal invasion was present in 39% of the patients with pancreatic invasion, whereas pancreatic invasion was observed in 86% of those with duodenal invasion. The survival for patients with pancreatic invasion was not significantly different (p = 0.283) whether or not there was concomitant duodenal invasion (n = 19 and n = 37, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified venous invasion, distant metastasis, histologic grade, and pancreatic invasion as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Although duodenal invasion usually occurs after pancreatic invasion, it is not a significant prognostic factor while pancreatic invasion is. The current T classification should be revised since it expresses tumor extension but does not reflect a survival in distal bile duct cancer.     

Reconstruction of a Large Duodenal Defect Created by Resection of a Duodenal Tubulovillous Adenoma Using a Double-Tract Anastomosis to a Retrocolic Roux-en-Y Loop: Report of a Case

Adenomas arising in the duodenum are uncommon. The surgical approach to adenoma of the duodenum remains controversial. We herein report the successful closure of a large defect after a partial duodenectomy for an adenoma. A 60-year-old man developed duodenal adenoma. An upper gastrointestinal roentgenographic series and endoscopy revealed a 2.5-cm tumor located adjacent to the duodenal papilla. The tumor was too large to be removed endoscopically, and therefore it was resected en bloc by a partial duodenectomy. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of benign tubulovillous adenoma. The large duodenal defect created by resection of the tumor was closed with double-tract anastomosis to a retrocolic Roux-en-Y loop. Large duodenal defects represent difficult surgical problems. Closure by direct anastomosis to a Roux-en-Y loop side-to-side is thus considered to be the procedure of choice. Received: August 29, 2001 / Accepted: March 5, 2002     

Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is effective management for familial adenomatous polyposis

Duodenal adenocarcinoma remains the leading cause of cancer death in familial adenomatous polyposis patients following colectomy. Stratification based on Spigelman’s criteria provides a means for determining therapy. Spigelman stage IV patients have been selected for pancreas-sparing duodenectomy. Twentyone patients underwent resection between 1992 and 2004, with a mean age of 58 ±11 years. The mean time from colectomy to duodenectomy was 27 ±13 years. Invasive cancer was found in the distal duodenum in one patient. Operative time averaged 327 ±61 minutes with a mean blood loss of 503 ± 266 ml. There was no mortality, and eight patients (38%) had 14 complications: six (29%) with delayed gastric emptying, four (19%) with biliary/pancreatic anastomotic leak, one with pancreatitis, and one with wound infection. There were two reoperations: one for delayed gastric emptying and one for an early biliary leak. Mean length of stay was 15 ±10 days. Two late complications occurred: a stomal ulcer and an intestinal obstruction at 48 and 24 months, respectively. Mean follow-up was 79 months (range, 3–152 months). Two patients developed polyps in the advanced jejunal limb and were endoscopically treated. Pancreassparing duodenectomy represents a definitive treatment for advanced duodenal polyposis and can obviate the need for pancreaticoduodenectomy. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation).     

Case Report: Pancreas Graft With a Duodenal Complication Rescued Using Total Duodenectomy

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation is the treatment of choice for type 1 diabetics with end-stage renal disease. Recently patients with type 2 diabetes have been considered for transplantation. Despite that the patient and graft survival rates have improved over the past years, it continues to be a procedure with high surgical complication rates. We herein report a case of a pancreatic graft with a duodenal complication rescued using a total duodenectomy, a procedure that is seldom used. A 57-year-old type 2 diabetic underwent a SPK transplantation with systemic-enteric drainage. He was converted to a Roux en Y at day 7 for a small duodenal fistula without peritonitis. At day 13, with good graft function, he presented with gastrointestinal and abdominal bleeding. At laparotomy he had a congestive duodenum with intraluminal bleeding and an anastomotic fistula. We performed a total duodenectomy with enteric drainage. The patient was discharged home on day 39 with a pancreatic fistula on intramuscular Octretotide that lasted for 3 months. He was never readmitted and has good pancreas and kidney function at 16 months of follow-up. We think this is an option to rescue a pancreas graft with duodenal complications in selected cases.     

Pancreas-Sparing Duodenectomy for a Recurrent Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma: Report of a Case

Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy (PSD), which allows preservation of the pancreas in its entirety, is a promising procedure for low-grade malignancies of the duodenum, the periampullary region, and the neighboring retroperitoneum. We report a case of recurrent retroperitoneal liposarcoma involving the second and third parts of the duodenum, which was extirpated using PSD, after a right hemicolectomy for tumor invasion of part of the colonic hepatic flexura. The Roux-en-Y jejunal limb was sutured to the duodenal bulb in an end-to-end fashion, and the biliary and pancreatic duct systems were reconstructed with end-to-side anastomoses, placing the jejunal limb distal to the bulbo-jejunostomy after a septoplasty to repair the adjacent pancreatic and biliary ducts. Because retroperitoneal liposarcoma has a low incidence of lymph node metastasis, pancreaticoduodenectomy may be inappropriate, especially if minimally extensive surgery can ensure organ preservation. Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy could be the most appropriate procedure for nonepithelial malignant tumors located around the duodenum distal to the pylorus, which have no involvement with the pancreatic parenchyma or periduodenal lymph nodes.     

En bloc resection of the duodenum for locally advanced right colon adenocarcinoma

Direct invasion of colorectal adenocarcinoma into adjacent structures occurs frequently, but only rarely is the duodenum involved. This study was undertaken to assess the safety and efficacy of en bloc resection of locally advanced right colon carcinoma invading the duodenum. A retrospective review of 49 patients with locally advanced colon cancer, surgically managed between 2000 and 2005, was performed. Forty-six patients underwent en bloc resection of colon and adjacent organs not involving the duodenum. Three patients with duodenal invasion underwent en bloc partial duodenectomy. The mean operative blood loss, length of stay, postoperative morbidity, and mortality compare favorably between these two groups of patients. Of the 46 patients with en bloc resection of other organs, 27 are alive at 12 to 60 months follow up. Two patients with duodenal invasion are alive without recurrence at 15 and 20 months follow up. En bloc resection of colon cancer invading the duodenum can be performed safely because morbidity and mortality rates are comparable to those attending extended resections of other locally advanced colon carcinomas. Overall survival in patients who underwent surgery with curative intent justifies en bloc duodenal resection in selected patients.     

Totally laparoscopic pancreas-sparing duodenectomy

Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy (PSD) is a practical surgical procedure for patients with duodenal adenoma, which is difficult to resect endoscopically. We describe how we performed a totally laparoscopic PSD to resect a duodenal adenoma in a 64-year-old woman, who had been referred for treatment of a 50-mm villous polypoid mass in the second portion of the duodenum. We performed end-to-side anastomosis between the common duct of the bile and pancreatic ducts and the jejunal limb intracorporeally following the duodenal resection. A biliary leak developed, but resolved spontaneously and the patient was discharged on postoperative day (POD) 32. The surgical margin was free of neoplastic change. Although there is limited experience and appropriate indications must await future studies, this case demonstrates that laparoscopic PSD is feasible, safe, and effective for selected patients.     

Pancreas sparing duodenectomy for duodenal trauma

Background

Although blunt abdominal trauma is frequently encountered, isolated duodenal injury is relatively uncommon. The management of such patients is challenging and various surgical procedures are described for their management.

Methods

Two patients presented to our emergency department with isolated duodenal injuries (transection and devascularisation) secondary to blunt abdominal trauma.

Results

Both patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, revealing transection of the duodenum along with proximal devascularization and detachment of mesentery at duodeno-jejunal junction without any other intra-abdominal injury (especially pancreas, colon, vena cava) for which pancreas-sparing duodenectomy (infra-ampullary) was performed.

Conclusion

Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is a valuable tool in the management of duodenal trauma, allowing the surgeon (and the patient) to avoid the complications of major surgical resections.

     

Total Duodenectomy with Enteric Duct Drainage: A Rescue Operation for Duodenal Complications Occurring after Pancreas Transplantation

Duodenal graft complications (DGC) occur frequently after pancreas transplantation but rarely cause graft loss. Graft pancreatectomy, however, may be required when DGC compromise recipient's safety. We herein report on two patients with otherwise untreatable DGC in whom the entire pancreas was salvaged by means of total duodenectomy with enteric drainage of both pancreatic ducts. The first patient developed recurrent episodes of enteric bleeding, requiring hospitalization and blood transfusions, starting 21 months after transplantation. The disease causing hemorrhage could not be defined, despite extensive investigations, but the donor duodenum was eventually identified as the site of bleeding. The second patient was referred to us with a duodenal stump leak, 5 months after transplantation. Two previous surgeries had failed to seal the leak, despite opening a diverting stoma above the duodenal graft. Thirty‐nine and 16 months after total duodenectomy with dual duct drainage, respectively, both patients are insulin‐independent and free from abdominal complaints. Magnetic resonance pancreatography shows normal ducts both basal and after intravenous injection of secretin. The two cases presented herein show that when DGC jeopardize pancreas function or recipient safety, total duodenectomy with enteric duct drainage may become an option.     

右半结肠肿瘤侵犯十二指肠的外科治疗

目的探讨右半结肠肿瘤侵犯十二指肠的外科处理方法及疗效。方法右半结肠肿瘤侵犯十二指肠患者26例,根据肿瘤浸润十二指肠程度,行十二指肠局部切除后直接修补6例、带蒂补片十二指肠浆肌层修补7例、扩大胰头十二指肠联合切除5例和姑息性手术8例。结果 6例十二指肠局部切除后直接修补者,1例术后发生修补处狭窄;7例带蒂补片修补十二指肠缺损者中,6例采用带蒂回肠瓣修补,1例采用胃浆肌层瓣修补,其中1例带蒂回肠瓣修补患者术后发生十二指肠修补处漏,经充分引流后痊愈,1例胃浆肌层瓣修补患者术后发生胃梗阻,2周后加作胃空肠吻合后康复;5例扩大胰头十二指肠联合切除者,1例围手术期因呼吸衰竭死亡;8例姑息性手术包括4例回肠横结肠侧侧吻合和4例十二指肠浸润旷置的结肠姑息性切除。结论合理的术式选择和积极的外科处理将有助于改善结肠肿瘤侵犯十二指肠患者的症状和预后。     

原发性十二指肠癌的治疗问题

目的 提高对原发性十二指肠癌治疗的认识水平。方法 回顾我院1987年以来收治的45例原发性十二指肠癌的临床资料。结果 乳头周围区癌64.4%(29/45)，乳头下部癌占22.2%(10/45)，乳头上部癌占13.3%(6/45)，纤维十二指肠镜的确诊率为71.4%(15/21)，胰十二指肠切除术22例，节段性肠切除术2例，单纯癌肿切除术3例，胃肠，胆肠吻合术12例，剖腹探查术4例，手术切除率为62.8%(27/43)。结论 对于早期可疑高危病人，应行纤维十二指肠镜检查，以提高手术切除率，胰十二指肠切除术为首选术式，节段性肠切除术和单纯癌肿切除术根据具体情况可酌情应用。     

十二指肠间质瘤46 例临床诊治分析

目的：分析十二指肠间质瘤的临床特点、诊断方法和手术治疗方式，探讨患者各临床因素与术后生存期的关系。 方法：回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院11年间诊治的46例十二指肠间质瘤患者的临床资料。 结果：患者以上消化道出血、腹部胀痛不适为主要症状。发病部位以降部多见。行局部切除（LE）22例，16例行节段性十二指肠切除术（SD），行胰十二指肠切除术（PD）6例，2例患者放弃治疗 （1例死亡，1例失访）。术后随访44例，28例生存，6例死亡，10例失访。4例出现术后并发症，其中1例为LE术后并发十二指肠瘘，经非手术治疗痊愈出院，3例为PD术后胰瘘（1例死于术后胰瘘出血性休克，2例经非手术治疗痊愈出院）。患者术后平均生存期为（35.4±28.7）个月，术后生存期在性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤复发风险分级、肿瘤发生部位及手术方式各组间差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。 结论：CT、消化道内镜及超声内镜检查是术前诊断十二指肠间质瘤的主要手段，完整切除是该病基本手术方式，术后生存期在性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤复发风险分级、肿瘤发生部位及手术方式等无关。     

Pancreas-preserving duodenectomy in the management of duodenal familial adenomatous polyposis

Most patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) develop disease in the duodenum. The duodenal lesions mostly occur in the periampullary region, but some patients develop diffuse polyposis involving all parts of the duodenum. These neoplastic polpys have malignant potential, and thus warrant surveillance and timely intervention. We reviewed our experience with management of FAP over a 10-year period, focusing on patients who had diffuse polyposis of the duodenum and their subsequent management. Three patients with FAP had diffuse duodenal involvement, documented by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Neoplasia was confirmed by endoscopic biopsy, but no patients had histologic evidence of carcinoma. The patients underwent resection of the entire duodenum from the pylorus to the ligament of Treitz with preservation of the pancreas. Our surgical technique is described. One patient had a postoperative wound infection and one patient had a biliary leak that resolved with closed suction drainage for 5 days. Long-term follow-up in these patients revealed excellent functional status. One patient had polyp recurrence in the jejunum at 5-year follow-up, but no patients have developed adenocarcinoma. We conclude that patients with duodenal polyps associated with FAP may be safely and effectively treated by pancreas-preserving duodenectomy. Presented at the 2001 Meeting of the Americas Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Association, Miami Beach, Fla., February 24, 2001.     

原发性十二指肠癌的临床特征与手术治疗

目的 提高原发性十二指肠癌的诊断与治疗水平。方法 回顾性分析我院1987-2000年间收治的45例原发性十二指肠癌的临床资料。结果 乳头周围区癌64.5％（29/45）,乳头下部癌占22.2％（10/45）,乳头上部癌占13.3％（6/45）。十二指肠镜的确诊率为71.4％（15/21）。胰十二指肠切除术22例,节段性肠切除术2例,单纯癌肿切除术3例,胃肠、胆肠吻合术12例,剖腹探查术4例,手术切除率为62.8％（27/43）。结论 原发性十二指肠癌以乳头周围区癌多见。手术以胰十二指肠切除术为主,节段性肠切除术和单纯癌肿切除术根据具体情况可酌情应用。     

Pancreatic head resection with second-portion duodenectomy for benign lesions, low-grade malignancies, and early stage carcinomas involving the pancreatic head region.

BACKGROUND: Preservation of arterial blood supply to the duodenum and common bile duct during duodenum-preserving total resection of the pancreatic head is a major problem. We describe here a new procedure comprising pancreatic head resection with second-portion duodenectomy to overcome it. METHODS: The procedure was performed in 18 patients with benign lesions, low-grade malignancies, or early stage carcinomas involving the pancreatic head and with carcinoma of the middle bile duct or the gallbladder. The technique preserves the third portion of the duodenum by conserving the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. The second portion of the duodenum is divided, followed by division of the lower bile duct and pancreatic neck. After resection followed by duodenoduodenostomy, there is a choice of two procedures: type A, pancreaticoduodenostomy and choledochoduodenostomy; or type B, pancreaticojejunostomy and hepatodochojejunostomy. RESULTS: There were no operative or hospital deaths (type A, 6; type B, 12). Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients, but the others had an uneventful postoperative course. The quality of life of all patients has been satisfactory up to 36 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This procedure is a reliable option as an organ-preserving procedure for benign lesions, low-grade malignancies, and early stage carcinomas involving the pancreatic head.