氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在骨科术后静脉镇痛的应用

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量的舒芬太尼在骨科术后静脉镇痛的应用方法 ASAI-Ⅱ择期骨科手术病人100例,随机分为3组:I,舒芬太尼150μg+生理盐水共100 mL(舒芬太尼1.5μg·mL-1);Ⅱ,舒芬太尼100μg+氟比洛芬酯100 mg+生理盐水共100 mL(舒芬太尼1μg·mL-1+氟比洛芬酯1 mg·mL-1);Ⅲ,舒芬太尼150μg+氟比洛芬酯100 mg+生理盐水共100 mL(舒芬太尼1.5μg·mL-1+氟比洛芬酯1 mg·mL-1)。观察并记录术后2、4、12、24 h的镇痛、镇静和不良反应。结果Ⅱ和Ⅲ组在术后4、12、24 h疼痛评分和24 h内的PCA按压次数明显低于I组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ和Ⅲ组恶心的发生率明显高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ和Ⅲ组在2、4、12 h镇静评分明显高于II组(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼1μg·mL-1+氟比洛芬酯1 mg·mL-1可为骨科术后提供良好的镇痛效果,不良反应少,提高镇痛质量。     

氟比洛芬酯或曲马多联合舒芬太尼用于腹部术后镇痛的临床观察

目的观察腹部术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼与曲马多联合舒芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应.方法 60例ASAI～Ⅱ级择期行腹部手术的患者,均采用静吸复合麻醉,术后行PCIA镇痛,随机均分为两组.曲马多联合舒芬太尼组(T组)关腹前给予曲马多100mg,术后镇痛给予(舒芬太尼50μg+曲马多500mg+昂丹司琼8mg+0.9%氯化钠)至100mL;氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼组(F组)关腹前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛给予(舒芬太尼50μg+氟比洛芬酯150mg+昂丹司琼8mg+0.9%氯化钠)至100mL.两组PCIA泵的设置、维持量2mL?h-1、单次负荷剂量0.5mL、锁定时间15min相同.观察两组术后4、12、24、48h的镇痛、镇静评分、不良反应发生率及镇痛结束后统计患者对镇痛治疗的总体满意度.结果 两组术后镇痛及镇静评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),F组药物不良反应发生率低于T组(P＜0.05),镇痛治疗总体满意度两组均为很好.结论 氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼用于开腹术后PCIA的镇痛效果与曲马多联合舒芬太尼相似,但不良反应明显降低.     

芬太尼和舒芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛效果及不良反应回顾〔1〕

目的:观察比较芬太尼和舒芬太尼联合氟比洛芬酯术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)镇痛效果及不良反应发生率。方法:选择术后自控镇痛患者437例,其中芬太尼组208例,舒芬太尼组229例,手术结束时按"负荷量3 m L+持续剂量2 m L/h+自控镇痛(PCA)0.5 m L"模式给药,PCIA锁定时间为15 min。配方:芬太尼组为芬太尼1 mg,昂丹司琼8 mg,氟比洛芬酯200 mg加生理盐水至100 m L;舒芬太尼组为舒芬太尼100μg,昂丹司琼8 mg,氟比洛芬酯200 mg加生理盐水至100 m L。术后24 h专人随访镇痛效果及不良反应,镇痛效果评分采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS),不良反应主要包括恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、头晕及皮肤瘙痒。结果:两组患者总体镇痛效果差异无统计学意义,不良反应发生率芬太尼组明显高于舒芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:芬太尼和舒芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛效果相似、芬太尼组不良反应发生率高于舒芬太尼组。     

氟比洛芬酯对妇科肿瘤手术后舒芬太尼静脉镇痛的节俭作用

目的:观察氟比洛芬酯对妇科肿瘤术后舒芬太尼静脉镇痛(PCIA)的影响。方法:选择60例择期气管插管全麻下行妇科肿瘤手术患者,年龄30～65岁,体重45～70 kg,随机分为氟比洛芬酯组(F组)和对照组(C组),各30例。F组在术前15 min及关闭腹腔前分别静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50 mg,C组在相同的时间静脉注射等容量生理盐水。两组术毕自控静脉镇痛均用舒芬太尼1μg/mL。用法为舒芬太尼负荷剂量0.1μg/kg,背景输注2.0 mL/h,患者自控追加剂量(PCA)1 mL,锁定时间为15 min。分别于术后2,8,16,24 h随访行疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),并记录镇痛期间舒芬太尼用量及镇痛泵有效按压次数。结果:两组患者术后2,8,16,24 h疼痛评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),F组24h舒芬太尼用量和各时段镇痛泵有效按压次数均显著少于C组(P<0.05)。结论:氟比洛芬酯用于妇科肿瘤手术患者效果确切,可显著减少PCIA舒芬太尼用量。     

氟比洛芬酯舒芬太尼用于妇科术后静脉镇痛研究

目的 比较妇科手术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼与单纯舒芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应.方法 选择妇科手术后行PCIA患者60例,随机平均分为3组.A组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼150μg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml,B组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼100μg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml,C组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼100μg十氟比洛芬酯100mg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml.3组PCIA泵的设置:维持量2ml/h,单次负荷剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15min.观察三组术后2h、4h、8h、24h的镇痛(VAS)评分,PCA按压次数和不良反应发生率.结果 术后2h、4h时B组的VAS显著高于A和C组(P＜0.05),而4h后的VAS三组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).24h内PCA按压次数B组显著大于A和C组(P＜0.05).B和C组药物不良反应发生率显著低于A组(P＜0.05).镇痛期间无呼吸抑制和异常出血等并发症发生.结论 氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼用于妇科手术后PCIA的镇痛效果良好,可明显减少舒芬太尼的用量和不良反应发生率.     

术后静脉自控镇痛泵不同药物配方的对比观察

目的观察舒芬太尼联合氟比洛芬脂与芬太尼联合氟哌利多分别用于术后静脉镇痛的临床效果。方法选择全麻术后拟行静脉镇痛患者66例,年龄16~65岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为二组:A组33例:芬太尼1mg+氟哌利多5mg+生理盐水稀释至100mL;B组33例:舒芬太尼100μg+氟比洛芬脂100mg+生理盐水稀释至100mL;术毕患者使用自控静脉镇痛泵(PCIA)。两组负荷量均为5mL,背景剂量2mL/h,单次给药量0.5mL/次,锁定时间15min。分别记录并统计术后五个时间点患者镇静评分、疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分及不良反应发生率。结果两组术后镇静镇痛效果均较好,但B组镇静评分小于A组,B组不良反应少于A组。结论 B组舒芬太尼复合氟比洛芬脂用于术后静脉镇痛,不仅能达到满意的镇痛效果,而且明显减少了不良反应的发生率,其镇痛作用更加安全可靠。     

氟比洛芬酯复合利多卡因用于老年患者乳腺癌改良根治术的临床研究

目的：探讨氟比洛芬酯复合利多卡因用于老年患者乳腺癌改良根治术（ MRM）的安全性与可行性。方法52例老年患者随机分为2组。对照组患者在常规气管内插管全身麻醉后手术，观察组在对照组基础上于手术切皮前及手术结束前10 min 静脉注射氟比洛芬酯1 mg·kg-1；术后对照组以舒芬太尼100μg 和托烷司琼5 mg 加生理盐水配成100 mL 于镇痛泵中静脉自控镇痛，观察组以舒芬太尼75μg、托烷司琼5 mg 和氟比洛芬酯100 mg 加生理盐水配成100 mL 于镇痛泵中静脉自控镇痛。观察手术过程中两组患者心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度及呼吸频率等生命体征的变化；记录两组患者术后0、4、8、12、24、48 h 的 VAS 评分和不良反应发生情况。结果观察组患者在术后0、4、8、12、24 h 各时间点时的 VAS 评分明显低于对照组（P﹤0.05）；且在术后48 h 内出现恶心、呕吐及注射部位疼痛等不良反应的发生率明显低于对照组（P ﹤0.05）。结论氟比洛芬酯复合利多卡因在老年患者乳腺癌改良根治术中及术后的镇痛效果好，不良反应少，值得临床推广和应用。     

枸橼酸舒芬太尼联合氟比洛芬酯用于剖宫产术后自控静脉镇痛效果

目的:探讨枸橼酸舒芬太尼注射液联合氟比洛芬酯用于剖宫产术后产妇自控静脉镇痛效果的临床效果.方法:择期拟行剖宫产手术产妇120例,随机分为三组(n=40):使用枸橼酸舒芬太尼注射液75μg联合氟比洛芬酯100mg行术后静脉自控镇痛(选择组);枸橼酸舒芬太尼注射液150μg+酮咯酸氨丁三醇注射液60mg(对照Ⅰ组);枸橼酸舒芬太尼注射液150μg(对照Ⅱ组);于缝合皮肤前连接产妇自控静脉镇痛泵.均采用生理盐水稀释至100mL,负荷剂量5mL,背景输注速率2mL/h,按压单次给药剂量0.5mL,锁定时间15min.VAS评分≥7分时,静脉注射哌替啶25mg,记录术后48h内哌替啶及镇痛泵药液的用量.观察恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生情况.结果:选择组术后48h内哌替啶的用量与对照组比较明显降低.各组术后48h内恶心发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),除对照Ⅰ组2例发生幻觉眼球向上翻外,未见其他不良反应.结论:枸橼酸舒芬太尼注射液联合氟比洛芬酯用于剖宫产术后自控静脉镇痛效果良好,且不增加不良反应.     

氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者术后镇痛的效果

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼用于老年患者术后镇痛的效果及安全性,为临床用药提供依据。方法选取我院2011年2月～2012年2月收治入院的老年手术患者100例为研究资料,将其随机分为4组,患者经全麻、诱导、气管插管后行机械通气。根据组别不同给予PVA镇痛配液:A组:舒芬太尼100ug+托烷司琼;B组氟比洛芬酯+舒芬太尼+托烷司琼;C组氟比洛芬酯+舒芬太尼+托烷司琼;D组舒芬太尼+托烷司琼。记录观察苏醒后(T0)术后4、8、12、24h的VAS评分和Ramsay镇静评分及各时点PCA泵按压次数、不良反应发生率。结果与A、C组比较,T0～T2时B、D组VAS评分明显升高(P<0.05)。与B、C组比较,T1、T2时A、D组Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P<0.05)。组间A、C组比较,B、D组PCA实际、有效按压次数明显增多(P<0.05)。与C组比较,术后24h内A、B、D组舒芬太尼用量明显增多(P<0.05)。结论老年患者术后应用氟比洛芬酯复合舒芬太尼临床镇痛效果良好,不良反应少,适合临床应用。     

氯诺昔康复合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于剖宫产术后镇痛疗效观察

目的观察氯诺昔康复合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于术后剖宫产术后镇痛的临床疗效及不良反应。方法选择期硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产手术患者80例,ASA1~2级,随机均分为4组,每组20例:A组为氯诺昔康40mg+罗哌卡因225mg,B组为氯诺昔康40mg+舒芬太尼50μg+罗哌卡因225mg,C组为氯诺昔康40mg+舒芬太尼75μg+罗哌卡因225mg,D组为氯诺昔康40mg+舒芬太尼100μg+罗哌卡因225mg,各组均用生理盐水稀释至200mL,术后病人行PCEA,背景剂量为2mL.h-1,PCA剂量为每次0.5mL,锁定时间15min。记录术后4、8、12、24、48h五个时段的镇痛评分(VAS),Ramsay镇静评分及头晕、恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生情况。结果 A组VAS评分明显高于B、C、D组,B组基本满足镇痛需要,C和D组疼痛缓解良好,B组VAS评分明显高于D组,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。各组镇静评分及不良反应总体发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05),4组均未发生呼吸抑制等严重并发症。结论 1.5~2.0μg.h-1舒芬太尼复合0.8mg.h-1氯诺昔康硬膜外自控镇痛可取得良好镇痛效果且不良反应少。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.